HCFCD VegMngmntManual2004

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction ................................................................................ 3
1.1 Preface.................................................................................................3 1.2 Vision for Our Channels .......................................................................6 1.3 Overview of Vegetation Management Operations................................8 1.4 Vegetation Management Goals..........................................................11
Section 2: Background Information.......................................................... 13
2.1 Coordination with other Departments and Divisions...........................13 2.2 In-House Resources...........................................................................17 2.3 Contract Resources ...........................................................................19 2.4 Restricted Maintenance Zones...........................................................21 2.5 Desirable vs. Undesirable Vegetation ................................................23
Section 3: Why We Do What We Do ....................................................... 25
3.1 Why Do We Cut Vegetation? .............................................................25 3.2 Why Do We Establish Turf? ...............................................................27 3.3 Why Do We Plant Wildflowers?..........................................................28 3.4 Why Do We Plant Trees?...................................................................29 3.5 Why Do We Clear Selectively? ..........................................................31 3.6 Why Do We Prune? ...........................................................................32 3.7 Why Do We Use Herbicide?...............................................................33 3.8 Why Do We Remove Debris? ............................................................35 3.9 Why Do We Have a Multi-Service Contract?......................................36
Section 4: Operations .............................................................................. 37
4.1 Vegetation Cutting..............................................................................37 4.2 Turf Establishment & Promotion.........................................................42 4.2.1 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Dry Application ........................44 4.2.2 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Hydroseeding ..........................48 4.2.3 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Overseeding ............................49 4.2.4 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Sodding ...................................50 4.2.5 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Fertilization..............................51 4.3 Wildflower Planting.............................................................................52 4.4 Tree Planting......................................................................................55 4.5 Selective Clearing ..............................................................................58 4.6 Pruning...............................................................................................64 4.7 Herbicide Program .............................................................................65 4.8 Debris Removal..................................................................................70 4.9 Multi-Service Contracts ......................................................................72
Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual
Section 5: Appendices ............................................................................. 73
Appendix A: Glossary...............................................................................73 Appendix B: Field Guide to Special Equipment........................................77 Appendix C: Partial List of Desirable and Undesirable Vegetation...........81 Appendix D: Maps....................................................................................92 Appendix E: Organizational Chart ..........................................................102 Appendix F: Annual Maintenance Schedule ..........................................103 Appendix G: References ........................................................................104
Section 1: Introduction 1.1 Preface

Introduction
While parts of the Vegetation Management Program of the Harris County Flood Control District (HCFCD or District) have been described in a variety of documents over many years, this manual is the first comprehensive description of the program that has been produced by the District. The Vegetation Management Manual represents several years of work by many employees of and counselors to the District. The task was made more challenging and exciting - by the dynamic nature of vegetation management practices in recent years, and the Districts incorporation of such advances into its program. The District is proud of its comprehensive and responsive program, and is pleased to share it with you. This manual seeks to document current maintenance philosophy and practices related to vegetation along existing channels in the purview of HCFCD. It describes how vegetation along these channels is managed and how new channels are introduced into the Vegetation Management Program. It will define criteria used to make decisions concerning vegetation along District channels. This manual communicates the Facilities Maintenance Departments motivations and actions to interested parties within and outside of the District. It will be used to train both new and current employees. It will guide the efforts of in-house and contracted maintenance crews. Its contents will be analyzed and evaluated to determine better management practices. It will serve as a dialogue with advisors and the public, and will be flexible enough to accommodate improved processes recommended through the dialogue.
Continued on next page
Contents of Manual
Purpose of Manual
1.1 Preface, Continued

The Districts Mission
HCFCD is charged (in part) with the control, storing, preservation, and distribution of the storm and flood waters, and the waters of the rivers and streams in Harris County and their tributaries, for domestic, municipal, flood control, irrigation, and other useful purposes, the reclamation and drainage of the overflow land of Harris County, the conservation of forests, and to aid in the protection of navigation on the navigable waters by regulating the flood and storm waters that flow into said navigable streams.1 The basic mission of HCFCD strives to provide flood damage reduction projects that work, with appropriate regard for community and natural values.2 In simplest terms: design, implement, and maintain. Vegetation is increasingly becoming one of the Districts major tools for managing that infrastructure.
What is Vegetation Management?
Vegetation Management is the management of vegetation grasses, forbs, shrubs, vines, trees, etc. - to meet District maintenance goals. Most Vegetation Management operations are directly involved with cyclical maintenance, such as mowing. However, Vegetation Management operations are also undertaken to reduce cyclical maintenance needs and the related costs along channels that are part of the maintenance inventory. For example, a channel planted with wildflowers may need to be mowed only once each year, while a channel without wildflowers must be mowed three or four times in the same time period. Ideally, these management techniques will, at the same time they save money, increase multi-use opportunities for the community and create much-needed habitat for wildlife. Vegetation, when properly managed, provides a cost-effective means to ensure appropriate storm water conveyance and system integrity. Better, smarter, planned management strategies result in a better system for less cost with benefits to the community and to wildlife.
Purpose of Vegetation Management
Forty-Fifth Texas Legislature Regular Session, House Bill No. 1131 Chapter 360 Creating Harris County Flood Control District, Section 1. 2 Mission Statement 2002
1.1 Preface, Continued

Who Manages the Vegetation Management Program?
The Vegetation Management Program is managed by the Facilities Maintenance Department of the Districts Infrastructure Division.
Harris County Flood Control District
Infrastructure Division
Administration Division
Communications Division
Operations Division
Property Management Department
Maintenance Engineering Department
Fleet Services Department
Facilities Maintenance Department
Vegetation Management Program
A more complete organizational chart can be found in Appendix E. Also, please see page 13 for more information.
1.2 Vision for Our Channels

Introduction
The Vegetation Management Program has immense implications to the character of the Countys waterways and health of a vital riparian ecosystem. There is great potential to reduce maintenance requirements by emphasizing ecosystem integrity and perpetual regeneration along the channels. Each channel will be approached individually with consideration for the unique characteristics of the channel, including existing vegetation, soil type, soil stability, and multi-use objectives. Management plans will be developed not only for aging constructed channels that flow through subdivisions, but also for little-touched creeks that meander through mature forests and for newly constructed channels. When a management plan is developed for a channel, the ultimate description of that channel must be considered. Will this channel have mature trees that create a canopy over the creek with minimal understory vegetation to impede water flow? Will there be a lush carpet of Bermuda Grass overlaid with wildflowers? Will maintenance requirements be selective clearing every five years, or mowing twice a year? Eventually, we will see a variety of channel types with vegetation uniquely suited to those channels. Some channels may continue to be managed for low-growing turf grasses such as Bermuda Grass. Some channels may exhibit restored prairie habitat with a large variety of native grass and forb species that has reached a successional stage that requires little maintenance. Yet other channels will be shaded by the canopies of mature trees creating a diverse riparian habitat; these channels may require only periodic pruning. Each channel will have mature vegetation that is established on the slopes and does not allow undesirable species to take over.
Channel Characteristics
1.2 Vision for Our Channels, Continued

Channel Characteristics, continued
While the descriptions of each channel type might vary, maintenance characteristics would all strive to reduce the need for expensive, labor intensive, and potentially dangerous maintenance operations.
1.3 Overview of Vegetation Management Operations

Tools of Vegetation Management
Tools used to achieve Vegetation Management goals include Vegetation Cutting, Turf Establishment and Promotion, Wildflower Planting, Tree Planting, Selective Clearing, Herbicide, Pruning, and Debris Removal. Typically, each of these operations is handled by one or more crews, either in-house or contract. Multi-Service Contracts, contracts in which one contractor handles multiple operations for a given area, are being evaluated. These operations are explained more fully in Sections 3 and 4 of this manual.
Vegetation Cutting
Vegetation Cutting, a combination of mowing and other cutting procedures, promotes desirable vegetation by reducing or eliminating undesirable plant species that adversely affect conveyance of channels, hide potentially dangerous slope failures or other areas that need repair, prevent or hinder the growth of desirable species, and offer little recreational, aesthetic, or environmental benefit. A standard cutting program will involve three cycles of mowing between May and November each year. Turf Establishment provides protection from erosion by quickly establishing grass on channels that do not have suitable cover. The groundcover, typically Bermuda Grass, quickly spreads to provide sufficient root structure to anchor the soil in place. The groundcover is selected to be a conservative-looking grass that rarely looks unkempt, thus minimizing citizen complaints. Establishment projects usually occur on sites that are recently constructed or repaired, or where existing vegetation requires rehabilitation. Wildflower Planting reduces maintenance costs by eliminating the first, and possibly the second, of three mowing cycles each year. Over several years, the reduction in cutting costs offsets the initial expense of establishing wildflowers. Planting wildflowers can also beautify the landscape, reduce complaints about vegetation-related issues, and provide sustainable landscapes and wildlife habitat. Furthermore, the reduction of mowing improves water quality by preventing tons of cut organic material from entering waterways.
Turf Establishment and Promotion
Wildflower Planting
1.3 Overview of Vegetation Management Operations, Continued

Tree Planting
Tree Planting will reduce maintenance costs by reducing or eliminating labor-intensive operation such as vegetation cutting and clearing along reforested channels. Once mature, the trees will form a shade canopy that will suppress the growth of undesirable species that block flow and hinder conveyance. Trees also reduce erosion along the channels by stabilizing the soil with their roots and dissipating erosion-causing rainfall. Additional benefits of trees include reduction of the heat island effect, filtration of airborne pollutants, reduction of noise pollution, creation of sustainable habitats for wildlife, and aesthetically pleasing landscapes. Selective Clearing is a combination of techniques used to restore or maintain optimal conveyance within channels without compromising streambed and environmental integrity. Typically, selective clearing is undertaken on channels that have not been regularly maintained and that are overgrown with trees and shrubs, particularly non-native and undesirable species. Successful clearing operations remove undesirable vegetation and provide an environment in which desirable species can grow unimpeded. Eventually, a population of native, desirable, and diverse vegetation will dominate the channel. This desirable vegetation will have an extensive root system that anchors the soil on channel slopes, does not hinder storm water conveyance, forms a canopy that shades-out undesirable species, creates a biodiverse habitat for wildlife, and contributes to the aesthetic value of the channel. While initial results of the clearing may seem relatively barren and sterile, long-term results are meant to create sustainable vegetation that requires little maintenance. The Herbicide Management Program supplements other vegetation management operations to control or eliminate undesirable plant species. With appropriate management restraints, herbicide applications can reduce maintenance costs, improve plant diversity, and increase storm water conveyance.
Selective Clearing
Herbicide
1.3 Overview of Vegetation Management Operations, Continued

Pruning
Pruning, as a stand-alone operation, is undertaken to cut back trees or parts of trees sufficiently to allow maintenance equipment access to channels, to raise tree canopies for maximizing stormwater conveyance, to maintain access to rights-of-way, and to nurture healthier trees by removing dead, crossing, or diseased tree limbs. Debris Removal operations remove from District channels dead trees and other natural or manmade impediments to conveyance.
Debris Removal
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1.4 Vegetation Management Goals

Introduction
The Facilities Maintenance Department will concentrate its efforts in five areas: system maintenance, internal efficiency, internal involvement, external involvement, and technological improvement. The Vegetation Management Program will approach each system maintained by the District with sound, scientifically based management practices. Specifically: Maintain or increase optimum conveyance of storm water runoff. Preserve the integrity of channels and reduce erosion. Develop an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program that targets undesirable vegetation. Use native species of wildflowers, trees, and other plants best suited for site characteristics. Increase absorption, perviousness, and permeability of vegetated channels. The Vegetation Management Program will improve internal efficiency. Specifically: Reduce complaints about vegetation-related issues. Through structured and scheduled maintenance operations that have attainable objectives, provide incentive and direction for all operations and personnel within the Facilities Maintenance Department, including contractors. Give management and laborers directions and goals. Monitor the effectiveness of our overall program through statistical analysis and documentation; i.e., develop a baseline for comparison and future evaluation. Reduce maintenance costs. Expand the knowledge of District personnel on subjects such as plant identification, selective herbicide products and methods of application, vegetation establishment methods, and species selection. Evaluate operations to determine the optimal resource to perform them. Optimize the survival and health of plant installations through post-planting management.
System Maintenance
Internal Efficiency
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1.4 Vegetation Management Goals, Continued

Internal Involvement
The Vegetation Management Program will involve other Departments and Divisions of the District. Specifically: Work with the Environmental Services Department to meet or exceed compliance goals of Texas Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (TPDES). Work with the Communications Division to promulgate the successes of the Program. Respond appropriately to service requests generated by the Property Management Department. Work with construction and engineering departments to predict and respond to vegetative needs of projects. The Vegetation Management Program will involve external agencies and organizations. Specifically: Strengthen relationships with interested agencies and organizations to encourage productive partnerships and multiuse opportunities. Develop volunteer programs to execute vegetation management strategies such as tree planting and associated activities such as channel clean-ups. Provide public information regarding the program through various media. The Vegetation Management Program will improve performance by using technology. Specifically: Use new technology such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing to determine locations that lack canopy coverage and to study the long-term effects of selective clearing and reforestation operations. Use GIS to inventory and monitor trees and other vegetation of concern. Use digital cameras and handheld computers to speed and enhance the inspection documentation process. Stay informed of new developments in herbicide products and application methods.
External Involvement
Technological Improvement
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Section 2: Background Information 2.1 Coordination with other Departments and Divisions
Introduction
To accomplish its goals, the Vegetation Management Program must work closely with other District Departments and Divisions including, but not limited to, Property Management, Construction, and Environmental Services. The relevant divisions and departments are organized as follows:
Organization Chart
Note: For a more complete organizational chart, please see Appendix E.

What is Facilities Maintenance?
Facilities Maintenance, a department of the Infrastructure Division, is responsible for routine and cyclic maintenance activities along channels and at basins using in-house and contract forces.
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2.1 Coordination with other Departments and Divisions,

Continued
How is Facilities Maintenance involved in Vegetation Management?
The majority of the Facilities Maintenance Departments work is related to vegetation management. Most tasks involve either inspection and management of contracted work or execution of maintenance tasks. In addition to vegetation-related tasks, Facilities Maintenance executes debris removal operations and the Bayou Floatables Program. This department carries out plans developed by the Property Management Department. Property Management, a department of the Infrastructure Division, is responsible for land rights and land use. This department is responsible for determining what we do by responding to service requests, conducting right-of-way and other investigations, collecting data, utilizing GIS and Outfield applications, and other means, and then analyzing the data to determine the best course of action. This department also maintains right-of-way files and aids inquiring parties with right-of-way research. Property Managers are responsible for responding to Service Requests (that are generated from information provided by the public or by District staff) that are then forwarded to the appropriate department, one of which is the Facilities Maintenance Department. Property Management is involved in Vegetation Management in the following ways: Program: If a program of Vegetation Management is being developed for a specific watershed, channel, or channel segment, Property Management will be involved in the development of the program. Property Management may initiate the program development, or it may approve (or disapprove) programs suggested by the Facilities Maintenance Department. Channel Assessment: Property Management assesses channels to determine if a program of preventative or reparative maintenance needs to be developed.
What is Property Management?
How is Property Management involved in Vegetation Management?
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Continued
How is Property Management involved in Vegetation Management? (continued)
Intra-District Coordination: Property Management will coordinate with other departments and divisions to insure that no conflicts will arise with other projects in the activity area. Right-of-way: Property Management will coordinate right-of-way and right-of-access issues, and will purchase those rights if possible and necessary. Utility: Property Management will insure that vegetation management activities do not interfere with utility rights-of-way. Citizen requests: The Citizen Service Center processes requests and complaints that require action. Multi-Use: Multi-use Program opportunities should be considered when vegetation program decisions are made. GIS: Creates and maintains GIS applications related to vegetation management. Two departments manage the design and project oversight of engineering and construction projects: the Maintenance Engineering Department (ME) of the Infrastructure Division and the Engineering and Construction Department (E&CD) of the Operations Division. ME designs and oversees maintenance projects ranging from repairs of small sinkholes to channel rehabilitations. Small ME projects may be undertaken by an in-house crew, while construction of larger ME projects are contracted out and inspected by the Construction Management Section of E&CD. E&CD manages the design of large-scale projects, in particular Capital Improvement Projects (CIPs). Construction of these projects, like the larger ME projects, is contracted out and inspected by the Construction Management Section of E&CD.
What is Engineering & Construction?
How is Engineering & Construction involved in Vegetation Management?
While vegetation establishment is included as part of a very small number of construction projects, most establishment activities are handed-off to the Facilities Maintenance Department for oversight. Typically, a site is handed off with instructions to establish turf, although, rarely, more specific instructions are provided.
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Continued
What is Environmental Services?
The Environmental Services Department assists the District in meeting its legislative mandate in a manner consistent with environmental law and public expectations. The mission of this department is to develop environmental policy recommendations for consideration by District management and implement environmental measures consistent with adopted policy and in compliance with all federal and state regulations within a broad framework of sound environmental practices. Environmental Services seeks to assimilate best management practices into the design, construction, and maintenance of projects so that each is designed for minimal environmental impact and maximum public acceptance and environmental quality. Environmental Services is involved in many vegetation management operations, particularly those regulated by outside agencies. Involvement in vegetation management can be described as follows: Regulated projects: Environmental Services designs, implements, and maintains most vegetation-related projects that are regulated by environmental law, such as mandated wetland mitigation projects. These projects are the exception to other construction projects in that Facilities Maintenance is not responsible for the vegetation at these sites. Permitting: Environmental Services will advise regarding compliance with various regulations related to vegetation management activities, including: Texas Pollution Discharge Elimination System (TPDES) permit (Section 402 of the Clean Water Act) Corps of Engineers requirements (Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Section 10 of the Rivers & Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899) Texas Commission of Environmental Quality requirements (Section 401 of the Clean Water Act) Endangered Species Act. Non-regulated projects: Environmental Services staff may provide guidance or expertise on non-regulated projects that are not required to meet specific environmental guidelines.
How is Environmental Services involved in Vegetation Management?
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2.2 In-House Resources

Introduction
The Facilities Maintenance Department manages an in-house labor force to accomplish maintenance objectives. Harris County Flood Control Service Center crews execute assigned tasks.
Service Center Organization
Contract Management
Field Operations/ Service Centers
Chief Inspector
North Service Center
South Service Center
Senior Inspector
Senior Inspector
Senior Inspector
Herbicide Operations
Contract Inspector Contract Inspector Contract Inspector
Selective Clearing
Debris Removal
Turf Establishment and Tree Maintenance
Selective Clearing
Debris Removal
Note: For a more complete organizational chart, please see Appendix E.

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2.2 In-House Resources, Continued

Functions
In-house labor force tasks include: Vegetation cutting as needed in conjunction with one of the following operations Debris removal Channel de-snag operations Backpack and broadcast herbicide applications Selective clearing operations Tree planting Tree pruning Emergency response such as clean-up and damage assessment after floods The Departments in-house labor forces focus on maintenance operations or portions of operations that contractors have been unwilling or unable to provide at reasonable cost or at all. Organized into Service Centers, these forces are responsible for maintenance activities similar to contract maintenance, with the added benefit of control and flexibility. Thus, in-house crews, in addition to mowing, are able to respond promptly to citizen comments (filling service requests prepared by Property Managers), to act quickly during emergencies, and to conduct operations that require a highly trained or specialized labor crew. There are a number of controls on in-house resources, including: In-house crew leaders Supervisors provide daily reports to the Service Center Superintendents, who summarize those reports weekly. These reports are analyzed to ensure that performance objectives are being met. The in-house workforce is held to the same production and quality standards as the contract forces. Training for tractor operation and herbicide applicators are held annually. Other hands-on equipment training is provided in the field on an as-needed basis.
Benefits
Controls
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2.3 Contract Resources

Introduction
HCFCD contracts with private companies to conduct many maintenance tasks. The contracted labor forces provide a costeffective method of providing general maintenance services as well as some specialized services. Harris County Flood Control Contract Inspectors (Inspectors) monitor and evaluate the work of contracted labor forces.
Inspectors
Contract Management
Chief Inspector
Senior Inspector
Senior Inspector
Senior Inspector
Selective Clearing
Debris Removal
Selective Clearing
Debris Removal
Note: For a more complete organizational structure, please see Appendix E.

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2.3 Contract Resources, Continued

Functions
Tasks performed by contract crews include: Mowing Vegetation Management and Promotion Specialized Herbicide Operations such as Weedbug Selective Clearing Tree Trimming and Removal Watering Multi-services Private industry is frequently able to provide services of equal or superior quality to in-house forces on large-scale operations for less money. Occasionally, contracted forces are able to accomplish tasks requiring specialized equipment or training that our in-house crews cannot effectively provide without excessive expense. By contracting tasks that are performed seasonally, the District does not have to maintain year-round the crews and equipment necessary for an operation that is required during only a portion of the year. Contracts are managed through standard bidding, purchasing, and assessment processes to ensure that objectives are met and adequate services are acquired for the lowest price possible. Elements include: Contract specifications Scope of work Contract documents, including contract and cost tracking Unit prices for work performed Daily work reports Photographic documentation Furthermore, Inspectors monitor the work of the contractors daily.
Benefits
Seasonal Benefits
Controls
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2.4 Restricted Maintenance Zones

Introduction
Restricted Maintenance Zones (RMZs) are sites or channel portions that receive special maintenance considerations. These zones are recorded on an RMZ list. Sites are added to the RMZ list on an as-needed basis. The list is maintained by a Senior Inspector who adds sites at the request of other inspectors, the Property Management Department including the Citizen Service Center, and other departments. While items on the RMZ list are always being updated, a review of sites on the list is conducted annually at the beginning of each calendar year. Examples of RMZs include: Zone Wildflower Site Maintenance Restrictions Elimination of first and possibly second of three mowing cycles in order to allow wildflowers to set seed. More frequent mowing to ensure that aggressive, undesirable species are not able to establish themselves before the turf is able to establish itself. Avoidance of mowing down or damaging existing trees. Reduction or elimination of maintenance at the request of Environmental Services, typically at wetland mitigation or experimental sites.
Addition to List
Review Process
Examples of RMZs
Turf Establishment Site
Tree Planting Environmental Services Site
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2.4 Restricted Maintenance Zones, Continued

Examples of RMZs (continued)
Zone Interlocal agreement
Lease or other agreement
Hazardous Site
Maintenance Restrictions A formal or informal agreement cedes maintenance responsibilities to another municipal organization. A lease or agreement has been approved by the Property Management Department that specifies maintenance (or lack of maintenance) requirements. Locations where local conditions necessitate special care.
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2.5 Desirable vs. Undesirable Vegetation

Introduction
Desirability of a plant species is determined by the species growth habits, proliferation, ability to produce a shade canopy, and any environmental benefits it may provide. However, the location of a specific plant may negate any desirable or undesirable characteristics of the species (see examples on page 24). A list of sample species found on our channels can be found in Appendix C on page 81 and should be used only as a guide to desirable and undesirable plants.
Desirable Characteristics
Characteristics of desirable vegetation or of individual specimens include: Root system that protects bank and underlying soil from erosion Low or no maintenance costs Perennial growth or reseeding; sustainability Aesthetically attractive Prevention of the growth of undesirable species by changing growing conditions (shade, dominant root systems, etc.) Provision of wildlife habitat (nesting sites, food, cover, and shelter for wading birds, songbirds, mammals, and other animals) Growth in highly disturbed, sterile soils, eventually providing stability and organic material when they die (pioneer species) Low height at maturity Fast growth rate but good root structure and prostrate growth habits Appropriate density for location and species
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2.5 Desirable vs. Undesirable Vegetation, Continued

Undesirable Characteristics
Characteristics of undesirable vegetation or of individual specimens include: Adversely affect storm water conveyance Hide potentially dangerous slope failures or other areas that may need repair Prevent the growth of desirable species Cause channels to be eyesores Offer little recreational or environmental benefit Prevent visual surveillance of HCFCD property that might be subject to inappropriate use. Designated as a noxious or invasive species throughout Harris County Do not grow densely enough at ground level to adequately protect slopes from erosion An American Elm, typically a very desirable species, may have sprouted in a crack along a concrete erosion control culvert. Because of the trees potential to break the concrete through root action and cause costly repairs in the future, this tree becomes an undesirable specimen, and should be removed. A Chinese Tallow tree, typically an undesirable species, may be the only tree established on the bank of a channel segment highly susceptible to erosion. The roots of the tallow may hold the soil of the bank in place, indicating that the tree should be left in place until more desirable species are established.
Example: Desirable vegetation in undesirable location
Example: Undesirable vegetation in desirable location
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Section 3: Why We Do What We Do
3.1 Why Do We Cut Vegetation?

Introduction
By cutting vegetation along channels, the District is able to create conditions that promote the growth of desirable vegetation while preventing the growth of undesirable vegetation. Ultimately, by regularly cutting vegetation, the District prevents large, woody vegetation that might hinder conveyance from growing along channels. However, the District cuts more frequently than conveyance alone would require. The additional cuttings are aesthetically pleasing and promote herbaceous vegetation that, through their extensive root systems, can anchor soil on channel slopes, preventing or reducing erosion. The prevention of erosion reduces expensive repair costs along the channels. The frequency of cutting will not be so frequent that the root systems will be stressed. Additional benefits for the District include: A reduction in the number of complaints to the District because a manicured look implies that the District is managing the channel Increased visibility along the channel Improved access to repair sites and other facilities (outfalls, drop structures, etc.) Aids in channel assessment Additional benefits to the community and environment include: The visual confirmation that the District is working to maintain the channels Aesthetics Promotion of wildflowers Help to manage the spread of invasive species
Districts Purpose for Cutting
Benefits for the District
Community and Environment
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3.1 Why Do We Cut Vegetation?, Continued

Why is this activity selected instead of others?
Cutting is chosen instead of other treatments along channels (concrete, tree planting, etc.) because a cutting program is relatively quick and inexpensive to establish and maintain. Many people consider cutting to be a more environmentally friendly treatment than herbicide application. Cutting is perceived by many to reduce flood damage by not constricting the conveyance capacity of channels. Long-term vegetation programs, including tree planting and herbicide treatment, may involve a larger initial expense than cutting, but will eventually require less costly maintenance. Furthermore, water quality can be negatively impacted when grass clippings are washed into a waterway. The District is actively pursuing alternative strategies for managing turf and its regular mowing.
Figure 1: Mowing
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3.2 Why Do We Establish Turf?

Introduction
Turf establishment is among the quickest and least expensive means of providing protection from erosion on earthen channels and detention basins that do not have existing vegetation, such as newly constructed or repaired channels. Appropriate turf establishment prevents erosion and helps ensure a successful long life of the channel. The Districts purpose for establishing turf is to provide protection from erosion on system slopes. Turf with a sufficient root structure to anchor the soil will stabilize the banks of the system. The same vegetation grows low enough so that a channel can function at the appropriate level of conveyance. A well-established turf will help control unwanted plant species. Turf establishment is the quickest and least expensive means of slope protection because: Good erosion protection for side slopes Desirable turf requires little or no maintenance Additional benefits to the community and environment include: Turf is what initially invites people onto a channel Turf establishment allows the channels to remain somewhat natural looking Turf does not significantly contribute to the Urban Heat Island Effect There are a variety of reasons for choosing turf establishment: There are other forms of slope protection (riprap, concrete slope paving, etc.) but none of them have the aesthetic qualities or can provide protection for the long-term cost of turf. On earthen channels, nothing else will establish itself fast enough to protect the slopes.
Districts Purpose for Establishing Turf
Community & Environment
27
3.3 Why Do We Plant Wildflowers?

Introduction
Wildflower plantings provide an attractive and functional addition to monoculture turf establishment, and provide multiple benefits. The extensive root systems of many species provide erosion protection. Because the public is tolerant of wildflower plantings in areas where unmanicured turf would not be acceptable, the District is able to eliminate one or more mowing cycles each year along grassy channels by planting wildflowers. Over several years, the District recoups the cost of seeding through the savings in vegetation-cutting expenses. Wildflower plantings provide these additional benefits to the District: Less cutting results in less cut organic matter (pollution) entering County waterways Fewer passes with heavy mowing equipment will result in less risk of degradation to the slopes Some wildflowers have sufficient root structure to provide erosion control along channels Once established, wildflowers can help compete with and limit the growth of undesirable species such as Johnson Grass Many people feel that wildflowers enhance the beauty of a channel. The variety of species in a wildflower mix provides habitat for a greater variety of wildlife than does turf monocultures.
Districts Purpose for Planting Wildflowers
Wildflowers are usually planted on locations with established turf. An alternative to turf alone, the wildflowers are part of a regimen, along with cutting, turf establishment, and herbicide use, that can help control undesirable species.
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3.4 Why Do We Plant Trees?

Introduction
Tree-planting is a long-term solution that will reduce maintenance requirements along channels and on detention basins. Areas with healthy, mature tree canopies frequently have little or no undesirable underbrush or groundcover. By planting trees, the District plans to create mature tree canopies that shade out and prevent the growth of conveyance-hindering underbrush. The areas where there is little or no undesirable groundcover do not require frequent mowing or maintenance, conserving District resources. Tree planting in nonconveyance areas such as detention basins, along natural channels, upstream ends of channels, and around outfall structures will allow the District to reduce by hundreds of acres the amount of acreage mowed annually. Of special importance are channel segments with limited, difficult, or dangerous access; reducing maintenance requirements on these segments is particularly valuable. Trees reduce the conveyance of silt into waterways, reducing the number of silt-removal operations that the District must undertake. The benefits of trees in an urban environment are extensive, and include: Climate control (reduction of the Urban Heat Island Effect, etc.) Social benefits (psychological well being, health, crime reduction) Air quality improvement Wildlife habitat Aesthetics Recreation Increased nearby property value Energy conservation Lower peak runoff volume Reduce erosion through rainfall interception Reduce erosion by slowing sheetflow velocities
Districts Purpose for Planting Trees
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3.4 Why Do We Plant Trees?, Continued

Reforestation can be a cost-effective means of reducing maintenance while providing a host of other benefits. However, these benefits must be carefully weighed in comparison with problems that trees can cause in conveyance areas.
Figure 2: Planting Trees in a Detention Basin
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3.5 Why Do We Clear Selectively?

Introduction
Selective Clearing is a process of shaping the natural environment to produce maximum conveyance with the least amount of maintenance within a forested channel. It includes a complex combination of pruning, vegetation removal, and desnag operations. Selective Clearing maintains conveyance in a wooded section of a channel by selectively removing undesirable vegetation, dead trees and limbs, and obstructions in the channel.
Districts Purpose for Selective Clearing
Most benefits for the District involve promotion of desirable species. By selecting what vegetation is removed and what vegetation is left, the District can, to an extent, control what plant species continue to grow along the channel. Other benefits include: Encourages large, shade-producing vegetation Creates healthy stands of trees along channels Maintains root structures that help stabilize slopes Benefits to the community and environment include: The creation of a park-like setting that is conducive to passive recreation, hiking, bird watching, mountain biking, horseback riding, etc. The removal of selected specimens leaves a variety of well-formed trees that will grow better with the reduced competition for resources. The enhanced environment is hospitable to wildlife The channels look great Selective Clearing is a compromise between complete removal of vegetation and a lack of active maintenance. Thus, the channels that are selectively cleared will exhibit balanced characteristics between high-maintenance turf and wild, overgrown vegetation.
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3.6 Why Do We Prune?

Introduction
While pruning can be conducted as part of a selective clearing operation, it can also be undertaken independently of extensive selective clearing. The District prunes trees that either are a potential obstruction to conveyance along channels or might interfere with other maintenance activities. Because pruning is performed according to nationally recognized standards, it promotes the healthy growth of trees and their canopy. This canopy then shades out and hinders the growth of undesirable species that might interfere with conveyance and maintenance activities. Well-pruned trees will be healthy, grow well, will snag less trash, and will usually be more attractive than unpruned trees. Pruning trees rather than removing them will actually reduce the amount of long-term maintenance necessary to keep the channel flow open and conveyance maximized.
Districts Purpose for Pruning
Additional Benefits for the District
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3.7 Why Do We Use Herbicide?

Introduction
When used with other vegetation management activities, herbicide is an effective tool for meeting District objectives. The primary herbicide application is selective, post-emergent application to undesirable plant species, especially Johnson Grass and ragweed, that the District is unable to mow frequently enough to prevent reseeding. Herbicide application reduces mowing and handcutting maintenance requirements on channels. Herbicide is also used along concrete or riprap, as the roots of vegetation can threaten the integrity of the concrete. Pre-emergent herbicides eliminate that threat. Finally, herbicide application is used on tree stumps to make sure that multi-stemmed, poorly formed, or undesirable trees do not regrow from the cut tree. Additional benefits for the District include: Safety: Along channels that are dangerously steep for tractors and mowing equipment, herbicide application can reduce the amount of dangerous maintenance that is required on a channel, making maintenance much safer. Savings: When used appropriately, herbicide use substantially reduces the expense of other maintenance activities. For example, by applying herbicide to a cut Chinese Tallow stump, we reduce the possibility of the Tallow regrowing in an undesirable location where we will have to cut it down again in a few years. Specificity: Selective use of herbicide allows us to target specific plants or species in a manner that mowing does not allow. For example, the District can target Johnson Grass by using a herbicide designed to target grass but not trees or forbs. By using herbicide instead of cutting operations, the District can substantially reduce the amount of cut organic matter a source of non-point source pollution entering District waterways.
Districts Purpose for Applying Herbicide
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3.7 Why Do We Use Herbicide?, Continued

Herbicide use is controversial. While some people feel that any use of herbicide is dangerous and unwarranted, other people feel that herbicide use is far more effective, efficient, and safe than other activities. The District tries to balance the use of herbicides with their benefits by ensuring that all safety requirements (such as applicator licensing and use of safety equipment) are met or exceeded and by actively trying to increase the efficacy of herbicide use (for example, by using a smaller total volume of herbicide to treat a larger number of acres). Evidence suggests that herbicide use can be very effective: a study done by an independent agronomist in 2000 on District maintenance areas has shown that herbicide use in combination with other operations is among the most effective ways to remove Johnson Grass and other undesirable species while promoting desirable turf.
Figure 3: Treated and Untreated Portions of a Channel Slope
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3.8 Why Do We Remove Debris?

Introduction
Debris large enough to inhibit the flow of storm water is a serious threat to the integrity of stream banks and can increase the possibility for flooding. Debris includes large organic and inorganic obstructions located anywhere within District right-of-way. The primary reason we remove debris is to maintain a channels ability to convey water.
Districts Purpose for Debris Removal
Regular debris removal may reduce the probability of large piles of debris building up. The removal of large debris may prevent damage to bridges or other structures. Additionally, debris removal activities (particularly floatable debris) contribute to the attainment of the Districts TPDES/NPDES permit requirements for pollution reduction.
The public is reassured to see the District removing debris from channels, even if that debris does not threaten the functioning or integrity of the system. The debris is often unsightly, and its removal is generally much appreciated by the public. Removal of debris often improves water quality. There are no real alternatives to removing debris.
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3.9 Why Do We Have a Multi-Service Contract?

Introduction
A Multi-Service Contract designates one contractor to be responsible for multiple operations (e.g., cutting and debris removal) in a specific area, as well as response to citizen complaints relating to those tasks. The Districts primary purpose for a Multi-Service Contract is to provide an alternative to the Districts traditional vegetation management contracts and to supplement in-house operations. This alternative provides three administrative advantages. First, because of the structure of the contractors commitment to keep the area under tight supervision, there would be a reduction in the Districts inspection workload. Second, by eliminating individual pay items, tracking quantities for the contract is less onerous. Third, because the contract area is smaller, more contractors are able to make competitive bids. A Multi-Service Contract is designed so that grass is cut more frequently than on typical mowing contracts (6-8 times/year vs. 3-4 times/year). Benefits include: Undesirable species such as Johnson Grass are unable to mature enough to set seed, providing a healthy environment for desirable species Ultimately, less work is required to maintain the integrity and conveyance capacity of the channels Citizens desire to see the District spend more time in their backyard cleaning and mowing more often will be met more effectively. Because Johnson Grass is kept under control, less vegetative material is cut and washed into the waterways. This reduction results in a decrease in non-point source pollution.
Districts Purpose for Multi-Service Contracts
Multi-Service Contracts are being evaluated and modified to determine the most effective configuration to meet the previously mentioned benefits. The benefit of reduced inspection requirements on the part of the District might also be a disadvantage to the program: reduced inspection could result in problems being overlooked by the District. While there are controls other than inspection that will prevent any major problems, small problems may go undetected.
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Section 4: Operations
4.1 Vegetation Cutting

Introduction
Vegetation Cutting is a combination of cutting techniques, including mowing, which together help manage turf along grassy channels. While the term mowing is frequently used interchangeably with vegetation cutting, the latter refers to the combination of various cutting procedures, which are not all strictly mechanical mowing. Besides mowers, vegetation cutting can be done using machetes, weed trimmers, chainsaws, and pruners. Cutting can include pruning, trimming, and hacking.
Site Selection
Typically, sites in the cutting program have been in the program for many years, or moved into the program from the Turf Establishment program. To facilitate contract maintenance, cutting sites are organized geographically into approximately ten sectors (see Appendix D: Maps). Vegetation Cutting typically occurs in three cycles. While more cycles promote desirable vegetation more effectively (thus increasing erosion control and reducing flow impediment) and reduce the number of citizen complaints, fewer cycles cost substantially less. Each cycle lasts approximately 40-45 calendar days. Each mowing sector is mowed once from start to end during each cycle. Starting dates may vary by about two weeks. Cycle Description 1 Typically begins in early May 2 Typically begins July 15 3 Typically begins September 15 Select channels are included in the herbicide program and are treated based on re-growth (often within two weeks of the initial cut).
The Three Cycles
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4.1 Vegetation Cutting, Continued

Deviation from Cycles
There are occasions when mowing does not follow the standard threecycle format. Occasionally, if needs and resources allow, a fourth cycle will be added. Variations in weather delay or advance the growing season. In-house crews usually adhere to mowing cycles, although they will occasionally mow continuously. Growth cycle (and seed production) of undesirable species require additional mowing and resources are available to mow the effected areas more frequently. Vegetation on some properties is not cut on a regular schedule, but is instead cut on an as-needed basis. If a channel or portion thereof has been designated as a Restricted Maintenance Zone, crews will modify the mowing schedule along that portion of the channel to accommodate the needs of that zone. Note: The District has many agreements, with both individuals and organizations, that directly impact cutting. Specifically, others may perform mowing that does not follow the three-cycle pattern.
Public Notice
A notice of routine maintenance is distributed by mail prior to the commencement of the cutting cycles. The mailing list is generated inhouse using GIS and is sent to a mailing house for printing and mailing.
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The Three Cutting Categories
Vegetation cutting can be described by three categories that are typically determined by site characteristics. Category 1 Common Term Mowing Description Channels within this category generally contain wide berms, subtle slopes, and easy access from roads or other channels. Due to channel conditions, large conventional cutting machinery may be used. Actual equipment will be determined by site conditions. Channels within this category generally contain narrow berms, steep slopes, and may have little or no access on one or both sides from roads or other channels. Due to channel conditions, the use of large conventional mowing equipment is limited. Alternative equipment such as slope mowers or weed trimmers may be necessary. Channels within this category generally contain little or no berm, extremely steep or vertical slopes, and limited access from roads or other channels. Due to the channel condition, large conventional equipment cannot be used. Weed trimmers, machetes, or other small equipment may be necessary.
HandMow
Hand-Cut
Mowing Specifications
Each mowing project is evaluated for compliance with specifications in the Districts Standard Specifications Book and in the contract, if applicable. The following is a brief summary of those specifications: Cut the entire area, except heavy brush with stems 3 or greater Cut to the designated height, usually no greater than 6 Make adjustments based on environmental conditions Any damage will be repaired at the contractors expense Use safe and appropriate equipment
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Typical Cutting Process
The following chart describes a typical cutting process.
Stage Description 1 One or more mowers that cut a large swath, usually gang mowers pulled behind a tractor, progress linearly along a channel. If the reach of a channel is not conducive to such treatment (Category 2 or 3), this stage is skipped. Figure 4: Mowing 2 One or more mowers usually slope mowers - follow behind the first mowers, cutting narrower strips of land the previous mowers have not or cannot cut, for example, the toe lines. If the reach of a channel is not conducive to this treatment (Category 3), or the large mower has done an adequate job (Category 1), this stage Figure 5: Slope Mowing is skipped.
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Typical Cutting Process (continued)
Stage Description 3 A labor crew follows on foot, clearing around obstructions such as fences and bridges, along toe lines, and cutting any areas the previous mowers missed. Often called handcutting or clean-up work. Figure 6: Handcutting with a Weedtrimmer Quality control is checked and crews bring any unacceptable work up to standard.
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4.2 Turf Establishment & Promotion

Introduction
Several processes are used to establish and promote turf along channels. More information can be found in the separate publication Standard Specifications Book. Sites enter the program as the result of one of three actions: Maintenance Construction: Maintenance Construction, upon completion of a project, will turn a site over to the Turf Establishment program for revegetation. Construction: Large construction projects will usually include some type of vegetation establishment in the contract. Once that vegetation is deemed to have met required specifications, it is turned over to Turf Establishment for monitoring. If necessary, additional promotion activities are conducted to bring the vegetation up to standard. Service Request: Property Management may determine that the turf at a specified location is failing, and unless the problem is immediately addressed, will result in rilling and sloughing. Although Bermuda Grass is the most commonly used perennial species, other species may be used because of variation in the following factors: Time of Year: Many construction projects are completed during the fall and winter months. During these seasons, cool season annual species such as Rye Grass and Fescue are planted along with Bermuda Grass in order to stabilize the site until spring. A nurse grass such as Foxtail Millet is necessary with all spring and summer plantings; the nurse grass provides rapid stabilization and shields tiny Bermuda Grass seedlings from intense sunlight. Soil Conditions: If soil conditions are poor, a legume such as crimson clover may be added to the seed plan to enhance soil quality. Site Specifications: Should the project manager determine that a natural or native look is needed, the project manager may specify that native perennial species be planted. Species include Green Sprangletop, Little Bluestem, and Lovegrass.
Site Selection
Species Selection
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4.2 Turf Establishment & Promotion, Continued

Process Selection
A variety of factors will determine what process will be used to establish and promote turf on a slope, primarily how much and what kind of grass already exists on the slope. The District tests pH and water-holding capacity of soils at turf establishment sites prior to establishment. Unless the soil characteristics vary significantly from a normal range, no adjustments will be made. In situations where the pH or water-holding capacity is outside of normal range, a buffering, organic fertilizer may be used. After the initial application, sites are monitored regularly to insure that the targeted grass species are growing appropriately. Typically, sites are mowed more frequently than on non-program sites so that Johnson Grass and other undesirable species are unable to mature sufficiently to set seed. Sites are deemed established when there is at least 85% turf grass coverage. Any particular site may be in the program for about a year, depending on the success of the project.
Soil Testing
Maintenance of Treated Sites
Removal from Program
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4.2.1 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Dry Application

Definition
The application of fertilizer, seed, mulch, and tackifier typically by mechanical means. Dry application is used when a slope is entirely or almost entirely bare.
When Used
Process
Stages in the process are as follows: Stage Description 1 A chisel plow and/or disk harrow, depending on how compacted the soil is, is pulled behind a tractor and used to loosen the soil bed.
Figure 7: Disking
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4.2.1 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Dry Application,

Continued
Process (continued)
Stage Description 2 Fertilizer is spread over the seedbed. See Figure 9 3 The fertilizer is incorporated into the soil using a rake that is pulled behind a tractor.
Figure 8: Raking 4 Seed is spread using a spreader that is pulled behind a tractor.
Figure 9: Spreading
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Continued
Process (continued)
Stage Description 5 A cultipacker is used to tamp the seeds into the soil.
Figure 10: Cultipacking 6 Hay (or other mulch) is spread over the seedbed.
Figure 11: Haying

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Continued
Process (continued)
Stage Description 7 Tackifier is spread over the mulched seedbed.
Figure 12: Tackifier
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4.2.2 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Hydroseeding

Definition
The application of a homogenous aqueous mixture of seed, water, fertilizer, dye, wood fiber mulch, and tackifier/soilbinder to the seedbed. Hydroseeding is typically used as an alternative to dry seeding when slopes are bare or almost bare and are too steep or too small to use a tractor. Stages in the process are as follows: Stage Description 1 A disk harrow is used to loosen the soil bed. See Figure 7 2 Hydroseed mix is sprayed onto seedbed.
When Used
Process
Figure 13: Hydroseeding
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4.2.3 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Overseeding

Definition
The broadcast application of seed and fertilizer to an area with existing vegetation. Overseeding is performed when there is existing vegetation on a slope, but that vegetation is sparse. Typical sites are those that have been seeded using dry application or hydroseeding, but that, because of weather or other factors, have not sufficiently established vegetation. Stages in the process are as follows: Stage Description 1 A disk harrow is used to loosen the soil bed. See Figure 7 2 Seed is spread over the seedbed. See Figure 9 3 A cultipacker is used to tamp the seeds into the soil. See Figure 10
When Used
Process
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4.2.4 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Sodding

Definition
The application of sod. Sodding is used around concrete-lined, back-drained interceptors, where the soil is particularly prone to erosion. Stages in the process are as follows: Stage 1 2 3 4 Description The seedbed is smoothed. Fertilizer is applied and raked into the soil. See Figure 8 Sod is laid on the seedbed and secured with staples. Water is applied using a water truck, or, rarely, a temporary irrigation system.
When Used
Process
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4.2.5 Turf Establishment and Promotion: Fertilization

Definition
The application of fertilizer for vegetation promotion. An alternative to overseeding, fertilization is used when turf exists on a slope, but is insufficient. Note: As of 2004, the Vegetation Management Program uses only organic fertilizer.
When used
Process
Stages in the process are as follows: Stage Description 1 Fertilizer is applied to the existing turf using a spreader. See Figure 9
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4.3 Wildflower Planting

Introduction
The planting of wildflowers is similar to the establishment of turf. However, it is not a substitute for turf and requires significant coordination in the site selection and planting process. Sites are selected based on the following criteria: Potential to reduce maintenance expenses (i.e., elimination of first and possibly second mowing cycles each year for five years or more) Probability of seed germination at site Probability of reseeding or perennial continuity of wildflowers at site Citizen requests, volunteers, and sponsors Visibility (highway or road crossings, contiguous vistas, etc.) Proximity to a trail, park, or school Distribution within Harris County Lack of Johnson Grass (or potential to have Johnson Grass treated prior to seeding) or other undesirable vegetation that might inhibit wildflower growth Lack of existing erosion To ensure that sites meet the largest number of criteria possible, the following timeline is followed: Time January or February Early March Late March April and May Summer Action District Staff propose sites based on site selection criteria. Press release is distributed requesting site proposals from citizens. Potential sites are monitored for Johnson Grass infestation, and treated as necessary. Potential sites are screened by Vegetation Management staff. A list of potential sites is distributed to Division and Department Managers for approval.
Site Selection Criteria
Site Selection Process
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4.3 Wildflower Planting, Continued

Site Selection Process (continued)
Time September Late September
Fall
Action Approved sites are prepared (herbicide, fertilization, and mowing) as necessary. Press releases are distributed to inform citizens, particularly those who live near wildflower planting sites, about wildflower planting program. Planting commences.
Species Selection
Factors used in species selection include: Probability of flowering during first mowing cycle Probability of reseeding in time for second mowing cycle Probability of annual self-reseeding or perennial establishment Prostrate growth habit between mowing cycles A list of species that have been included in the seed mix can be found in Appendix C on page 90.
Standard Planting Process
The following is a summary of planting requirements as described in the Standards Specification Book: The planting crew will submit the seed mix certification for approval. The seed will be viable, undamaged, and clearly labeled. The wildflower seed mix is defined prior to contract award. The seedbed will be prepared (smoothed, de-compacted, etc.) prior to planting. If necessary, fertilizer will be incorporated into the seedbed separately from seed. Seed will be planted to the appropriate depth using specified methods and equipment.
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4.3 Wildflower Planting, Continued

Site Monitoring
Once seeds are planted, sites are monitored as follows: Stage Description 1 Sites are placed on the Restricted Maintenance Zone list so that they are not automatically mowed during the first two mowing cycles. 2 HCFCD Inspectors visit seeded sites in winter and in spring to monitor and document success of plantings. Observations are used to set parameters for future plantings. 3 Seeded sites are not mowed during the first mowing cycle. 4 HCFCD Inspectors determine whether a seeded site is mowed during the second mowing cycle: If Wildflowers have set seed and little or no Johnson Grass is growing in seeded area If flowers have not yet set seed Then Mow second cycle
Defer mowing to third cycle
Removal from program
Sites are monitored annually to determine whether the site should remain on the Restricted Maintenance Zone list, be returned to regular maintenance, or be reseeded. If wildflower propagation rate is 40% of initial growing season < 40% of initial growing season Then Inspectors continue to monitor the site and maintain as a Restricted Maintenance Zone The site is returned to regular maintenance and considered for future wildflower site recommendations.
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4.4 Tree Planting

Introduction
Tree planting is performed by crews that either dig holes by hand or use a mechanized treespade. It is typically conducted during fall and winter. Sites are selected based on the following criteria: Probability of developing a climax riparian woodland ecosystem that requires little maintenance (i.e., eventual elimination of mowing) Probability of tree survival at site (especially channels dug to ultimate configuration) Citizen requests Difficult or dangerous to access with conventional mowing equipment Upstream ends of channels that are not needed for stormwater conveyance Detention basins that cannot be included in regular maintenance because of wet or soggy bottoms or that are excavated to capacity
Site Selection Process
Input is solicited and examined by Property Management in the development of long-term planting plans. The following types of information are used: GIS data Aerial photographs Recommendations of the Districts Urban Forester Nominations by District staff Site visits Determination of ultimate channel or basin configuration (i.e., the trees wont be removed because the channel needs to be enlarged) Tree species are selected based on: Ability to meet objectives of program Intended location along channel and on channel slope Availability Indigenous or native classification
Species Selection
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4.4 Tree Planting, Continued

Planting Plan
While planting plans are developed for each site, the following parameters are used as a guideline: Spacing and Location On the top of bank where conveyance is not an issue, trees are planted so that, when mature, the trees will form a canopy without crowding each other out. Typically, the spacing at maturity is approximately forty trees per acre, or a 20 x 30 pattern. Trees are spaced to allow access by maintenance vehicles. On channel slopes where conveyance is an issue, no more than 14 trees per acre are planted.3 All plantings are coordinated with utilities. Trees are not planted at the toe-of-slope or in the water where they will directly impede stormwater conveyance. Soil Amendments Slow-release, highnitrogen fertilizer will be added as determined by the District Forester. Soil moisturizers such as Terra-Sorb are added as determined by the District Forester. Figure 14: Trees with Stakes and Planting Aids In areas with high Beaver Protection beaver activity, the base of each tree is protected with welded wire mesh. In order to reduce costs and promote the trees sway capability and root development, trees are staked only at the recommendation of the District Forester. A layer of mulch 3 to 6 deep is spread around the base of each tree.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Study performed for HCFCD referring to one specific part of one specific bayou. Not a universal number.
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4.4 Tree Planting, Continued

Standard Planting & Maintenance Process
Planting should be performed between October 1 and March 31 each year. Planting and maintenance will proceed as follows:
Stage Description 1 District Forester or trained designee determines specific locations for trees. 2 Holes are dug twice the circumference of the rootball and only as deep. Trees are placed in the hole and backfilled using the soil from the hole. 3 Trees are watered regularly unless the District Forester determines that rainfall is sufficient. The typical watering regime is: Twice each week in the summer Once each week in the winter 4 Mulch is added twice each year: once in the fall and once in the spring. 5 Competing vegetation is removed out to the drip line on an as-needed basis. 6 After one year, stakes are removed and welded wire mesh beaver protection is adjusted as necessary to allow tree growth.
Site Monitoring
Once trees are planted, sites are monitored as follows: Stage Description 1 Sites are placed on the Restricted Maintenance Zone list so that mowing does not damage the young trees. 2 HCFCD Inspectors monitor watering of trees to ensure soil saturation. 3 Each fall, the surviving trees are inventoried to determine whether mulch, staking, beaver protection, or fertilization needs to be adjusted. 4 HCFCD inspections continue until 80% of the surviving trees (or enough trees to develop the desired canopy) have trunks over 3 in diameter.
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4.5 Selective Clearing

Introduction
Selective clearing is a combination of clearing techniques, which together are meant to develop low-maintenance, forested vegetation along channels. Typically, sites designated for selective clearing are heavily forested and have not been maintained for some time. Selective clearing operations address the entire channel and take into account species diversity and spatial relationships within the streamflow area. Criteria used for deciding what vegetation is cleared (and what remains) in a selective clearing project are numerous. These criteria combine in such a complex way that decisions must rely on the judgment of the Districts Forester or the Foresters trained designee. Vegetation is left in place unless it: Is an undesirable species (a partial list of desirable and undesirable species can be found in Appendix C) or prevents the growth of desirable species Will interfere with the eventual creation of a canopy and the resulting reduction in dense, thicket-like conveyance-preventing vegetation Hinders or interferes with access, actions, or inspection Hinders flow or has the potential to hinder flow (usually by falling across the channel or growing too big) May cause toe-line failure or other erosion problems Is located disadvantageously on the slope, as described below Note: Snags or dead trees are not inherently problematic from a flood control perspective, although they can threaten conveyance, infrastructure, or personal safety. Snags and dead trees have benefits to wildlife, and are preserved when possible.
Site Selection
Species Selection Criteria
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4.5 Selective Clearing, Continued

Clearing in the Five Channel Zones
Selective clearing decisions must take into account the spatial relationship of vegetation to the streamflow area. Riparian zones within the channel environment are extremely sensitive and much care is taken not to adversely affect habitat.
Figure 15: Channel Cross Section Flowline or Creek Bottom: Creek Bottoms contain organic and inorganic debris, aquatic wildlife, and plants. Only in special situations will any live vegetation other than natural aquatic vegetation be allowed to remain in the stream course (i.e., trees growing on a temporary sandbar will be cut). However, crews do clear those obstacles that obstruct the flow of water. Toe of Slope or toe line: Because of their structural importance, toe lines are the most sensitive areas within the channel, and much care is taken to minimize disturbance at the toe. Vegetation is usually encouraged within this area, unless that vegetation is a hindrance to flow or may cause toe line failure. Because root systems at the toe are important to the stability of the slopes, plant growth of desirable species is always encouraged.
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Clearing in the Five Channel Zones (continued)
Side Slope or slope: Slopes range from very steep washouts to wide subtle berms; vegetation growth in these areas may vary from lush turf grass to heavily forested areas. Slopes overpopulated with undesirable species are thinned over time to allow species that are more desirable the opportunity to grow and replace less desirable vegetation. Fast growing pioneer tree species are favored by removing vines and other obstructions to their growth. For conveyance, thinning operations focus on stand density and the location of vegetation on the slope. The density of a stand of trees should increase as the slope elevation increases, with very few trees allowed at the toe line increasing to a closed canopy at the top bank. Top Bank, including berm and backslope swale: Top bank areas are mostly flat. Selective clearing operations in top bank areas are sensitive to species diversity and health of the surrounding vegetation. Every effort is made to maintain shade canopies and preserve remnants of understory species. Washouts: Washouts occur in the deep bends and oxbows of waterways. They typically contain little or no vegetation and very steep grades. Because of the highly erodable nature of the soils in the washouts, it is important that washouts be protected; any vegetation in these areas should be preserved. Dead trees with the potential of falling into the waterway are removed. Large piles of debris such as tree trunks, limbs, and root balls, if well anchored, can stabilize the exposed soil in these areas, and are left. However, not all debris has this stabilizing effect. Maintenance Engineering is consulted when the stabilizing effect must be evaluated when deciding whether to remove such debris.
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Clearing Procedure
The following is the procedure used to clear selectively along channels: Stage Name 1 Selection Description Using selection criteria, the District Forester or a trained Inspector marks, with orange fluorescent spray paint, trees, shrubs, and other vegetation that are to be removed.
Underbrushing
Figure 16: A marked tree The underbrushing crew moves as a unit using weed trimmers and machetes to cut vines from trees, to cut back herbaceous perennials, and to create access for the remainder of the crews.
Figure 17: Underbrushing Crew

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Clearing Procedure (continued)
Stage Name 3 Tree Removal 4 Pruning
Description Trained chainsaw crews remove trees marked by the Forester or lead inspector. Trained pruning saw operators prune crossing, broken, diseased, dead, or horizontal limbs up to 20 high on mature trees following the ANSI A300 Standard or the American National Standard for Tree Care Operations.
Figure 18: Pruning Saw Operator 5 Herbicide A licensed herbicide applicator directs a crew in the application of an approved herbicide to the stumps of undesirable trees or trees growing in critical conveyance areas. All applications will be in conformance with applicable laws.
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Clearing Procedure (continued)
Stage Name 6 Debris Removal
Description Crew removes non-biodegradable debris that is large enough to affect conveyance located in the stream flow area. When debris is very large or buried by silt, the Inspector will determine if the object should be removed.
Figure 19: Debris and Litter 7 De-Snag Crew cuts submerged trees or parts of trees into pieces that are small enough to allow them to float downstream or disposes of debris as described below.
Disposal of Debris
When possible, organic debris created by the clearing operation is stacked, piled, or chipped to decompose naturally. Brush piles should not be more than 3 high, 6 long, and 6 wide. They should be placed at least 10 away from the slope on the top bank. Alternatively, if a forested top bank exists in rural areas, the debris can be scattered unobtrusively along the top bank. If location, access, or right-of-way does not permit stacking or chipping of material, then all material is hauled off-site to an approved landfill or dump site, preferably for recycling.
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4.6 Pruning
Introduction
Pruning is intended to maintain conveyance in the Districts rights-ofway and to maintain access to our rights-of-way for vegetation management crews and equipment. The scope of the work is far less substantial than that of Selective Clearing operations, of which pruning is a part. It is primarily a wintertime operation. There are essentially two situations that recommend a site for pruning: Along a mowing route: Crews will prune to ensure access for personnel and equipment along a channel that is regularly mowed. Along concrete channels: Crews will prune overgrown trees and branches growing along the Districts rights-of-way at the edge of an unmowed, concrete channel to ensure that those branches do not become a hindrance to conveyance. Note: While most pruning sites are established as such, a small number of pruning operations are in response to service requests processed by the Districts Citizen Service Center.
Pruning Process
Trained pruning saw operators prune crossing, broken, diseased, dead, or horizontal limbs up to 20 high on mature trees following the ANSI A300 Standard or the American National Standard for Tree Care Operations. The District Urban Forester has trained Inspectors and Field Supervisors to inspect pruning sites. The Forester will also conduct occasional inspections to ensure that standards are being followed.
Monitoring
Figure 20: Pruned Trees Along Channel
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4.7 Herbicide Program

Introduction
A variety of herbicide products are applied using various methods in order to promote desirable vegetation species and simultaneously eliminate undesirable vegetation species. All applications are performed by licensed applicators in accordance with applicable law and with specifications in the District's Standard Specifications Book. Variables involved in herbicide decisions include: Vegetation species (targets of the program include, but are not limited to, Johnson Grass and Giant Ragweed) Available herbicides and application methods Coordination with other Vegetation Management Programs Undesirable Species: Johnson Grass, Giant Ragweed, and other undesirable plants prevent the development of desirable, low-growing erosion control plants. They do not grow densely enough at ground level to protect slopes adequately against erosion. More information can be found in Appendix C (page 81).
Program Variables
Standard Specifications
The Standard Specifications Book contains information regarding herbicide applications. A summary is below. An herbicide application plan, including Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and applicator qualifications, is submitted. Herbicide is applied in accordance with manufacturers product label, recommendations, and MSDS. All safety requirements are followed. All spills will be reported immediately to the District and other applicable agencies, and cleaned as required. Herbicide is not applied to large areas or to undesignated plant species. Treatment is evaluated as described in the chart below.
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4.7 Herbicide Program, Continued

Standard Specifications (continued)
If At least 95% of target species has been controlled within 18 days (foliar applications) or 100% within 60 days (stump treatment) Less than 95% control has been achieved within 18 days (foliar applications) or growth appears on stump within 60 days
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Then Treatment is considered complete. Continue to treat until standard is met.
Herbicide program objectives are part of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program. IPM is a sustainable approach to managing noxious species by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools to minimize economic, health, and environmental risks. The District has begun to employ IPM methods including the application of species-specific herbicide products, timely mowing operations that correspond to herbicide application, and wick applications that eliminate over-spray effects. One of the most critical factors in a successful herbicide operation is timely application. Broadleaf vegetation and Johnson Grass can be managed by carefully timing application. The following is a list of schedules for various applications: Target Riprap/Concrete Broadleaf (especially ragweed) Johnson Grass Appropriate Application Times February to April April to August April to October
Schedule
Vegetation that grows in concrete joints or through voids in riprap areas can cause the structure to fail. The Vegetation Management Program has been examining the possibility of planting grass in riprap voids to out-compete undesirable trees and other weedy species. Grass does not threaten the integrity of riprap.
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Backpack Application
Description: The backpack is a manually pumped sprayer operated by one person. The herbicide is carried in a tank on the applicators back. The backpack is refilled from a large tank on an Herbicide Backpack Truck, or nurse truck. Use: Target species include a wide range of vegetation. Backpack application also is used within two hours of cutting on stump applications. Benefits: One person, carrying a backpack sprayer, is able to selectively apply herbicide to the vegetation. A small area is targeted for application, limiting the amount of herbicide used and the damage to non-targeted species.
Boom Application
Description: A low-mounted boom with attached nozzles are used to apply herbicide over large swaths of vegetation. Use: Unlike past applications, current applications are closely coordinated with other vegetation management operations to maximize the effect of the applications. Carefully considered timing, judicious selection of herbicides that target only specified vegetation, and calibrated applicators that control the amount of herbicide being applied allow boom applications to be substantially less heavy-handed than in the past. Benefits: Boom application allows large areas of vegetation to be treated with herbicide very effectively.
67

Weedbug Application
Description: The patented Weedbug applies herbicide selectively to targeted species using a wick system. Instead of spraying the herbicide, as in broadcast or backpack applications, the wick applies the herbicide directly to vegetation at the desired height using centrifugal force, not capillary or gravitational forces. Use: In 2000, an independently contracted agronomist evaluated the efficacy of Weedbug treatment, and determined that the elimination of Johnson Grass and related weeds and the concurrent promotion of Bermuda Grass was significant. The agronomist recommended an initial Weedbug treatment program that, within a few years, could be transitioned to a less intensive maintenance program. Benefits: The Weedbug offers many benefits over mowing and other herbicide application methods including: Minimal use of herbicide solution No contamination of waterways Minimal off-target damage Reduced risk to operators, residents, or fauna No soil contact or drift of chemical Substantially reduced harm to low growing, desirable species Substantial reduction or elimination of mowing over time Decreased green and dry matter Decreased greenhouse gases
68

Products
New developments in the field of chemical control methods have produced herbicide products that are, relatively speaking, speciesspecific. This allows the District to make application to target species while minimizing the risk of damaging stands of desirable vegetation. As a result, the District has seen a reduction of the amount of chemical applied and an increase in the control of target species. The following is a list of the herbicide products currently used by the District. Product Aqua King Arsenal (Imazapyr) Garlon 3A (Triclopyr) Uses Mixture additive used as a surfactant. Some pre-emergent effect from this product if applied early in the season. Used to control large concentrations of Giant Ragweed. Applied to wet target vegetation. Mixture additive used to control drift. A selective herbicide used to control annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds in noncrop areas. Specifically targets Johnson Grass. Approved for aquatic application. Used to treat undesirable vegetation at or near the water. Very effective at selective control of broadleaf plants. Primary chemical used in broadleaf backpack and selective clearing operations, as well as Weedbug applications.
Nalco Trol discontinued in 2002 Outrider (Sulfosulfuron)
Plateau (Imazapic) Rodeo (Glyphosate) Roundup Pro (Glyphosate)
69
4.8 Debris Removal

Introduction
Debris removal is the removal of organic and inorganic debris that, in great enough quantity, can negatively impact conveyance and/or water quality. Typical debris includes and can be categorized as follows: Organic Debris Logs Grass and Giant Ragweed on bridge pilings Inorganic Debris Shopping carts Tires Car parts Furniture Household appliances Floatables (small floating debris regulated by TPDES/NPDES) Styrofoam cups Grass clippings Plastic bottles Note: Debris not typically removed by the Facilities Maintenance Department includes the following (which are referred by the Citizen Service Center to the Department for removal): Entire Cars Potentially toxic chemicals, such as unmarked barrels
Typical Debris
Site Selection
By evaluating historical locations of repetitive debris accumulation, a list of hot spots has been developed. These sites are routinely visited and debris removed approximately once every six weeks under normal conditions. A map may be viewed in Appendix D on page 92. Debris removal operations can also be initiated in response to a service request. In these instances, the regular route is adjusted to accommodate such needs.
70
4.8 Debris Removal, Continued

Debris Removal Processes
There are three standard processes for removing debris: Land-based Debris Removal Crew: A debris removal crew will remove organic and inorganic debris by hand and by using equipment such as a trash truck, pull forks, or a grapple hook attached to a tractor. Floatable Debris Collection Nets: Nets, anchored on buoys or other structures, capture floatable debris. Water-based Debris Removal: From a boat, specialized equipment is used to remove floatable debris. Debris is brought to an appropriate landfill. Tires are brought to a tire processing facility. Substantial amounts of organic debris, when not intermixed with inorganic debris, may be taken to a recycling facility for processing.
Debris Disposal
Figure 21: Debris and Litter Removal
71
4.9 Multi-Service Contracts

Introduction
Multi-service contracts are contracts in which multiple operations are performed, typically mowing and debris removal. Regular contracts are for just one type of operation. Multi-service contracts are being evaluated on a trial basis. During the trial of multi-service contracts, sites that are relatively sparsely populated are selected. Multi-service contracts processes are comprised of operations described earlier in this section. Typical specifications included in contracts include the following: Grass must be maintained at or below 24 in height Johnson Grass is not allowed to reach seedhead height at any time Contractor is responsible for making contact with citizens that have complaints Contractor is responsible for responding to complaints within three working days Note: No herbicide applications are allowed as part of the multi-service contracts.
Site Selection
Process
Monitoring
Multi-service contract crews are not monitored by Inspectors as frequently as regular contract crews. Instead, the preponderance of citizen complaints to the District, results of spot inspections by the District's Contract Inspectors, and comprehensive monthly reports from the contractor are analyzed to determine if performance objectives are being met.
72
Section 5: Appendices Appendix A: Glossary

Introduction
The following terms are frequently used at HCFCD, and within this manual. This appendix contains the following topics: Topic Channel and Basin Terms Vegetation Terms Acronyms Miscellaneous Terms See Page 73 75 75 76
Contents
Channel and Basin Terms
Terms used to describe parts of a waterway. Please refer to Figure 22: Cross-Section of a Channel on page 74. Definition A system to reduce erosion due to sheet flow over a bank on a channel or basin slope. Elements of the system include the swale (the slight depression on the side of a weir facing away from the channel) located near the right-of-way line, and an interceptor (a drain that carries water from the swale into the channel or detention basin through a pipe). A mound of earth at the top of a slope OR the area between the top-of-bank and right-of-way line. A course or passage through which stormwater may move or be directed. It is a generic term used by the Harris County Flood Control District in reference to ditches, bayous, creeks or other smaller tributaries. A channel can vary in shape and size, and can be either natural or man-made. See channel. A line formed representing the lowest point in the bottom of and along a specified length of a channel. A U-shaped bend in a channel. An ox-bow lake is such a bend that no longer carries the normal flow of water.
Term Back Slope Interceptor Swale System
Berm Channel
Ditch Flowline Oxbow
73
Appendix A: Glossary, Continued

Channel and Basin Terms (continued)
Term Reach Riparian zone Slope or Side Slope Toe of Slope or Toe Line Top of Bank or Top Bank Unit Unit Number Unit Tract Number Weir
Definition A portion of a channel, typically defined at either end by an access point, bridge, road, confluence, large tree, or other landmark. The transitional zone between a waterway and the surrounding habitats. The bank of a channel or detention basin. The edge at the base of a slope. The soil at the toe line is critical to preventing erosion farther up the slope. The top of a channel. Typically includes a path for maintenance, a berm, and the backslope interceptor swale system. A waterway that has been assigned a Flood Control District unit number. A uniform label for a unit or ditch , e.g. A100-00-00. A uniform label for a tract of land along a unit or ditch , e.g. A100-00-00-11-001.1. A structure that controls or diverts water flow. For purposes of discussion, the weirs discussed are earthen.
Figure 22: Cross-Section of a Channel

74

Vegetation Terms
Terms specific to vegetation. Definition The uppermost branching layer of a stand or forest of trees. Usually a mature tree that provides protection from wind and sun to growing trees. The root system of a tree that is not established in the ground.
Term Canopy Nurse Tree Rootball
Acronyms
Term CIP GIS GPS IPM MSDS NPDES TPDES
Definition Capital Improvement Program Geographic Information System Global Positioning System Integrated Pest Management Material Safety Data Sheet National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, a Clean Water Act program of the Environmental Protection Agency. More information can be found at http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/ Texas Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
75

Miscellaneous Terms
Term Bayou Floatable Program Multi-Service Contract Dry Application Gang Mowing Hand Cutting Hand/Mow Hydroseeding Mowing Cycle Overseeding Restricted Maintenance Zone Riprap
Seedbed Slope Mowing Weedbug Wick Application
Definition A TPDES/NPDES program to remove floating debris such as styrofoam cups from channels. A pilot program to increase the responsibilities of contracted maintenance crews. The application of seed not incorporated in an aqueous solution. Mowing with a gang mower or batwing mower. To remove vegetation, particularly overgrown turf and brush, using individually operated equipment such as weedtrimmers and machetes. To use a combination of mowing techniques, using equipment ranging from a large batwing mower to a hand operated machete. The application of seed that is combined with liquid, fertilizer, and tackifier. Roughly, one of three six-week periods between May and September during which all District-maintained channels are mowed. The application of seed to an area that has established vegetation, particularly turf. A section of channel slope, especially stands of wildflowers and construction areas, that has special maintenance needs that might change standard maintenance procedures along that section of slope. Rocks or broken pieces of concrete often placed in areas where the flow of stormwater is expected to cause erosion. The riprap serves as "armor" for areas of channels and detention basins to minimize the occurrence of erosion. The area of ground to which seed is to be applied. Mowing on a slope using a slope- or boom-mower. A patented herbicide applicator that is more selective than traditional applicators. The generic term for herbicide application used by a Weedbug or other wick applicators.
76
Appendix B: Field Guide to Special Equipment

Introduction
The District uses many specialized tools and equipment to maintain the vegetation along its channels. Frequently, the equipment will have names particular to District use. This appendix contains the following topics: Topic Tree Planting Equipment Selective Clearing Equipment Vegetation Cutting Equipment Herbicide Equipment Miscellaneous Equipment See Page 77 78 80 80 80
Contents
Tree Planting Equipment
The following list describes equipment typically used for tree planting activities. Description A small, shovel-like apparatus designed to create an opening in the ground (not necessarily a full hole) appropriate for planting tree seedlings. A large hydraulic system pulled behind a tractor or truck used to dig holes or remove trees, and their rootballs, from the ground. Also used to dig holes for tree planting. A truck carrying a water tank with spigot.
Equipment Dibble Bar or Dibble Stick Tree Spade Water Truck
77
Appendix B: Field Guide to Special Equipment, Continued

Selective Clearing & Debris Removal Equipment
The following list describes equipment typically used for selective clearing operations.
Equipment Chainsaw Chipper Grapple Hook Machete Pruner (Gas) Pull Fork Rope Tractor - Debris Trash Truck (Boom) Trash Truck (Small) Truck (pick-up)
Description Standard chainsaw. Usually gas powered. Bar lengths range from 14 to 24. Usually towed behind a truck or tractor, a chipper will cut wood and other debris into small pieces or chips. A composite hook with multiple, unbarbed hooks. A big knife used to cut underbrush. Also known as a pole pruner, it is usually a gas-powered pruner on a telescoping handle able to prune elevated branches. Also known to vegetable gardeners as a potato fork, this implement, similar to a pitch fork with curved tines, typically is used to scoop debris out of water. Rope of various types. A tractor pulling a box skid (no wheels) for collecting debris. A large dump truck with a boom arm capable of picking up heavy loads of debris. Used for hauling small loads and quick jobs. Often has a winch for pulling debris from channel.
78

Vegetation Cutting Equipment
The following list describes equipment typically used for mowing and vegetation cutting operations. Description A small self-propelled, walk-behind trimmer/mower. Also known as a pull mower, it is similar to a gang mower in that it pulls the mower behind a tractor. The mower, however, cuts a smaller swath than a gang mower and has one deck 5'6 wide, not multiple decks. Also known as a flex-wing mower or a batwing mower, this mower can cut wide swaths (generally about 15 wide) of grass on a smooth and relatively level slope. It is towed behind a tractor. The mowing apparatus itself usually consists of three mowing decks that flex to accommodate changes in slope. A big knife used to cut underbrush. Also known as a boom mower, this mower cuts a smaller swath than the gang mower, but is able to cut on a steeper slope. Some slope mowers are able to extend a boom across a channel to mow areas that are otherwise inaccessible. Slope mowers are usually self-contained. Also known as a gas string trimmer or by the brand name Weed Eater, these hand-held, motorized devices cut a much smaller swath than either gang or slope mowers, but can be used near obstructions, on relatively steep slopes, and in other situations in which the other mowers are unable to cut. Normally used to cut toe lines and near fences.
Equipment Brush Cutter Brush Hog
Gang Mower
Machete Slope Mower
Weed Trimmer
79

Herbicide Equipment
The following list describes equipment typically used for herbicide application. Description A manually pumped sprayer operated by one person. The herbicide is carried in a tank on the applicators back. The backpack is refilled from a large tank on an Herbicide Backpack Truck, or nurse truck. A tractor equipped with a 20-30 Boom mounted on an articulated arm and equipped with spray nozzles. This equipment is capable of applying herbicide to steeply sloped banks. Also known as a nurse truck. This truck has a tank that can be used to refill individual backpack sprayers. A patented wick application. Instead of spraying herbicide with a sprayer, the herbicide is applied by wicks saturated with herbicide. The height of application is controlled, making the application substantially more targeted to undesirable plant species.
Equipment Backpack Applicator
Tractor Herbicide with Boom Truck Herbicide Backpack Weedbug
Miscellaneous Equipment
The following equipment is used for miscellaneous operations. Description Typically used to scrape clay and dirt off concrete when cleaning up after construction. Because fewer construction projects are conducted by in-house crews, this equipment is used infrequently.
Equipment Tractor Scraper
80
Appendix C: Partial List of Desirable and Undesirable Vegetation

Introduction
Desirability of a plant species is determined by the species growth habits, proliferation, ability to produce a shade canopy, and any environmental benefits it may provide. The following list of species is only a sample of the many plants found on our channels and should be used only as a guide to desirable and undesirable plants. This appendix contains the following topics: Topic Overstory Trees Understory Trees Understory Shrubs Vines Grasses and Forbs Aquatic Vegetation Wildflowers See Page 81 83 85 86 87 89 90
Contents
Overstory Trees
Common Name American elm Black willow
Scientific Name Ulmus americana Salix nigra
Boxelder Cedar elm
Acer negundo Ulmus crassifolia
Chinese tallow tree Sapium sebiferum
Description Excellent canopy species Short-lived, prolific species, sometimes good for erosion control, frequently fall across waterways Most common species of maple in Harris County Good on a variety of soil types; Drought tolerant. Bright yellow fall color A non-native very aggressive species, poor root structure
Desirability Desirable In limited numbers
In limited numbers Desirable Undesirable
81
Appendix C: Partial List of Desirable and Undesirable Vegetation, Continued

Overstory Trees (continued)
Common Name Green ash Laurel oak Live oak Loblolly pine Magnolia Pecan
Scientific Name Fraxinus pennsylvanica Quercus laurifolia Quercus virginiana Pinus taeda Magnolia grandiflora Carya illinoensis
Red maple River birch Shumards red oak Southern red oak Sweetgum Sycamore Water hickory
Acer rubrum Betula nigra Quercus shumardii Quercus falcata Liquidambar styraciflua Platanus occidentalis Carya aquatica
Description Fast growing, common along the toe lines, good erosion control Similar to water oak but much less common in Harris County Found more commonly in the gumbo soils of the county Very fast growing and prolific Found normally on top bank and back slope areas Typically found in the gumbo soils of southeastern Harris County Good shade provider Excellent for erosion control Grows well in sandy, welldrained soils Usually grows on upper slopes and top bank areas Fast growing; good shade producer Good shade canopy, good erosion control More common in sandy soils, it is related to the pecan
Desirability In limited numbers Desirable Very Desirable In limited numbers Very Desirable Desirable
Very Desirable Very Desirable Very Desirable Very Desirable In limited numbers Very Desirable Very Desirable
82

Overstory Trees (continued)
Common Name Water oak
Scientific Name Quercus nigra
White oak Willow oak Winged elm Baldcypress
Quercus alba Quercus phellos Ulmus alata Taxodium distichum
Description Fast growing oak, provides an excellent shade canopy; shallow root system can be windthrown Not common in Harris County; Grows in welldrained areas Characteristics are similar to water oak It can be very prolific and need some thinning Good shade producer; excellent erosion control; can grow in a variety of soil types
Desirability Desirable
Very Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable
Understory Trees
Common Name American hornbeam
Scientific Name Carpinus caroliniana
Cherry-laurel Chinese privet
Prunus caroliniana Ligustrum sinense
Eastern hophornbeam
Ostrya virginiana
Description Small- to medium-sized tree common along top bank areas; hardy; resistant to insects and disease Excellent small evergreen tree Small non-native tree, outcompetes native understory species, very aggressive Related to the American Hornbeam, they are commonly found together
Desirable Undesirable
Desirable
83

Understory Trees (continued)
Common Name Flame-leaf sumac Japanese ligustrum Red bay Red mulberry Yaupon holly Rusty blackhaw viburnum Parsley hawthorn Arrowwood viburnum Redbud Two-wing silverbell
Scientific Name Rhus copallina Ligustrum japonicum Persea borbonia Morus rubra Ilex vomitoria Viburnum rufidulum Crataegus marshalli Viburnum dentatum Cercis canadensis Halesia diptera
Description Small tree grows on upper slopes and top bank areas Non-native medium size, multi-stem tree, not commonly found Small tree, grows in sandy soils Small- to medium-sized tree along top bank areas Very common along top bank areas Not very common in Harris County; found mostly in North and West parts of the county Dainty tree with early white flowers; Grows well in "gumbo"; Native Small- to medium-sized; found in north Harris County Small, native tree with pretty pink flowers Small understory tree with waxy white flowers; Native
Desirability Very Desirable Undesirable Desirable Desirable In limited numbers Desirable
Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable
84

Understory Shrubs
Common Name American beautyberry Eastern baccharis Southern waxmyrtle St. Andrews cross Farkleberry Coralbean Buttonbush
Scientific Name Callicarpa americana Baccharis halimifolia Myrica cerifera Ascyrum hypericoides Vaccinium arboreum Erythrina herbacea Cephalanthus occidentalis
Description Low, multi-stem shrub with purple fruit Multi-stem shrub to 6 tall; grows from mid-slope to top bank Found in wet top bank or back slope areas, large multi-stem shrub Low shrub, less than 3 tall with yellow flowers, not common Amusingly named native shrub with tasty blueberrylike berries Native; Flamboyant summer flowers; Great for hummingbirds Native; Grows well in soggy or wet soil; Excellent source of nectar for insects
Desirability In limited numbers In limited numbers In limited numbers Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable
85

Vines
Common Name Alabama supplejack Blackberries Carolina jessamine Carolina snailseed vine Crossvine Dewberries Five-leaf Virginia creeper Grape species Greenbriar Japanese honeysuckle Pepper vine Poison Ivy
Scientific Name Berchemia scandens Rubus spp. Gelsemium sempervirens Cocculus carolinus Bignonia capreolata Rubus spp. Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitis spp. Smilax spp. Lonicera japonica Ampelopsis arborea Toxidendron radicans Campsis radicans
Description Found in top bank areas, can kill trees by climbing Related to dewberries, this is really a shrub/vine up to 6 tall Non-aggressive native vine grows on mid-slope to top bank areas Non-aggressive vine found on top bank areas Not normally aggressive, grows in top bank areas Low growing, good for erosion control Native and prolific vine Thick, woody vine often grows on trees, creating conveyance problems Normally found on top bank areas, good erosion control Non-native vine not commonly found in stream bank areas Related to the grape family, it has the same growth characteristics Usually a woody vine, very common in shaded areas, fairly aggressive, good wildlife plant Thick, woody vine much less aggressive than grape
Desirability Undesirable In limited numbers Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable In limited numbers Desirable Undesirable Undesirable Somewhat desirable Desirable
Trumpet creeper
86

Grasses and Forbs
Common Name Annual ryegrass Gulf
Scientific Name Lolium multiflorum cv 'Gulf'
Description Fast growing and prolific, planted in conjunction with more hardy grass seed Drought resistant with a deep root system for erosion control; Non-native Can occur in thick stands and impede water flow and catch debris Native to Africa, grows rapidly and recovers quickly after disturbance Aggressive European species that can improve soil quality; Attractive Good stablilizing properties, but may produce massive growth An introduced annual with rapid growth characteristics Can occur in thick stands up to 15 feet tall and impede water flow and catch debris
Bahiagrass Pensacola Cocklebur Common bermudagrass Crimson clover Epazote Foxtail millet Giant ragweed
Paspalum notatum var. pensacola Xanthium spp. Cynodon spp Trifolium incarnatum Chenopodium ambrosoides Setaria italica Ambrosia trifida
Desirability Desirable as winter cover on newly constructed sites Limited Desirability Undesirable Desirable Desirable as winter cover and legume Desirable in limited numbers Desirable as nurse grass Undesirable
87

Grasses and Forbs (continued)
Common Name Green sprangletop
Scientific Name Leptochloa dubia
Little bluestem
Schizachyrium scoparium Eragrostis spp. Bouteloua curtipendula
Lovegrass Sideoats grama grass
Tall fescue KY-31 Festuca arundinacea var KY. 31 Johnson grass Sorghum halepense
Description Native bunch grass. Excellent nursery grass; Reseeds easily; Good forage for wildlife; Good erosion control and drought tolerant Native bunchgrass; Extensive root system; Low-growing; Poor for sod, but very attractive grass Low-growing native bunch grass Low-growing, especially with spring wildflowers; Native; Will grow in most conditions; Requires infrequent mowing Drought resistant with a deep root system for erosion control; Nonnative; Recommended for cool climates Non-native grass originally for grazing, despite poisonous qualities; Tall, abundant, with poor root structure Native; Cool season grass; Also grows in shade Native; Good for erosion control on sandy or muddy banks; Grows well in shade
Desirable
Desirable Desirable
Desirable as winter cover on newly constructed sites Undesirable
Three-awn Canada Wildrye Inland sea oats
Aristida oligantha Elymus canadensis Chasmanthium latifolium
Desirable Desirable Desirable
88

Aquatic Vegetation
Common Name Smartweed Water primrose Cattail Mist flower Pickerel weed Horsetail Alligator weed Cardinal flower Swamp sunflower Tickseed
Scientific Name Polygonum spp. Ludwigia peploides Typha latifolia Eupatorium spp. Pontederia cordata Equisetum hyemale Alternanthera philoxeroides Lobelia cardinalis Helianthus angustifolius Bidens aristosa
Description Native, water-loving, can help prevent toe line failure Grows along wet toe lines; Good erosion control Ubiquitous in standing bodies of water Native spp. with pretty flowers that grow on toe lines Native. Pretty along edges of waterways; Good wildlife value Aggressive native, good erosion control Low growing water plant which does not effect flood control; May be invasive Grows well along streambanks Grows in colonies in the fall, particularly in wet soil Hardy perennial takes two years to establish; Tolerates drought and moisture Also known as Swamp Lily; Native; Grows well in boggy areas
Desirability Desirable Desirable Desirable in limited numbers Desirable Desirable Desirable Undesirable Desirable Desirable Desirable
Crinum lily
Crinum americanum
Desirable
89

Wildflowers
Items marked with * are included in the 2003/2004 seedmix. Scientific Name Lupinus texensis Centaurea cyanus Nemophila insignis Oenothera speciosa Gallardia pulchella Description Texas State Flower; Propagated originally for erosion control; Native Also known as Bachelors Button; European annual, blooms almost all year Early blooming wildflower that does not tolerate heat and full sun Hardy native perennial; Can take two years to establish Also known as firewheel; Hardy, drought tolerant native quickly forms dense colonies; Good for erosion control Also known as goldenwave; Grows well in soggy or poorly drained soils Introduced; Grows well in disturbed areas Late blooming perennial that grows well in heat and humidity Can grow almost anywhere in North America, but prefers some shade in hot regions
Common Name Bluebonnet * Cornflower Baby blue eyes * Showy primrose * Indian blanket *
Desirable Desirable Desirable Very Desirable Desirable
Plains coreopsis *
Coreopsis tinctoria
Desirable
Sweet alyssum Mexican hat * Siberian wallflower
Lobularia maritima Ratibida columnifera Erysimum hieracifolium
Desirable Desirable Desirable
90

Wildflowers (continued)
Common Name Corn poppy Drummond phlox * Greenthread Clasping coneflower * Black-eyed susan Prairie verbena Scarlet sage Brazilian vervain
Scientific Name Papaver rhoeas Phlox drumondii Thelesperma filifolium Rudbeckia amplexicaulis Rudbeckia hirta Verbena bipinnatifida Salvia coccinea Verbena brasiliensis
Description Hardy annual for full sun; Introduced Native; Hardy annual Native annual/perennial; Dependable bloomer Hardy native annual; Prolific bloomer Native annual; Easy to grow Native annual; Long blooming season will tolerate mowing Native annual; Long blooming season will tolerate mowing Non-native invasive species
Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Undesirable
91
Appendix D: Maps
Introduction
The attached maps describe various aspects of the Vegetation Management Program.
Contents
Map topics are as follows: Harris County Watersheds Contract Mowing Sectors, including Multi-Service Contract Sites Vegetation Cutting Turf Establishment Sites Wildflower Planting Sites Tree Planting Sites Selective Clearing Herbicide Plan Regular Debris Removal Sites
92
Harris County Watersheds

SPRING CREEK J WILLOW CREEK M SAN JACINTO RIVER G
LUCE BAYOU S
CYPRESS CREEK K,L GREENS BAYOU P ADDICKS RESERVOIR U WHITE OAK BAYOU E BUFFALO BAYOU W JACKSON BAYOU R CEDAR BAYOU Q
Legend
DRAINAGE SYSTEM MAJOR HIGHWAYS HARRIS COUNTY
BARKER RESERVOIR T
HUNTING BAYOU H
CARPENTERS BAYOU N
SPRING GULLY & GOOSE CREEK O
Watersheds
ADDICKS RESERVOIR, U ARMAND BAYOU, B BARKER RESERVOIR, T BRAYS BAYOU, D BUFFALO BAYOU, W CARPENTERS BAYOU, N CEDAR BAYOU, Q CLEAR CREEK, A CYPRESS CREEK, K,L GREENS BAYOU, P HUNTING BAYOU, H JACKSON BAYOU, R LUCE BAYOU, S SAN JACINTO & GALVESTON BAY, F SAN JACINTO RIVER, G SIMS BAYOU, C SPRING CREEK, J SPRING GULLY & GOOSE CREEK, O VINCE BAYOU, I WHITE OAK BAYOU, E WILLOW CREEK, M
The roadway data used in this map are derived from the STAR*Map . STAR*Map is a registered trademark of the Houston-Galveston Area Council and the Geographic Data Committee.
:
4
BRAYS BAYOU D
SIMS BAYOU C
VINCE BAYOU I ARMAND BAYOU B
SAN JACINTO & GALVESTON BAY F SAN JACINTO & GALVESTON BAY F
CLEAR CREEK A
Miles
8
Date: 04/16/2004
Contract Mowing Sectors
Northwest Northeast
Central Northwest West Central East
East
Southwest Central West
Legend
:
4
Southeast South Central
8 Miles
Date: 04/23/2004
Vegetation Cutting
Legend
Drainage System Major Highways
Vegetation Cutting
HAND CUT MOW\HAND CUT MOW Harris County

:
4
8 Miles
Date: 04/23/2004
Turf Establishment Sites
Legend
DRAINAGE SYSTEM MAJOR HIGHWAYS
Turf Establishment
2004 2003 2002

Harris County
:
4
8 Miles
Date: 04/21/2004
Wildflower Planting Sites

n m
n m nm nm m n n m n m n m n m
n m
n m
n m
Legend
Planting Locations
n m
n m n m n m n m n m n m n m n m nm m n n m n m n m nn m m m n n nm m
nm m n n m
n m n m n m n m
Fall 2004 Fall 2003 Fall 2002 Fall 1999, 2000, 2001
:
4
n m n nm m n m n m n m n m n m n m
8 Miles
Date: 02/16/2004
HCFCD Existing Tree Planting Sites

A
K
! ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! (
| C
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i M
( ! (! ! ( ! (! ! ( ( ! ( ! ( ! ( ! ! (! ( ! ( ! ( (
| C
b S
i M
t S
! (
! ( ! ( c P
! (
! (
Legend
Tree Planting Sites
DATE
2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 Drainage System Major Highways Harris County
The roadway data used in this map are derived from the STAR*Map. STAR*Map is a registered trademark of the Houston-Galveston Area Council and the Geographic Data Committee.
$ ` " !
! (
i M
( j & %
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:
4 8
C
( j & %
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! (
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! ( ! (
$ h " !
Date: 04/19/2004
Miles
Selective Clearing
Legend
DRAINAGE SYSTEM MAJOR HIGHWAYS SELECTIVE CLEARING HARRIS COUNTY
:
4
8 Miles
Date: 04/23/2004
Herbicide Plan
Legend
DRAINAGE SYSTEM MAJOR HIGHWAYS HERBICIDE Harris County
:
4
8 Miles
Date: 02/16/2004
Regular Debris Removal Sites
Legend
Harris County DRAINAGE SYSTEM MAJOR HIGHWAYS DEBRIS LOCATIONS
:
4
8 Miles
Date: 02/19/2004
Appendix E: Organizational Chart

September 2004
Harris County Flood Control District
Infrastructure Division
Administration Division
Communications Division
Operations Division
Property Management Department
Maintenance Engineering Department
Fleet Services Department
Planning Department
Facility Management Section
GIS Section
Engineering and Construction Department
Community Service Section
Maintenance Construction Group (MCG)
Contract Management
Environmental Services Department
Property Rights Section
Maintenance Engineering Section
Watershed Coordination Department
Chief Inspector
Development Coordination & Inspection Section

Chief Engineer
Senior Inspector
Senior Inspector
Senior Inspector
Debris Removal
Selective Clearing
Contract Inspectors
Contract Inspectors
Contract Inspectors
Selective Clearing
Debris Removal
Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Managment
Appendix E: P 102
Activity
Vegetation Cutting
Mowing Cycle 1 Mowing Cycle 2 Mowing Cycle 3
January
February
March
April
Appendix F: Vegetation Management Program Annual Schedule

May June July
August
September October
November December
Turf Establishment
Cool Season Warm Season
Wildflowers Trees
Planting Watering Inventory Maintenance
Selective Clearing Pruning Herbicide

Broadleaf Concrete/Riprap Johnson Grass
Debris Removal Multi-Service Contract
Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Managment Manual
Appendix F: Annual Maintenance Schedule
Appendix G: References
Introduction
This appendix lists publications related to topics in this manual. This appendix is by no means complete. The following are other documents produced by the District. Standard Specifications Manual 2002. http://www.hcfcd.org/techinfo_specs.html Acceptance and Criteria Manual. http://www.hcfcd.org/pcpm/ Tree & Shrub Field Guide. http://www.hcfcd.org/downloads/manuals/HCFCD_TreeShrubField Guide04.pdf The following are lists of plants or books that describe plants that grow in the Harris County region. Lists Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas Plant Information Database, http://tpid.tpwd.state.tx.us/ Books Jacob, John S., and Daniel W. Moulton, Texas Coastal Wetlands Guidebook Bowen, Mark, The Bayou Planting Guide, River Bend Publishing Company, Houston, TX Stahl, Carmine, and Ria McElvaney, Trees of Texas: an easy guide to leaf identification, Texas A&M university Press, College Station, Texas, 2003
Other District Documents
Regional Plant Lists
Other Vegetation Management Programs
The following include vegetation management plans. Armand Bayou Nature Center, Natural Resource Management Plan 2002-2007, March 2002, www.abnc.org United States Air Force Landscape Design Guide, http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/land/ldg/index.html Santa Clara Valley Water District, Stream Maintenance Program, http://www.valleywater.org/Water/Technical_Information/Technical_ Reports/_Reports/_SMP/Stream_Maintenance_Program_Documen t.shtm
104

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Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual Table of Contents

Section 1: Introduction ................................................................................ 3

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

Section 5: Appendices ............................................................................. 73

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

Section 1: Introduction 1.1 Preface

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.1 Preface, Continued

What is Vegetation Management?

Purpose of Vegetation Management

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.1 Preface, Continued

Property Management Department

Maintenance Engineering Department

Fleet Services Department

Facilities Maintenance Department

Vegetation Management Program

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.2 Vision for Our Channels

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.2 Vision for Our Channels, Continued

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.3 Overview of Vegetation Management Operations

Turf Establishment and Promotion

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.3 Overview of Vegetation Management Operations, Continued

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.3 Overview of Vegetation Management Operations, Continued

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.4 Vegetation Management Goals

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

1.4 Vegetation Management Goals, Continued

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

Note: For a more complete organizational chart, please see Appendix E.

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

2.1 Coordination with other Departments and Divisions,

How is Facilities Maintenance involved in Vegetation Management?

What is Property Management?

How is Property Management involved in Vegetation Management?

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

2.1 Coordination with other Departments and Divisions,

How is Property Management involved in Vegetation Management? (continued)

What is Engineering & Construction?

How is Engineering & Construction involved in Vegetation Management?

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

2.1 Coordination with other Departments and Divisions,

What is Environmental Services?

How is Environmental Services involved in Vegetation Management?

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

2.2 In-House Resources

Service Center Organization

Vegetation Management Program

Field Operations/ Service Centers

North Service Center

South Service Center

Contract Inspector Contract Inspector Contract Inspector

Contract Inspector Contract Inspector Contract Inspector

Contract Inspector Contract Inspector Contract Inspector

Turf Establishment and Tree Maintenance

Note: For a more complete organizational chart, please see Appendix E.

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual

2.2 In-House Resources, Continued

Harris County Flood Control District Vegetation Management Manual