1-Chapter01-Char Evol Class of Comp

Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K.
Sinha & Priti Sinha

Slide 1/44
Chapter 01: Characteristics, Evolution,
and Classification of Computers
Chapter 01
Characteristics,
Evolution, and
Classification of
Computers
Foundations of Computing
Dr. Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
Slide 2/44
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn about:
What is a computer?
Characteristics of computers
Evolution of computers
Computer generations
Classification of computers
Slide 3/44
What is a Computer?
Slide 4/44
Original objective of inventing a computer was to create a
fast calculating device
Often referred to as a data processor because it can store,
process, and retrieve data whenever desired
Computer
Computer
Ref Page. 1
Slide 5/44
Data Processing
Data Processing
The activity of processing data using a computer is called
data processing
Data is raw material used as input to data processing and
information is processed data obtained as output
Data
(Raw material)
Information
(Finished product)
Computer
(Data processor)
Input Output
Ref Page. 2
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Characteristics of
Computers
Slide 7/44
Characteristics of Computers
Characteristics of Computers
Sr.
No.
Characteristics Description
1 Automatic It carries out a job normally without any human intervention
2 Speed
It can perform several billion (10
9
) simple arithmetic operations
per second
3 Accuracy It performs every calculation with the same accuracy
4 Diligence It is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration
5 Versatility It can perform a wide variety of tasks
6 Memory
It can store huge amount of information and can recall any
piece of this information whenever required
7 No I. Q.
It cannot take its own decisions, and has to be instructed what
to do and in what sequence
8 No Feelings It cannot make judgments based on feelings and instincts
Ref Page. 2
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Evolution of Computers
Slide 9/44
Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in
1642
Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first
calculator for multiplication in 1671
Keyboard machines originated in the United States around
1880
Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of
punched cards that were extensively used as input media
until late 1970s
Business machines and calculators made their appearance in
Europe and America towards the end of the nineteenth
century
(Continued on next slide)
Ref Page. 2
Slide 10/44
Charles Babbage is considered the father of modern digital
programmable computers
He designed "Difference Engine in 1822
He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for
performing basic arithmetic functions
His efforts established a number of principles that are
fundamental to the design of any digital computer
Ref Page. 3
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Computer Generations
Slide 12/44
Some Well Known Early Computers
Some Well Known Early Computers
The Mark I Computer (1937-44)
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)
The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC)
(1943-46)
The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC) (1946-52)
The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)
(1947-49)
Manchester Mark I (1948)
The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) I (1951)
IBM 701 (1952)
IBM 650 (1953)
Ref Page. 5
Slide 13/44
"Generation, in computer talk, provides a framework for
the growth of computer industry based on key
technologies developed
Originally it was used to distinguish between various
hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to
include both hardware and software
There are five computer generations known till today
Ref Page. 3
Slide 14/44
Generation
(Period)
Key hardware
technologies
Key software
technologies
Key
characteristics
Some
representative
systems
First
(1942-1955)
Vacuum tubes
Electromagnetic
relay memory
Punched cards
secondary
storage
Machine and
assembly
languages
Stored program
concept
Mostly scientific
applications
Bulky in size
Highly unreliable
Limited commercial
use and costly
Difficult commercial
production
Difficult to use
ENIAC
EDVAC
EDSAC
UNIVAC I
IBM 701
Second
(1955-1964)
Transistors
Magnetic cores
memory
Magnetic tapes
Disks for
secondary
storage
Batch operating
system
High-level
programming
languages
Scientific and
commercial
applications
Faster, smaller,
more reliable and
easier to program
than previous
generation systems
Commercial
production was still
difficult and costly
Honeywell 400
IBM 7030
CDC 1604
UNIVAC LARC
Ref Page. 15
Slide 15/44
Generation
(Period)
Key hardware
technologies
Key software
technologies
Key
characteristics
Some rep.
systems
Third
(1964-1975)
ICs with SSI and
MSI technologies
Larger magnetic
cores memory
Larger capacity
disks and
magnetic tapes
secondary storage
Minicomputers;
upward compatible
family of
computers
Timesharing
operating
system
Standardization
of high-level
programming
languages
Unbundling of
software from
hardware
Faster, smaller, more
reliable, easier and
cheaper to produce
Commercially, easier
to use, and easier to
upgrade than
previous generation
systems
Scientific,
commercial and
interactive on-line
applications
IBM
360/370
PDP-8
PDP-11
CDC 6600
Ref Page. 15
Slide 16/44
Generation
(Period)
Key hardware
technologies
Key software
technologies
Key
characteristics
Some rep.
systems
Fourth
(1975-1989)
ICs with VLSI
technology
Microprocessors;
semiconductor
memory
Larger capacity hard
disks as in-built
secondary storage
Magnetic tapes and
floppy disks as
portable storage media
Personal computers
Supercomputers based
on parallel vector
processing and
symmetric
multiprocessing
technologies
Spread of high-speed
computer networks
Operating systems
for PCs with GUI and
multiple windows on
a single terminal
screen
Multiprocessing OS
with concurrent
programming
languages
UNIX operating
system
C and C++
programming
language
PC, Network-based,
and supercomputing
applications
Object-oriented
design and
programming
Small,
affordable,
reliable, and
easy to use PCs
More powerful
and reliable
mainframe
systems and
supercomputers
Totally general
purpose
machines
Easier to
produce
commercially
Easier to
upgrade
Rapid software
development
possible
IBM PC
and its
clones
Apple II
TRS-80
VAX 9000
CRAY-1
CRAY-2
CRAY-
X/MP
Ref Page. 16
Slide 17/44
Generation
(Period)
Key hardware
technologies
Key software
technologies
Key
characteristics
Some rep.
systems
Fifth
(1989-
Present)
ICs with ULSI
technology
Larger capacity
main memory,
hard disks with
RAID support
Optical disks as
portable read-only
storage media
Notebooks,
powerful desktop
PCs and
workstations
Powerful servers,
supercomputers
Internet
Cluster computing
World Wide Web
Multimedia,
Internet
applications
Micro-kernel,
multithreading,
multicore OS
JAVA
MPI and PVM
libraries for
parallel
programming
Portable
computers
Powerful,
cheaper, reliable,
and easier to use
desktop machines
Very powerful
mainframes
High uptime due
to hot-pluggable
components
General purpose
machines
Easier to produce
commercially
IBM notebooks
Pentium PCs
SUN
Workstations
IBM SP/2
SGI Origin 2000
PARAM
Supercomputers
Ref Page. 16
Slide 18/44
Electronic Devices Used in Computers
of Different Generations
Electronic Devices Used in Computers
of Different Generations
(c) An IC chip
(b) A Transistor
(a) A Vacuum tube
Ref Page. 7
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Classification of
Computers
Slide 20/44
Computer Classification
Computer Classification
Traditionally, computers were classified by their size,
processing speed, and cost
Based on these factors, computers were classified as
microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and
supercomputers
However, with the rapidly changing technology, this
classification is no more relevant
Today, computers are classified based on their mode of
use
Ref Page. 14
Slide 21/44
Types of Computers
Types of Computers
Based on their mode of use, computers are classified as:
Notebook computers (Laptop)
Personal computers (PC)
Workstations
Mainframe systems
Supercomputers
Clients and servers
Handheld computers
Ref Page. 14
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Notebook Computers
Notebook Computers
Portable computers mainly meant for use by people who
need computing resource wherever they go
Approximately of the size of an 8 x 11 inch notebook and
can easily fit inside a briefcase
Weigh around 2 kg only.
Comfortably placed on ones lap while being used. Hence,
they are also called laptop PC
Lid with display screen is foldable in a manner that when
not in use it can be folded to flush with keyboard to
convert the system into notebook form
Ref Page. 14
Slide 23/44
Designed to operate with chargeable batteries
Mostly used for word processing, spreadsheet
computing, data entry, and power point presentations
Normally run MS-DOS or MS WINDOWS operating
system
Some manufacturers are also offering models with
GNU/Linux or its distributions
Each device of laptop is designed to use little power and
remain suspended if not used
Notebook Computers
Notebook Computers
Ref Page. 17
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Keyboard, trackball,
hard disk, floppy disk
drive, etc. are in this
unit
Foldable flat screen
Notebook Computers
Notebook Computers
Ref Page. 17
Slide 25/44
Personal Computers (PCs)
Personal Computers (PCs)
Non-portable, general-purpose computer that fits on a
normal size office table
Designed to meet personal computing needs of individuals
Often used by children and adults for education and
entertainment also
Generally used by one person at a time, supports
multitasking
Two common models of PCs are desktop model and tower
model
Popular OS are MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Windows-NT,
Linux, and UNIX
Ref Page. 18
Slide 26/44
Keyboard
Mouse
Mouse
System
unit
Monitor
(a) Desktop model (b) Tower model
Common PC Models
Common PC Models
Ref Page. 18
Slide 27/44
Workstations
Workstations
Powerful desktop computer designed to meet the
computing needs of engineers, architects, and other
professionals
Provides greater processing power, larger storage, and
better graphics display facility than PCs
Commonly used for computer-aided design, multimedia
applications, simulation of complex scientific and
engineering problems, and visualization
Generally run the UNIX operating system or a variation of it
Operating system is generally designed to support a
multiuser environment
Ref Page. 19
Slide 28/44
Mainframe Systems
Mainframe Systems
Mainly used by large organizations as banks, insurance
companies, hospitals, railways, etc.
Used for data handling and information processing
requirements
Used in such environments where a large number of
users need to share a common computing facility
Oriented to input/output-bound applications
Ref Page. 20
Slide 29/44
Typically consists of a host computer, front-end
computer, back-end computer, console terminals,
magnetic disk drives, tape drives, magnetic tape library,
user terminals, printers, and plotters
Typical mainframe system looks like a row of large file
cabinets and needs a large room
Smaller configuration (slower host and subordinate
computers, lesser storage space, and fewer user
terminals) is often referred to as a minicomputer system
Mainframe Systems
Mainframe Systems
Ref Page. 21
Slide 30/44
Mainframe Computer Systems
Mainframe Computer Systems
USERS ROOM
(Entry restricted to authorized users)
SYSTEM ROOM
(Entry restricted to system administrators and maintenance staff)
Magnetic
disk drives
Host processor
Front-end processor
User terminal
User terminal User terminal
Console
Printer
Plotter
Magnetic tape
drive
Magnetic tape library
Back end processor
Ref Page. 22
Slide 31/44
Supercomputers
Supercomputers
Most powerful and most expensive computers available at
a given time
Primarily used for processing complex scientific
applications that require enormous processing power
Well known supercomputing applications include:
Analysis of large volumes of seismic data
Simulation of airflow around an aircraft
Crash simulation of the design of an automobile
Solving complex structure engineering problems
Weather forecasting
Ref Page. 22
Slide 32/44
Supercomputers also support multiprogramming
Supercomputers primarily address processor-bound
applications
Use multiprocessing and parallel processing technologies
to solve complex problems faster
Also known as parallel computers or parallel processing
systems
Modern supercomputers employ hundreds of processors
and are also known as massively parallel processors
Supercomputers
Supercomputers
Ref Page. 23
Slide 33/44
C-DAC's PARAM Padma Supercomputer
C-DAC's PARAM Padma Supercomputer
[Reproduced with permission from C-DAC]
Ref Page. 25
Slide 34/44
Client and Server Computers
Client and Server Computers
Client-server computing environment has multiple clients,
one/more servers, and a network
Client is a PC/workstation with user-friendly interface
running client processes that send service requests to the
server
Server is generally a relatively large computer that
manages a shared resource and provides a set of shared
user services to the clients
Server runs the server process that services client
requests for use of managed resources
Network may be a single LAN or WAN or an internet work
Ref Page. 26
Slide 35/44
Involves splitting an application into tasks and putting
each task on computer where it can be handled most
efficiently
Computers and operating systems of a client and a server
may be different
Common for one server to use the services of another
server, and hence act both as client and server
Concept of client and server computers is purely role-
based and may change dynamically as the role of a
computer changes
Client-Server Computing
Client-Server Computing
Ref Page. 26
Slide 36/44
File server
Workstation
(Client)
Database server
Workstation
(Client)
PC (Client)
PC (Client)
PC (Client)
Client-Server Computing Environment
Client-Server Computing Environment
LAN or WAN or an
Internet of Networks
Ref Page. 27
Slide 37/44
Handheld Computers
Handheld Computers
Small computing device that can be used by holding in
hand, also known as palmtop
Size, weight, and design are such that it can be used
comfortably by holding in hand
Types of Handheld are:
Tablet PC: Miniaturized laptop with light weight, screen flip,
handwriting and voice recognition
PDA/Pocket PC: Acts as PIM device with LCD touch screen,
pen for handwriting recognition, PC based synchronization,
and optionally mobile phone services
Smartphone: Fully functional mobile phone with computing
power, voice centric, do not have a touch screen and are
smaller than PDA
Ref Page. 27
Slide 38/44
(a) Tablet PC
(b) PDA/Pocket PC (c) Smartphone
Handheld Computers
Handheld Computers
Ref Page. 29
Slide 39/44
Comparison of Different Types of Computers
Low Generally
high
Generally
low
Higher Highest High Low Low Hard disk
storage
capacity
Low Generally
high
Generally
low
Highest Higher High Low Low Main
memory
capacity
Low Generally
high
Generally
low
Highest Higher High Low Low Processing
power
Very
small
(can be
placed
on ones
palm)
Generally
large
Generally
small
(may be
large if it
also plays
the role of
a server)
Large
(needs a
large room)
Large
(needs a
large room)
Medium
(Slightly
larger
than PC)
Small
(can be
placed
on an office
table)
Very small
(can be
placed
on ones
lap)
Size
Hand-
held
Server Client
Super-
computer
Mainframe
system
Work-
station
Personal
computer
Notebook
Types
Features
Ref Page. 30
Slide 40/44
Hand-
held
Server Client
Super-
computer
Mainframe
system
Work-
station
Personal
computer
Notebook
Single Multiple Single Multiple Multiple Generally
single
Single Single Single/
multiple
- User
oriented
Single Generally
multiple
General
ly
single
Multiple Multiple Generally
multiple
Generally
single
Single Single/
multiple
processors
Small
display
Generally
not
available
Medium
to large
screen
monitor
Generally
not
available
Generally not
available
Large-
screen
monitor
that can
display
high-
resolution
graphics
Medium
size display
screen
Foldable flat
screen small
display
Display
facility
No Generally
no
Yes Generally
no
Generally no Yes Yes Yes Has its own
monitor,
keyboard,
and mouse
for user
interface
Features
Types
Ref Page. 30
Slide 41/44
Hand-
held
Server Client
Super-
computer
Mainframe
system
Work-
station
Personal
computer
Notebook
MS-
Wndows
Mobile,
Palm OS,
Symbian
OS,
Linux,
Blackbery
OS
Windows-
NT,
UNIX or its
variant, or
proprietary
MS-DOS,
MS-
Windows,
Windows-
NT,
Linux,
UNIX
A variant of
UNIX, or
proprietary
A variant of
UNIX, or
proprietary
UNIX or
its
variant
MS-DOS,
MS-
Windows,
Windows-
NT,
Linux,
UNIX
MS-DOS,
MS-
Windows,
Linux
Popular
operating
systems
Types
Features
Ref Page. 31
Slide 42/44
Computing,
Personal
Information
Manage-
ment
(PIM), cell
phone,
digital
camera
Manage
a shared
resource
and
provide
a set of
shared
user
services
in a
client-
server
computi
ng
environ
ment
Provide
highly
user-
friendly
interface
in a client-
server
computing
environ-
ment
Large
processor-
bound
applications
like
complex
scientific
simulations
Processing
of I/O-
bound
applications
Computing
needs of
engineers,
architects,
designers;
Simulation
of complex
scientific
and
engineering
problems
and
visualizing
the results
of
simulation;
and
Multimedia
applications
Personal
computing
needs of
individuals
either at
their work
places or
homes; and
Education
and
entertainm
ent of
children
and adults
Word
processing;
Spreadsheet;
Data Entry;
Preparing
presentation
materials;
and Making
presentations
Popular
usage
Hand-
held
Server Client
Super-
computer
Mainframe
system
Work-
station
Personal
computer
Notebook
Types
Features
Ref Page. 31
Slide 43/44
Nokia,
Sony,
Motorola,
Dell,
Hewlett-
Packard
Same as
Work-
station,
Mainfram
e System,
and
Super-
computer
vendors
Same as
PC and
Work-
station
vendors
Cray, IBM,
Silicon
Graphics,
Fujitsu,
Intel,
C-DAC,
Hewlett-
Packard
IBM, DEC Sun
Microsyste
ms, IBM,
DEC,
Hewlett-
Packard,
Silicon
Graphics
IBM,
Apple,
Compaq,
Dell,
Zenith,
Siemens,
Toshiba,
Hewlett-
Packard,
Lenovo
IBM,
Compaq,
Siemens,
Toshiba
Major
vendors
Hand-
held
Server Client
Super-
computer
Mainframe
system
Work-
station
Personal
computer
Notebook
Types
Features
Ref Page. 31
Slide 44/44
Key Words/Phrases
Key Words/Phrases
Computer
Computer generations
Computer Supported Cooperative
Working (CSCW)
Data
Data processing
Data processor
First-generation computers
Fourth-generation computers
Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Groupware
Information
Integrated Circuit (IC)
Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
Microprocessor
Personal Computer (PC)
Second-generation computers
Small Scale Integration (SSI)
Stored program concept
Third-generation computers
Transistor
Ultra Large Scale Integration
(ULSI)
Vacuum tubes
Client computer
Handheld
I/O-bound application
Processor-bound application
Notebook/Laptop PC
Mainframe system
Massively parallel processors
Minicomputer
Personal Computer (PC)
Server computer
Supercomputer
Workstation

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Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Foundations of Computing : Pradeep K.

Sinha & Priti Sinha

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