Status of Bamboo Resources Development in Pakistan

Dr. Muhammad Sharif

Social Sciences Division Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad - August, 2013

Table of Contents
1. 2. Introduction Status of Bamboo Resources
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3. Introduction of bamboo Area under bamboo plantation Natural vs planted bamboo or ownership of forest Bamboo growing stocks Bamboo biomass stocks Diversity of bamboo tree species Bamboo wood removal and value of wood removal
1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10

Economics of Bamboo Plantation

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Justification for economic viability of bamboo plantation Methodology Cost of Production of Bamboo Plantation Economic Analysis Financial Analysis Conclusions

4.

Constraints to Bamboo Resources Development

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Image problem of bamboo
Limited past research and development activity on bamboo

Knowledge gaps on bamboo Weakness of institutional environment and Networking Lack of credit and financing Lack of market research and value addition in bamboo Global competition Improving image of bamboo
More Focus on research and development activity on bamboo

5.

Way Forward for Bamboo Resources Development

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
5.7

Knowledge on bamboo Strengthen the institutional linkages Provision of credit Capacity building of bamboo stakeholders
Market research and value addition in bamboo

Reference
Annex-I Annex-II Annex-III Annex-IV Annex-V Map-I
Basic data for working out cost of plantation of bamboo Cost of Production for bamboo plantation in first year
Cost of Production for bamboo plantation during the 2 nd and 3rd years

10 10 11 11 11 11 11 13 15 15 16 16 17 03

Cost of production for bamboo plantation during 4th and 5th year Cost of production for ratoon bamboo production for three years

Bamboo growing areas in Pakistan

Status of Bamboo Resources Development in Pakistan

1.

Introduction

Bamboo is a highly utilized natural resource in many parts of the world (Andargatchew, 2008). Bamboo plants grow in tropical and temperate regions of the world, being more abundant in the former, particularly in Southeast Asia (IDRC, 1980). According to Oharnberger (1999), more than 1500 bamboo species are found in the world, covering more than 14 million ha of land. Out of these species, Pakistan possesses about 29 species on over 20000 hectare of land during 2005 (GFRA, 2005). In Asia, bamboo is ecologically, socially and commercially an important plant (Austin et al 1983). It is equally obvious that there exists a potential to significantly increase the production of bamboo and improve its productivity in present and alternative uses. In other words, bamboo has 'value'. It is seen as a relatively scarce resource (due to low productivity of natural stands) with many uses in manufacturing, as a food and in making paper (MacCormac 1985). Bamboo has a rich history, and a promising future as apart of the solution to 21st century challenges. A giant, fast-growing, wood like grass and one of earths oldest and most precious plant materials, it has benefited human societies since times before recorded history. Today, it helps more than two billion people meet their basic needs, and as a widespread, renewable, productive, versatile, low- or no-cost, easily accessed, environment-enhancing resource it has great potential to improve life even more in the years ahead, especially in the villages and countryside of the developing world (Sastry, 2003a; Sastry, 2003b). As global population climbs and resources are stretched, bamboo can continue to serve the poor, in particular, across a huge spectrum of uses, ranging from shelter and piping to tools and musical instruments. And with demand exceeding the sustainable yield of the worlds forests, it offers many ways through traditional as well as modern industrial applications of bridging a growing gap (Sastry, 1999, 2000). Bamboo is a versatile multipurpose forest produce which plays a vital role in the worlds industrial and domestics economics. It has been used, especially by the natural people, for their shelter and for every day utilities. It is described as the word of the poor, green gold of the forest and friend of the people. In many parts of the world it is used as a food, fodder, the primary construction material and for making great variety of useful objects from kitchen tools, to appear to dinnerware (Nagpure et. al., 2008). The introduced species of bamboo in Pakistan are more versatile and can be cultivated in areas where the native bamboo does not survive. Farmers/growers had expressed great interest in growing these bamboo species on their land, and harmonized methods are being introduced to ensure that bamboo outputs are successfully realized. Following this introduction, this status paper is organized into five sections. The information on the status of bamboo resources in the country is given in section two. The information on the economic viability of bamboo plantation is presented in section three. Section four is devoted to the constraints to bamboo resource development in country. Way forward for bamboo resources development in Pakistan in section five completes this status paper.
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2.

Status of Bamboo Resources

The information on introduction of bamboo in Pakistan, limited bamboo diversity, area under bamboo plantation, bamboo growing stocks, bamboo bio-mass stocks, bamboo wood removals and value of bamboo wood removal is mainly derived from Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005). There are no other published data available on the current status of bamboo resources in the country. Therefore, the status of bamboo resources in Pakistan is reported upto year 2005 and the information on these resources has been summarized and presented in table-1. 2.1 Introduction of bamboo

Different species of bamboo were introduced in the eighties in Pakistan from which some are well adapted to climatic conditions of Punjab (GFRA, 2005). 21 species were imported from Bangladesh and four from Thailand and China. Bamboo plantations were introduced on good agricultural lands in Sargodha, Jhang, Khoshab and Mandi Baha-ud-Din districts of Punjab province and Nawabshah and Badin districts of Sindh province. The bamboo growing areas have been shown on map-I. 2.2 Area under bamboo plantation

The area under bamboo plantation was 20000 hectare upto 2005 and the information is presented in Table-1, (GFRA, 2005). Bamboo plantations have been raised on private agricultural lands in Pakistans Punjab under agro-forestry system. Plantation area increases or decreases with the demand in the market especially in the export markets and is also influenced by the timber prices in the market (GFRA 2005). Most of these plantations are on 0.5 acres of lands. In Chunian sub division of Kasur district, small farmers have also successfully established small bamboo groves of 4-10 acres area. Bamboo plantation area increases or decreases with the market demand in the domestic as well as in the Middle East markets. Dandrocalamus stictus, Bambusa tulda and Dandrocalamus hamiltonii are the major species grown on private farmlands (GFRA, 2005). 2.3 Natural vs planted bamboo or ownership of forest

There is no area under natural bamboo forest in the country and 100 percent bamboo resources are planted on private farms in Punjab and Sindh provinces of the Pakistan. Bamboo growers in Punjab province either raise pure stand of bamboo or manage bamboo plantations with agricultural crops (GFRA, 2005). It has further stated that most of the farmers use rhizomes for planting bamboos as well as shoot cuttings are also used for bamboo cultivation where the recommended planting method for bamboo plantation is at 2x2 meter spacing. 2.4 Bamboo growing stocks

GFRA, (2005) has argued that an average growing stock of bamboo grown on farmlands is estimated about 8 tons/per hectare where more than 66 percent of the growing stock is considered commercial growing stock having clum diameter of more than 5 cm and more than 80 percent of the growing stock consist of three major species i.e Dandrocalamus stictus, Bambusa tulda and and ocalamus hamiltonii (Table-1).

Map-I: Bamboo growing areas in Pakistan

2.5

Bamboo biomass stocks

GFRA, (2005) has stated that total living bamboo biomass was 130990 tons dry weight during 2005 in Pakistan which 113000 tons was above ground biomass a bamboo and 17990 tons dry weight below ground biomass of bamboo in Pakistan (Table-1). 2.6 Diversity of bamboo tree species

Bamboos are of limited diversity in Pakistan. The number of native bamboo species is 3 in the country where 13 bamboo species are introduced in the country and there is only one critically endangered bamboo species (GFAR, 2005). The names of 16 bamboo species are as (i) dendrocalamus strictus (ii) dendrocalamus giganteus (iii) dendrocalamus hamiltonii (iv) dendrocalamus longispathus (v) melocanna bambusides (vi) arundinaria falcata (vii) bambusa arundinacea (viii) bambusa tulda (ix) bambusa polymorpha (x) bambusa vulgaris (xi) bambusa nutans (xii) phyllostachys aurea. (xiii) phyllostachys pubescens (xiv) phyllostachys aureosulcata
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(xv) bambusa bambos (xvi) multiplex (GFAR, 2005). They have further stated that 3 naturally grown species of bamboo are known as arundinaria falcate, bambusa bambos, and dendrocalamus strictus. Arundinaria falcate is grown in the NW Himalyas at 1,200-2,000 m and occurred in the undergrowth in forests of oak, firs and mixed trees , usually on northern slopes or in ravines in the country and is used for making baskets, mats and pipes. The Bambusa bambos is found rare in the Ravi river eastward and is used for construction. Dendrocalamus strictus is found in Punjab, and in mixed vegetation on Margahlla hills surrounding Islamabad and used for construction and variety of purposes. Arundinaria falcate is also used for making baskets, mats and pipes. Multiplex is used for hedge. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii is also used for construction and ladder manufacturing and scaffoldings. The bamboo resources are shrinking in Pakistan overtime. (GFRA 2005). 2.7 Bamboo wood removal and value of wood removal

In Pakistan, almost all of the bamboo resources are on farmlands and bamboo is harvested by clear cutting the bamboo field and stumps are left for next crop and generally the farmers prefer the sale method in which all the marketing function are performed by the buyers (GFRA, 2005). It has further argued that 136000 ton bamboo wood was removed/harvested during 2005 in Pakistan. GFRA (2005) has further stated that in Pakistan, a thirty feet bamboo stem having 1415 kg weight is sold at Rs 200 in the local market during 2005 and with a value of 32.29 million USD when One U.S $=60 Rupees (Table-1). Table-1: Bamboo Resources in Pakistan during 2005. S.No. Resources 1. Natural bamboo forest 1. Area under bamboo plantation (hacters) on private farms 2. Bamboo growing stock (total weight in tons/ha) (i) commercial (ii) common (iii) total 3. Bamboo bio-mass stock (total living bio-mass ton-dry weights) 4. Diversity of bamboo tree species (i) native bamboo species (ii) introduced bamboo species (iii) critically in dangered bamboo species 5. Bamboo wood removal (tons) 6. Value of bamboo wood removal (Million USD) Quantity Nil 20000 136000 165000 206000 130990 03 25 01 136000 32.39

Source: Authors have summarized the information from Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005).
Source: Calculation are based on information/ perceptions of bamboo growers during the field visit in 2012.

3. 3.1

Economics of Bamboo Plantation

Justification for economic viability of bamboo plantation

Plants add to the prosperity of a nation and seem to be the custodian of human life in this universe (Iqbal, 1992). Forest cover of the world as well as of Pakistan is decreasing day by day and between the years 1990 to 2000, the annual deforestation rate in Pakistan was 1.5 % (FAO, 2005a).The partial or complete destruction has been brought about by a variety of reasons but in many cases mans desire to produce more foodstuff and cash crop is the primary cause. The
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paramount goal has always been the production of food to fulfill the ever increasing population of Pakistan (Azhar et. al. 2011). In spite of various efforts undertaken periodically, not much progress has been made in this direction in the last four decades and the existing tree population is far below the minimum requirement of the nation (Quraishi, 2000). A land more or less permanently under trees may help to reduce or prevent soil erosion and play a part in rehabilitation of degraded and marginal land (FAO, 2005b) and in mine restoration (Brierley et al., 2005). To meet the increasing demand of wood, we need to increase the wood production (Azhar et. al. 2011). They further argued that it is therefore, high time to look critically at the profitability of existing bamboo plantation in bamboo growing areas of the country. Since the land resources is limited and it is not possible to increase it because of the increasing food requirement of the country, therefore, emphasis must be on adopting new methods of management for enhancing bamboo productivity at low cost of production. The existing management of forest casts serious doubt as for as economic efficiency of bamboo plantation is concerned (Azhar et. al., 2011). They have further stated that the question becomes of prime importance if the profitability of limited resources like land, labour and water used in forestry does not compare with that when used in alternate land uses i.e. farming etc. Intangible advantages of forests alone do not justify the existing production forests at present level of management and their benefits in soil conservation and ecological balancing exceed the tangible benefits (Khan and Mahmood, 2003). Economic competition of tree raising and crop husbandry has therefore made it inevitable to conduct a study on the economic viability of bamboo plantation. Therefore, the understanding the economics of bamboo plantation not only help a large section of stakeholders at local, regional and national levels but also prove beneficial to policy makers, funding agency and non-governmental organizations (Pande, 2012). The objective of this section was to estimate the cost and return of bamboo plantation in order to see its economic feasibility and levels of profitability in the bamboo growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan. 3.2 Methodology

The economic analysis of bamboo plantation is based on the review of earlier work and secondary published data as well as last year two days visit to bamboo growing areas (districts Kasur and Mandi Baha-ud-Din ) of Punjab, Pakistan where the perceptions of bamboo growers on the economics of bamboo cultivation. A team of social and biological scientists visited the bamboo growing area of districts Kasur and Mandi Baha-ud-Din in March, 2012. The first hand information on the bamboo production was obtained from the key informants of bamboo growers in the study area. Economic evaluation techniques have been used to estimate the value of land and other resources used in the development of economy, and the information generated has helped in understanding how funds, land, natural products and other resources are allocated and used in the society (Pande et. al., 2012). The economic analysis of bamboo plantation was carried out using benefit-cost ratio, net present worth and internal rate of return. Benefit cost ratio, net present worth and internal rate of return techniques were used for data analysis as suggested by Marglin (1963) and Gittinger (1984). Benefit cost ratio is the ratio of the discounted value of all cash inflows to the discounted value of cash outflows during the life of the project. The decision criteria used for profitability If, B/C> 1, investment is worthwhile, B/C< 1, investment is not worthwhile, B/C = 1, indifference
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case (Shah et. al. 2012). The discount rate/compound rate which reflects the price of the investment funds is used to arrive at costs and returns to a common point of time. These costs are subtracted from returns to get the net present value of the project. The decision criteria are to check the profitability, If NPV>0, investment is worthwhile, NPV<0, investment is not worthwhile NPV=0, indifference case (Shah et. al. 2012). The internal rate of return (r) is that discounted rate at which the NPV is zero. Accordingly the derived discount rate (IRR-r) is compared with the price of the investment funds i.e. market interest rate (i) to know the worthiness of the project. If, r>i, investment is worthwhile, r<i, investment is not worthwhile, r = i, indifference case. To bring parity between investment cost and benefits, the input outputs were evaluated at 2011 prices as accordingly cash out flows (cost) and cash inflows (returns) series were generated for discounting cash inflow and outflow streams discounting rate of 18 percent was considered (Shah et. al. 2012). 3.3 Cost of Production of Bamboo Plantation

The cost differed in term of irrigation cost viz number of irrigations and price per irrigation and price of bamboo seedling in district Kasur and Mandi Baha-ud-Din. The sale prices of bamboo were also relatively higher in Kasur district than Mandi Baha-ud-Din. Discussion with the bamboo key informants suggested a mortality replacement of 20 percent. Damage due to wild life accounted for the major part of crop destruction, the other causes being water stress and local management. The basis data used for estimating cost of bamboo plantation is given at AnnexureI. The total cost of bamboo plantation was accounted for by (i) land preparation (ii) soil and moisture conservation measures (trench), (iii) plantation establishment, including planting material, (iv) protection and maintenance which included irrigation, cleaning of bamboo clump, etc. The analysis revealed that 30 percent of the total cost was incurred during the first year, the major expenditure is being on trench making, irrigation, site preparation and planting including nursery plant (Annexure-II). Land preparations before bamboo plantation was required land leveling and weed removal. Competition for moisture otherwise would increase the cost on irrigation. The remaining 70 percent expenditure was spread over the next five year, primarily for irrigation, cleaning and clump mortality replacement during the second and third year. The data on cost of production of bamboo plantation during these 2nd and 3rd years is presented at Annexure-III. The major cost of production occurred during the initial first four year and while only the minor cost of production are spread over the subsequent years (Annexure-IV). The expenditure on plantation maintenance and protection will continue during year 4-5. The costs on establishment items were spread over a period of five years only plant protection and harvesting expenditure would be beard beyond that period. Harvesting commences from the 5th year onwards. The breakeven is expected in the 5th year when maintenance and protection cost would be offset by bamboo sale. The information on the cost of production on ratoon bamboo for three years is presented in Annexure-V. The cost of production of ratoon bamboo production is significantly lower due to excluding the initial cost of bamboo plantation in the first year. 3.4 Economic Analysis

The per acre cost of production of bamboo plantation at constant prices starting from first year up to reaching the first harvesting maturity after 5th year and subsequent production cost for
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ratoon crop for every three years interval is presented in Table-6. The average sale price of green bamboo pole was Rs.123/-. On an average number of harvestable plants per acre was 30 percent during initial four years and 40 percent 5th years onwards. A net income without land rent of Rs.275000/- per acre could be realized after 5th year in case of fresh bamboo cultivation. In case of three year ratooning, a net income without land rent of Rs.300000/- per acre could be realized onward 5th years i.e. 6-8 years (Table-2). Table-2: Economic Analysis of Bamboo Plantation Items Cultivation for bamboo Leveling layout and planting (man days) Nursery Cost Transportation Replacement @ 10% Irrigations Canal Irrigations Twell Labor charges for irrigation @ 4Hrs/Acre Urea (bags) DAP (bags) Labor charges for fertilizer Pruning etc Weeding/hoeing interest @ 18% on working capital Land rent water Charges interest @ 18% on fixed capital Total Cost Total Cost for reaching harveting maturity Sale value Net Income with rent Net Income Per year Net Income without rent Net income per year (without rent) 1 1600 1500 1200 4200 1200 0 1000 300 0 0 0 0 900 1980 0* 0 0 13880 2 1600 0 0 0 0 540 0 5000 2100 3200 4200 120 300 900 Value in each Year 3 4 5 1600 0 0 0 0 540 0 5000 2100 3200 4200 120 300 900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5000 2100 3200 4200 120 0 900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5000 2100 3200 4200 120 0 900 2794 30000 300 5454 54068 232510 275000 42490 10622 162490 40622 3 years (Ratooning) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15000 6300 9600 12600 360 0 2700 8597 90000 900 16362 163619 163619 300000 136381 45460 226381 75460

2974 2974 2794 30000 30000 30000 300 300 300 5454 5454 5454 55248 55248 54068

Assumption: Farmers grow crop initially for one to two years. For the present study it is assumed that farmer will get benefits equal to one year normal crop form first one to two years. Since, income from intercropping is insignificant the same has not been considered while calculating economics. Source: Calculation are based on information/ perceptions of bamboo growers during the field visit in 2012.

3.5

Financial Analysis

The financial indicators for bamboo plantation in Punjab are presented in Table-3. The discount rate used in this research for calculating benefit cost ratio, net present worth and internal rate of return was 18 percent. The benefit cost ratio has been found 1.24 which revealed that bamboo plantation was profitable. These results followed the findings of Azhar et al., (2011), who studied economic evaluation of daphar irrigation plantation in Punjab, Pakistan, and also with the findings of Shrivastava (1988), who studied economics of agro forestry in Indo-Gangetic alluvium of Uttar Pardesh and found it profitable. Benefit-cost ratio varies from year to year as suggested by Sharma (1995), who studied the financial profitability and optimum rotation of Australian pine (Casurina equistifolia) in Orisa and concluded that compact plantation is the only way to fulfill the timber requirements of the rural community. Table-3: Financial analysis of bamboo plantation in Punjab, Pakistan S.No. Parameters Punjab, Pakistan (2012) Net Present Value (Rs/acre/ year) 54605 1. 2. Benefit Cost Ratio (%) 1.24 3. Internal Rate of Return (%) 27 4. Pay Back Period Years 5
Source: Calculation are based on information/ perceptions of bamboo growers during the field visit in 2012.

The net present worth of bamboo plantation was Rs.54605/- indicating that the bamboo plantation in Punjab was in profit. These findings were in lines with those of Pande et.al (2012), Siddiqui and Khan (1991) that profitability in case of compact plantation on farm lands was high. Khan and Beater (1990) suggested that it was more economical to grow a single crop under typical farm constraints and requirements which substantiated the findings of our study. The value of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the bamboo plantation was 27%. This value was highly reasonable especially for long rotation and allocation of poor land for the plantation. According to the selection criteria of the IRR growing of tree crops in the form of compact plantation in the irrigated areas was highly profitable (Azhar et. al 2011). The economic analysis of bamboo plantation carried out by Uriate and Pinol (1994) in Philippines had shown that a one hectare bamboo farm has internal rate of return of 31 percent. 3.6 Conclusions The economic analysis of bamboo plantation is a review based on earlier work and secondary published data as well as last year two days visit to bamboo growing areas (districts Kasur and Mandi Baha-ud-Din ) of Punjab, Pakistan where the perceptions of bamboo growers on the bamboo feasibility. The review analysis has revealed that NPW arrived at Rs.54605/-, and IRR was 27 percent and BCR was 1.24. The BCR ratio indicates that bamboo plantation is profitable to individual stakeholders/producers in study area in addition to the benefits accrued to the society in terms of value nutrient saved through soil conservation and incremental soil carbon build-up. Reasons for low net financial benefits were attributed to high tree mortality, and high initial cost. Adopting improved bamboo production techniques and managerial approaches, profitability of bamboo plantation can be enhanced to a large extent. The study has suggested that the high cost of establishment of bamboo plantation may be met through financial incentives to the bamboo producer/village community on a collective basis and such policy instruments can be converged with land based scheme of federal and provincial governments. The large scale bamboo plantation could be undertaken with assistance from such financial scheme and the
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remaining cost of plantation could be met from the farmers/village society towards environmental services provided by the locational bamboo eco-system

4.

Constraints to Bamboo Resources Development

Inspite of economic viability of bamboo production, the bamboo resources are not yet properly developed in the country. Therefore, there is need to understand the factors/constraints hindering the bamboo resource development in the country. The image problem of bamboo, limited past research and development activities particularly tissue culture research, knowledge gap on bamboo, weakness of the institutional environment and networking, lack of credit and financing, global competition and lack of market research & value addition in bamboo are major constraints to bamboo resources development in the country. 4.1 Image problem of bamboo

The bamboo has a reputation of being a traditional and primitive material and people are not aware that high quality applications are possible with bamboo (Kefri, 2006). In Pakistan, the bamboo has not received adequate publicity/promotional efforts to give it the image it rightly deserves, namely that of being a fast growing, multipurpose and eco-friendly plant with the great potential of reducing pressure on forest. 4.2 Limited past research and development activities on bamboo

There is no bamboo research institute in the country and therefore there is no on going bamboo research program exist. In the past, the research and development activities on bamboo were ignored. There is no tissue culture research program on bamboo in any Research and Development Organizations of the country. Efforts are required for deputing some prominent experts who have dedicated their carrier to bamboo research for initiating research and development activity on bamboo. Moreover, basic bamboo nurseries have not been properly established. 4.3 Knowledge gaps on bamboo

Hence, there is no program initiated to investigate the potential of bamboo and to develop strategies for its plantation and utilization in the country. Any research and development activities on bamboo, if undertaken, have not been documented in any publication. There are no publish documents containing the data on the area, production, prices, and marketing of bamboo in the country. There is only one document entitled "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005, Pakistan Country Report on Bamboo Resources carried by Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This document contains data on species, biomass, stocks, wood removal, and value of wood removal of bamboo plantation in Pakistan upto the year 2005. Two unpublished broachers (English and urdu versions) on bomboo cultivation technology in Pakistan were drafted by National Agricultural Research Centre in year 2012. There facts revealed that knowledge gap on bamboo plantations and development exists.

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4.4

Weakness of institutional environment and Networking

There is no proper inter-departmental cooperation to formulate and implement a comprehensive bamboo promotion strategy. The bamboo stakeholders are not organizing for an effective system of networking. As a result, interaction among bamboo stakeholders and lobbying in the political arena are very deficient. 4.5 Lack of credit and financing

Limited capital endowments and excess to institutional credit have prevented cottage industry from up-scaling their bamboo related activity. Commercial banks are not providing funds for upscaling activity at affordable rates. The limited capital and poor access to credit have prevented bamboo sub-sector from developing its potential in Pakistan. 4.6 Lack of market research and value addition in bamboo

There is not reliable information on the local market and information for developing bamboo marketing strategies. There is no information on the production consumption system of the bamboo sub-sector in Pakistan. The information are not available on the market segments where Pakistan have competitive advantage both within the local and export market. The information on structure, conduct and performance of bamboo market is also missing. Above all, there is no study has been carried out on bamboo value chain analysis in Pakistan so far. 4.7 Global competition

Bamboo industries in Asia (China and India) are rapidly developing. In order to survive and thrive in the global arena local bamboo sub-sector will have to become increasingly competitive. The availability and quality of local bamboo raw material will have to increase substantially and bamboo stakeholder will have to up-grade their skills, production processes, designs and marketing techniques for competing in the global world.

5.
5.1

Way Forward for Bamboo Resources Development in Pakistan

Improving image of bamboo

Efforts are required for adequate publicity and promotion activities for awareness the bamboo stakeholders regarding its fast growing nature, its economic viability, multipurpose uses and eco friendly plant. A booklet entitled guidelines for establishment and managing plantation of bamboo in Pakistan need to be published and circulated among the bamboo stakeholders in the country. 5.2 More Focus on research and development activity on bamboo

Efforts are urgently required to initiate a good bamboo research program in general and tissue culture research program in particular in order to enhance the bamboo nursery plants in the country.

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5.3

Knowledge on bamboo

There is need to initiate a program to investigate the potential of bamboo and to develop strategy for its plantation and utilization in Pakistan. In future, the research and development activities on bamboo should be documented. There is need to initiate a program for publish documents containing the data on the area, production, prices, and marketing of bamboo in the country. Two unpublished broachers (English and urdu versions) on bomboo cultivation technology in Pakistan were drafted by National Agricultural Research Centre in year 2012 and these document should be published. 5.4 Strengthen the institutional linkages

There is a need of proper inter-departmental cooperation to formulate and implement a comprehensive bamboo promotion strategy. The bamboo stakeholders need to be organized for an effective system of networking. Efforts are required for lobbying of bamboo promotion in the political arena. 5.5 Provision of credit

For the promotion of cottage industry from up-scaling the bamboo related activity, commercial banks should provide loans at affordable rates. Credit should also be provided for bamboo processing activity for developing its potential in Pakistan. 5.6 Capacity building of bamboo stakeholders

Capacity building programs for extension workers for transferring the acquired skills and knowhow to small bamboo growers and other chain stakeholders are required in order to survive and thrive in the global arena, local bamboo sub-sector to become increasingly competitive. These programs will up-grade their skills, production processes, designs and marketing techniques for competing in the global world. 5.7 Market research and value addition in bamboo

Urgent efforts are required to survey the market and update the information on the production to consumption system of bamboo sub-sector in Pakistan. The research question in this study would be how efficient and equitable bamboo value chains are with respect to competitiveness, inclusiveness, scalability and sustainability in Pakistan. Value chains for bamboo are different from food grains and other crops. Agricultural processors and retailers are scaling up very fast while farmers continue to be small and fragmented. The question of economic viability of small farmers arises. Under such scenario, whether small farmers (84%) will be competitive domestically and globally or will leave farming. For this it is important to study how efficient and equitable bamboo value chains are with respect to competitiveness, inclusiveness, scalability and sustainability in Pakistan. The main purpose of this research will to assess and design value chain of bamboo in bamboo growing areas of Pakistan specifying in: (i) mapping bamboo value chains (ii) identifying current types of operational service providers, their resource use status, chain supporters and identifying their capabilities; (iii) describing economic analysis, market analysis, governance structure and of the bamboo products at a different level, (iv) identifying
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constraints and opportunity and thereby determining bamboo value chain upgrading strategies and intervention and (v) analyzing policy environment and recommending way forwards for bamboo sub-sector commercialization. The study will provide the information with a view to market segments where Pakistan could develop a greater competitive advantage both within the local and export markets. The structure of the Pakistan market become apparent when analysis is done on the value chain range of activity involved in sourcing in bamboo raw materials (production processes), markets (transforming the material into finished product and selling them to the endusers) and policies relevant to bamboo in the country. The study will cover topics ranging from social and demographic factors of bamboo growers, policy and legal issues, stakeholders analysis, constraints, employments and income opportunities from bamboo. The study will also provide meticulous products and market information regarding the many uses of bamboo in the country. This will be pioneer study for understanding the development, evolution and trends of bamboo sub-sectors in the country.

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References
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Annexure-I Basic data for working out cost of plantation of bamboo. Description Kasur Mandi Baha-ud-Din Spacing (ff) 17x17 17x17 No. of plants / acre 158 162 Mortality replacement (%) 10 10 Manure required (kg/plant/year) 10 10 Fertilizer required (kg/plant/year) 0.02 0.02 Cost of fertilizer (Rs/ kg) 40 40 No. of irrigations / year 16 14 Irrigation cost / (Rs)/No. 500 500 Seedling price (Rs/ seedling) 32 28 Labour wages (Rs / manday) 300 300
No. of harvestable plants per ha (%).

Punjab, Pakistan 17x17 160 10 10 0.02 40 15 500 30 300 30 40 123 Annexure-II 1st year Value 1600 1500 1200 4200 1200 1000 0 300 900 1980 13880

(i) Initial four years (ii) Fifth year onwards

Sale price per bamboo pole (Rs/pole)

30 40 126

30 40 120

Cost of Production for bamboo plantation in first year Items Additional Cultivation for bamboo Leveling layout and planting (man days) Nursery Cost Transportation Additional irrigations Tube well Additional irrigations Canal Labor charges for irrigation @ 4Hrs/Acre Weeding/hoeing interest @ 18% on working capital Total Cost
* Assumption:

Unit No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.

Number 2 1 4 120 120 1 1 2 3 11000

Rate 800 1500 300 35 10 1000 0 150 300 0.18

Farmers grow crop initially for one to two years. For the present study it is assumed that farmer will get benefits equal to one year normal crop form first one to two years.
Source: Source: Shah et. al., 2012 where calculation are based on information/ perceptions of bamboo growers during the field visit in 2012.

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Cost of Production for bamboo plantation during the 2nd and 3rd years Items Unit Number No. Replacement @ 10% 12 No. Cultivation 2 No. Irrigations Canal 9 No. Irrigations Twell 5 No. Urea (bags) 2 No. DAP (bags) 1 No. Labor charges for irrigation 14 No. Labor charges for fertilizer 3 No. Prunning etc 1 No. Weeding/hoeing 3 interest @ 18% on working capital 16520 No. Land rent 1 No. water Charges 1 interest @ 18% on fixed capital 30300 Cost for one year Total cost for 2 years

Annexure-III Rate 45 800 0 1000 1600 4200 150 40 300 300 0.18 30000 300 0.18 Value 540 1600 0 5000 3200 4200 2100 120 300 900 2973.6 30000 300 5454 56147.6 112295.2 Annexure-IV
Rate 800 0 1000 1600 4200 150 40 300 0.18 30000 300 0.18 Value 0 0 5000 3200 4200 2100 120 900 2793.6 30000 300 5454 54067.6 108135.2 232510.4

Source: Source: Shah et. al., 2012 where calculation are based on information/ perceptions of bamboo growers during the field visit in 2012.

Cost of production for bamboo plantation during 4th and 5th year
Items Cultivation Irrigations Canal Irrigations Twell Urea (bags) DAP (bags) Labor charges for irrigation Labor charges for fertilizer Weeding/hoeing interest @ 18% on working capital Land rent water charges interest @ 18% on fixed capital Cost for one year Total Cost of 2 years Total cost of production for 5 years Units No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Number 0 9 5 2 1 14 3 3 15520 1 1 30300

Source: Source: Shah et. al., 2012 where calculation are based on information/ perceptions of bamboo growers during the field visit in 2012.

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Annexure-V Cost of production for ratoon bamboo production for three years Items Units Number Cultivation No. 0.5 Irrigations Canal No. 9 Irrigations Twell No. 5 Urea (bags) No. 2 DAP (bags) No. 1 Labor charges for irrigation No. 14 Labor charges for fertilizer No. 3 Weeding/hoeing No. 3 interest @ 18% on working capital 15920 Land rent No. 1 water charges No. 1 interest @ 18% on fixed capital 30300 Cost for one year Total cost for three years Rate 800 0 1000 1600 4200 150 40 300 0.18 30000 300 0.18 Value 400 0 5000 3200 4200 2100 120 900 2865.6 30000 300 5454 54539.6 163618.8

Source: Source: Shah et. al., 2012 where calculation are based on information/ perceptions of bamboo growers during the field visit in 2012.

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