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GMAT Club 2011 1
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GMAT Club 2011 2
GMAT MATH
GMAT Club 2011 3
Percent
Whatisthepercentformula?
Howmuchis15percentof20?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
1
Percent|Answers
PercentFormula:
Part=PercentxWhole
Forexample,15%of20is:
1S
1uu
2u =
Suu
1uu
= S
MATH:ARITHMETIC
2
Percent2
Whatistheformulaforpercentchange?
IfJackgotaraisefrom$15perhourto$18
perhour,whatwasthepercentincrease?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
3
Percent2|Answers
PercentChangeFormula:
omount o cbongc
originol omount
1uu%
JacksRaise:
18 -1S
1S
1uu% =
S
1S
1uu% =
1uu
S
= 2u%
! Makesureyouusetheoriginalamount(15),not
thenewone(18)
MATH:ARITHMETIC
4
GMAT Club 2011 4
Percent3
Iftheproductionofhybridcarstripledlastyear,by
howmanypercentdiditincrease?
100%
200%
250%
300%
333%
MATH:ARITHMETIC
5
Percent3|Answers
ThecorrectanswerisB increasedby200%
Forexample,ifproductionwas10cars,andit
tripledto30cars,theincreasewas20cars,which
is200%of10
MATH:ARITHMETIC
6
Percent4
50%of25is25%ofwhichnumber?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
7
Percent4|Answers
Thereare2solutionstothisproblem:
Longone:
50%of25is12.5
12.5*100=x*25
x=50
Shortonebutahardertocomeupwith:
50%*25=x*25%
50=x
MATH:ARITHMETIC
8
GMAT Club 2011 5
Odd/EvenRules
CheckyourknowledgeofOdd/Evenrules
Odd+Odd=?
Odd Even=?
Even+Odd=?
OddxOdd=?
OddEven=?
OddxEven=?
Hint: trypickingnumbers
MATH:ARITHMETIC
9
Odd/EvenRules|Answers
Odd+Odd= 1+1=2(Even)
Odd Even=3 2=1(Odd)
Even+Odd=2+1=3(Odd)
OddxOdd= 3x3=9(Odd)
OddEven= 32=1.5(Notaninteger!)
OddxEven=3x2=6(Even)
MATH:ARITHMETIC
10
Odd/EvenRules2
Is0oddoreven?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
11
Odd/EvenRules2|Answers
0(zero)isEven
Itisalsonotpositiveornegative
itisneutral
MATH:ARITHMETIC
12
GMAT Club 2011 6
Odd/EvenRules3
Ifb isanoddnumber,whichofthefollowing
mustbeeven?
A. 2b -S
B.
b-1
2
C.
b
2
-1
B. b
2
+2
E. 2b +2
MATH:ARITHMETIC
13
Usetheplugnumbersmethodtocheckeach
answerchoice.Letstake1:
A. 2*1 3=1(Odd)
B.
1-1
2
=0(Even) however,justincase,letstry3.
3-1
2
= 1 (Odd).Itusuallyisagoodideatorun
through2differentnumbersifyougetzeroorsimilar
C.
1
2
- 1 = -
1
2
(Odd)
D. 1+2=3(Odd)
E. 2+2=4(Even)
MATH:ARITHMETIC
14
Odd/EvenRules4(UltraHard)
IsA+B+Cevenorodd?
A C Biseven

A-C
B
isodd
MATH:ARITHMETIC
15
Statements(1)and(2)combinedareinsufficient.
ConsiderA=6,B=4,andC=2(theansweris"yes")
andA=0.5,B=0.3,andC=0.2(theansweris"no").
Donotassumethatthenumbersareintegersif
thequestiondoesnotmentionit.
ThecorrectanswerisE.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
16
GMAT Club 2011 7
DivisibilityRules
Is54780divisibleby2?
Is1671divisibleby3?
Is5634divisibleby4?
Is3830divisibleby5?
Is2658divisibleby6?
Is396divisibleby9?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
17
DivisibilityRules|Answers
Yes.Divisibilityby2 lastdigitofanumberiseven
Yes.Divisibilityby3 sumofalldigitsisamultiple
of3
Yes.Divisibilityby4 last2digitsisamultipleof4
Yes.Divisibilityby5 thelastdigitiseither0or5
Yes.Divisibilityby6 thesumofdigitsisamultiple
of3andthelastdigitiseven
Yes.Divisibilityby9 thesumofdigitsisamultiple
of9
MATH:ARITHMETIC
18
Divisibility2(Hard)
Isintegerx
2
y
4
divisibleby9?
x isanintegerdivisibleby3
xy isanintegerdivisibleby9
MATH:ARITHMETIC
19
Divisibility2|Answers
Thebestwaytoapproachthisquestionistoplug
inseveralsetsofnumbers
Manyaretemptedtoplug3forxandthenforS2,
theonlyvalueycanhaveis3;inthatcase,the
answerisYes.
Butifwetryx=81andy=
1
9
,thenxisaninteger
divisibleby3,xy isanintegerdivisibleby9,but
x
2
y
4
= 1 andisnotdivisibleby9.
TheanswerisE
MATH:ARITHMETIC
20
GMAT Club 2011 8
NumberProperties
Whichofthefollowingintegersrepresentsasum
of3consecutiveevenintegers?
200
303
400
554
570
MATH:ARITHMETIC
21
NumberProperties|Answers
Toanswerthequestion,checkwhichintegeris
bothdivisibleby3(sincethereare3integers)and
iseven.Theonlynumberthatfallsintobothof
those2categoriesis570.
CorrectanswerisE
MATH:ARITHMETIC
22
NumberProperties2(Hard)
Ifx
2
= y + S, y = z - 2, onJ z =
2x, is x
3
+ y
2
+ z Ji:isiblc by 7.
x >0
y =4
MATH:ARITHMETIC
23
NumberProperties2|Answers
Substitutex,y,andzintheoriginalequationtogetthe
following:x
2
- 2x - S = u;Thesolutionstothis
equationarex=1andx=3.
Statement1issufficient.Ifx>0,thentheonlysolution
isx=3.Theresultis27+16+6=49,whichisdivisibleby
7
Statement2issufficient.Ify=4,plugginginthisvalue
intox
2
= y +S,givesusthatx=3orx=3.However,
basedontheabove,x=3orx=1.Thereforex=3.
Sufficient.
ThecorrectanswerisD.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
24
GMAT Club 2011 9
NumberProperties3
Howmanydistinctintegersare
therebetween1and21inclusive?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
25
NumberProperties3|Answers
MostoftenGMATquestionswillsayinclusivebut
sometimestheydont needtorememberto
check
Theformulaforcalculatingthenumberofintegers
betweentwonumbersis:NM+1
Therefore,theansweris:21 1+1=21
Youcanalsowriteoutallofthenumbersthoughit
isnotalwayspossiblebutjustincase:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,
18,19,20,21
MATH:ARITHMETIC
26
Multiples
Whatisamultiple?
Is5amultipleof55oris55a
multipleof5?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
27
Multiples|Answers
Themultiple ofanumberisthe
productofthenumberandany
otherwholenumber.(Forexample,
2,4,6,8aremultiplesof2)
Therefore55isamultipleof5
Forexample,6hasfactors1,2,3,6;
andmultiplesthatare5,12,24,36
MATH:ARITHMETIC
28
GMAT Club 2011 10
Multiples2
Is0(zero)amultipleof100?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
29
Multiples2|Answers
Yes,0(zero)isamultipleof
everything
However,itisunlikelythatGMAT
willtestthispropertybutithelpsto
remember
MATH:ARITHMETIC
30
Multiples3
HowtofindaLeastCommon
Multiple(LCM)?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
31
Multiples3|Answers
Option1:
Step1:Findtheprimefactorsofeachofthenumbers
Step2:Multiplytheuniquefactors(exclude
duplicates)
Option2:
Step1:Multiplythetwonumbers
Step2:Findanyfactorsthetwonumbersshare
Step3:DividetheproductinStep1bythefactors
thatthetwonumbershaveincommon
MATH:ARITHMETIC
32
GMAT Club 2011 11
Multiples4
WhatistheLeastCommon
Multipleof18and24?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
33
Multiples2Answers
Option1
Findthefactorsof18and24:
18=3x3x2
24=3x2x2x2
Multiplytheuniquefactors:3x3x2x2x2=72
Option2
Multiplythe2numbers:18x24=432
Sharedfactors:2and3
Divide432by2and3=72
MATH:ARITHMETIC
34
Translate
Theproductofthreeandfourisreducedby
fiveandthenincreasedbythedifference
betweentheoriginalproductandeight=?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
35
TranslateAnswers
3x4=12
12 5=7
12 8=4
7+4=11
Answer:11
MATH:ARITHMETIC
36
GMAT Club 2011 12
ArithmetictoMemorize
1
2
=
1
4
=
2
5
=
1
20
=
1
8
=
1
6
=
MATH:ARITHMETIC
37
ArithmetictoMemorize|Answers
1
2
= Su%
1
4
=25%
2
5
= 4u%
1
20
= S%
1
8
=12.5%
1
6
= 16.67%
MATH:ARITHMETIC
38
ArithmetictoMemorize2
1
12
=
7
8
=
3
4
=
75%=
20%=
16
2
3
% =
87
1
2
% =
MATH:ARITHMETIC
39
ArithmetictoMemorize2|Answers
1
12
= 8.33%
7
8
= 87.S%
3
4
= 7S%
75%=
20%=
1
5
16
2
3
% =
1
6
8S
1
3
% =
5
6
MATH:ARITHMETIC
40
GMAT Club 2011 13
2
2
=
2
3
=
2
4
=
2
5
=
2
6
=
2
7
=
MATH:ARITHMETIC
41
2
2
=4
2
3
= 8
2
4
= 16
2
5
= 32
2
6
= 64
2
7
= 128
MATH:ARITHMETIC
42
S
2
=
S
3
=
S
4
=
S
5
=
4
2
=
4
3
=
4
4
=
MATH:ARITHMETIC
43
S
2
=9
S
3
= 27
S
4
= 81
S
5
= 243
4
2
= 16
4
3
= 64
4
4
= 256
MATH:ARITHMETIC
44
GMAT Club 2011 14
S
2
=
S
3
=
11
2
=
12
2
=
1S
2
=
14
2
=
1S
2
=
16
2
=
MATH:ARITHMETIC
45
S
2
=25
S
3
=125
11
2
=121
12
2
=144
1S
2
=169
14
2
=196
1S
2
=225
16
2
=256
MATH:ARITHMETIC
46
Completethefollowing:
8,16,24,32,40,160
12,24,36. 120
15,30 150
MATH:ARITHMETIC
47
Completethefollowing(Answers):
8,16,24,32,40,48,56,64,72,80,88,96,104,
112,120
12,24,36,48,60,72,84,96,108,120
15,30,45,60,75,90,105,120
MATH:ARITHMETIC
48
GMAT Club 2011 15
2 =
S =
62S =
169 =
List all Piimes between 1 anu Su
ExtraHard&ExtraCredit
2
6
=
12S
3
=
24S
S
=
MATH:ARITHMETIC
49
2 = 1.4
S =1.7
62S = 2S
169 = 1S
Piimes: 2, S, S, 7, 11, 1S, 17, 2S, 29, S1, S7, 41, 4S, 47
2
6
= 64
12S
3
= S
24S
S
= S
MATH:ARITHMETIC
50
Reciprocal
Whatisareciprocal?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
51
ReciprocalAnswers
Reciprocalforanumberx,denotedby
1
x
or
x
-1
,isanumberwhichwhenmultipliedbyx
yields.Thereciprocalofafractionis
u
b
is
b
u
.To
getthereciprocalofanumber,divide1bythe
number.Forexamplereciprocalof3is
1
3
,
reciprocalof
5
6
is
6
5
.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
52
GMAT Club 2011 16
AbsoluteValue
Whatisthe3 stepapproachtosolving
equationsandinequalitieswithabsolute
value?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
53
AbsoluteValue|Answers
Step1: Openmodulusandsetconditions.
Tosolve/openamodulus,youneedto
consider2situationstofindallroots:
Positive(orrathernonnegative)
Negative
Step2: Solvenewequations fromStep1
Step3: Checkconditionsforeach
solutionfromStep2
MATH:ARITHMETIC
54
AbsoluteValue2
If|x1|=4,whatisthevalueof
x?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
55
AbsoluteValue2|Answers
Step1:Findpositive/negativeroots:
x - 1 u inourcase,x - 1 = 4
x - 1 < u inourcase,- x -1 = 4
Step2:Solvetheequations
x=5
x=3
Step3:Checkconditions(x -1 u &x -1 < u)
S - 1 = 4 u
3 1=4<0
MATH:ARITHMETIC
56
GMAT Club 2011 17
AbsoluteValue3
WhatisthevalueofxIf|x 5|=10?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
57
|x 5|=10
Wemustevaluateboththepositiveandnegative
outcomesincetheabsolutevalueremovesthe
negativesign
Thus,wehave2equations:
X 5=10
X 5= 10(incaseitwasanegativeexpression)
Thusx=15and5.(Pluginbothtocheck)
Absolutevalueinequalitiesandequationswillalmost
alwayshave2answers/solutions!
MATH:ARITHMETIC
58
AbsoluteValue4
IsM<0?
-H = |H|
H
2
= 9
MATH:ARITHMETIC
59
Statement(1)byitselfisnotsufficient.From
statement(1),M iseitheranegativenumberor
zero.IfM=3,then(3)=|3|or3=3,whichisnot
sufficient.
Statement(2)byitselfisnotsufficient.From
statement(2),Mcanbeeither3or3,whichisnot
sufficient.
Statements(1)and(2)combinedaresufficient.If
wecombinebothstatements,thenM=3.
ThecorrectanswerisC.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
60
GMAT Club 2011 18
Factors
Howmanytotalfactorsdoes462
have?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
61
Factors|Answers
Advancedmethodforfindingthenumberofallpossible
factors:
Writeouteachprimefactorandtheirpower,for
example,12canbewrittenasfollows:
2
2
S
1
S
0
etc(allotherprimeswillhaveazeropower)
Add1toallpowersandmultiply them:(inthiscase6)
andthatsthenumberoffactors(1,2,3,4,6,12)
PrimeFactorsof462=2
1
, S
1
, 7
1
, 11
1
Totalnumberoffactors:2x2x2x2=2
4
=16
MATH:ARITHMETIC
62
Factors2
Dointegersusuallyhaveanoddor
evennumberoffactors?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
63
Factors2|Answers
Vastmajorityofintegershaveaneven numberof
factorssuchas12forexample:1,2,3,4,6,12.
Thuswhenfindingthetotalnumberoffactors,
makesureitisanevennumber
Theonlyintegersthathaveanodd numberof
factorsareperfectsquares(thatsnumberssuchas
4,9,16,25,36,etc).Try25forexample,ithas
factorsof1,5,and25.Factorsof36are1,2,3,4,
6,9,12,18,36.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
64
GMAT Club 2011 19
Average
Iftheaverageof5consecutiveintegersis
12,whatistheaverageoftheevenonly
integers?
10
12
13.5
18
36
MATH:ARITHMETIC
65
Average|Answers
First,findtheconsecutiveintegers.Since
thereare5,theremaybeeither2or3even
integers.Theseintegersare10,11,12,13,14.
Theaverageoftheevenintegersis12aswell
(10+12+14=36.Divide36by3andyouwill
get12).
ThecorrectanswerisB.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
66
Average2
Theaverageof10consecutiveintegersis12.
Then,9isdeductedfromthefirstconsecutive
number,8isdeductedfromthesecond,7is
deductedfromthethird,andsoonuntilthe
lastnumberwhichremainsunchanged.What
isthenewaverage?
A)55 B)50 C)6 D)7.5 E)7
MATH:ARITHMETIC
67
Average2|Answers
Youdontneedtofindeachofthenumbers.
Instead,youhavetwooptions,youcandeductthe
averageofnumbersbetween0and9(thereisa
trapthough,thereshouldbe10numbersrather
than9andtheaverageis4.5,not5)oryoucan
findthesumofconsecutiveintegers(10*12=120)
andsubtractthesumofintegersfrom0to9(45)
anddividetheresult(75)by10.
ThecorrectanswerisE.7.5
MATH:ARITHMETIC
68
GMAT Club 2011 20
Ratios
Whatistheratioofatodif
2a=3b,
1
2b
=2c,and3c=d?
A)1:2 B)2:1 C)2:3 D)4:3 E)1:5
MATH:ARITHMETIC
69
Ratios
Withquestionslikethese,unlessyoucanspota
shortcutrightaway,theeasiestwaytosolveisto
plugnumbers:letspicka=6,sincethereisa2and
3involved
2*6=3b;b=4
0.5*4=2c;c=1
3*1=d;d=3
Therefore,therationofatodis2:1
MATH:ARITHMETIC
70
Powers
2
2
+2
3
+2
4
+2 = .
A)2
9
+ 2
B)2
10
C)2
5
+ 2
D)2
5
E)30
MATH:ARITHMETIC
71
Powers|Answers
2
2
+ 2
3
+ 2
4
+2 = .
Therearenorulesforaddingor
subtractingpowers.Thisquestionis
solvedbybruteforce:
4+8+16+2=30
Thecorrectansweris(E)
MATH:ARITHMETIC
72
GMAT Club 2011 21
Powers2
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2 = .
A)2
120
B)S2
15
C)2
15

D)2
14
E)62
MATH:ARITHMETIC
73
Powers2|Answers
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2 = 2
15
Whenpowerswiththesamebase(2
inthiscase)aremultiplied,thepowers
aresummedandthebaseisheld
constant.Thus,itis2tothepowerof
2+3+4+5+1=15.
Thecorrectansweris(B)2
15
MATH:ARITHMETIC
74
Powers3

2
4
2
8
2
6
2
=.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
75
Powers3|Answers

2
4
2
8
2
6
2
=
2
12
2
= 2
5
Divisionofpowerswiththesamebase
(2)ishandledsimilarlytomultiplication
exceptthepowervaluesarededucted.
Thebasestaysunchanged
MATH:ARITHMETIC
76
GMAT Club 2011 22
Powers4
(S
3
)
2
= .
MATH:ARITHMETIC
77
Powers4|Answers
(S
3
)
2
= S
6
Whenanumbertakentoapoweris
takentoanotherpower,youneedto
multiplytheexponents(2*3)
MATH:ARITHMETIC
78
Powers5
S
3
3
=?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
79
Powers5|Answers
S
3
3
= S
27
Startoperationsfromoutsideandworkyourway
in:3takentothepowerof3is27.Thusthebaseof
3istakentothepowerof27.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
80
GMAT Club 2011 23
Powers6
2
-2
2
-3
2
6
2
-4
=.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
81
Powers6|Answers
2
-2
2
-3
2
6
2
-4
= 2
-3
=
1
2
3
=
1
8
Negativepowersturnanumbertoa
reciprocalnumbertakentothatpower.
Forexample2
-2
=
1
2
2
=
1
4
MATH:ARITHMETIC
82
Powers7
S
0
= .
MATH:ARITHMETIC
83
Powers7|Answers
S
0
= 1
Anynumber(positiveor
negative)takentothepowerof0
(zero)equalto1.
Zerotothepowerofzeroisalso
1.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
84
Powers8
4
1
2
= .
MATH:ARITHMETIC
85
Powers8|Answers
4
1
2
= 4 = 2
Fractionpowersareinterpretedas
follows:thedenominatoristherootand
numeratoristhepower.Forexample
S
2
3
= S
3
2
or2
1
2
= 2
MATH:ARITHMETIC
86
Powers9(UltraHard)
Ifm andn arepositiveintegers,istheremainderof
10
m
+n
3
largerthantheremainderof
10
n
+m
3
?
m>n
Theremainderof
n
3
is2
MATH:ARITHMETIC
87
Powers9|Answers
Statement(1)byitselfisinsufficient.Inexpression
1u
m
+ n,thesumofdigitsof1u
m
isalways1anditis
thevalueofn thatdeterminestheremainderof
10
m
+n
3
.Ifyoupluginm=2,n=1 (theansweris"yes")andm=3,
n=2 (theansweris"no").
Statement(2)byitselfissufficient.Iftheremainderof
n
3
is2,asS2states,thenis2,5,or8andthesumofthe
digitsof
10
m
+n
3
isdivisibleby3.Therefore,the
remainderof
10
m
+n
3
is0,whichcannotbelargerthat
theremainderof
10
n
+m
3
nomatterwhatm is.
MATH:ARITHMETIC
88
GMAT Club 2011 25
Percentiles
Lenasfirsttestscorewasatthe80
th
percentilein
aclassof120students.Onanothertest,24outof
200studentsscoredbetterthanLena.Ifnobody
hadLenasscore,whatisLenaspercentileafter
thetwotests?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
89
Percentiles|Answers
Takeeachtestresultseparately:
Test1:120x80
th
=96(shescoredbetterthan96
students)
Test2:Shescoredbetterthan176students(200 24)
Sumuptheresults:
96+176=272
120+200=320
272
320
= 8S
th
percentile
MATH:ARITHMETIC
90
ConsecutiveNumbers
Whatisthesumofconsecutiveintegers
8,9,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0,1,2?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
91
ConsecutiveNumbers|Answers
Sumofconsecutiveintegersequalsthemean
multipliedbythenumberofterms,n.Given
consecutiveintegers8,9,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0,1,2
mcon =
-8+2
2
= -S (meanequalstotheaverage
ofthefirstandlastterms),sothesumequalsto
-S 12 = -S6 .
MATH:ARITHMETIC
92
GMAT Club 2011 26
EvenlySpacedSet
Whatisthesumofallmembersof
theset9,12,15,18,21,24?
MATH:ARITHMETIC
93
EvenlySpacedSet|Answers
Thesumofelementsofevenlyspacedsetisgiven
bytheformula
Sum =
u
1
+u
n
2
n
Therefore,
9+24
2
6 = 99
MATH:ARITHMETIC
94
RecurringDecimal
Express0.393939inafractionformat
MATH:ARITHMETIC
95
RecurringDecimal|Answers
Toconvertarecurringdecimaltofraction:
1.Separatetherecurringnumberfromthedecimal
fraction
2.Annexdenominatorwith"9"asmanytimesasthe
lengthoftherecurringnumber
3.Reducethefractiontoitslowestterms
Example#1: Convert0.3939toafraction
1:Therecurringnumberis39
2:
39
99
thenumberis2digitssotwoninesareadded
3:Reducingittolowestterms:
13
33
MATH:ARITHMETIC
96
GMAT Club 2011 27
Fractions(ExtraHard)
Ifa,b,andcarepositivedistinct
integers,is
(
c
b
)
c
aninteger?
c=2
a=b+c
MATH:ARITHMETIC
97
Fractions|Answers
StatementIisinsufficientsinceitdoesnotprovide
enoughinformationaboutborc
StatementII:Wecanrewrite
(
c
b
)
c
as
u
bc
NowpluginthevalueforafromS2:
b+c
bc
=
1
b
+
1
c
sincebandcaredisticnt positiveintegersandbis
notequaltoc,theexpressioncannotbeaninteger
ThecorrectanswerisB
MATH:ARITHMETIC
98
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MATH:ARITHMETIC
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GMAT Club 2011 28
Algebra(Hard)
Ifeachexpressionunderthesquarerootisgreater
thanorequalto0,whatis x
2
- 6x + 9 +
2 - x + x - S?
2 - x
2x -6 + 2 - x
2 - x + x - S
2x -6 + x - 2
x + x - 2
MATH:ALGEBRA
1
Algebra|Answers
Basedonthesetup(andMathprinciplestestedon
theGMAT),(2 - x) hastobe u.Therefore
x 2.
x
2
- 6x + 9 = x - S
2
= S - x
Becausex 2,x - S < u
Therefore:S - x + 2 - x + x - S = 2 - x
ThecorrectanswerisA
MATH:ALGEBRA
2
GMAT Club 2011 29
Average
Iftheaverageof5consecutiveintegersis
12,whatistheaverageoftheevenonly
integers?
10
12
13.5
18
36
MATH:STATISTICS
1
Average|Answers
First,findtheconsecutiveintegers.Since
thereare5,theremaybeeither2or3even
integers.Theseintegersare10,11,12,13,14.
Theaverageoftheevenintegersis12aswell
(10+12+14=36.Divide36by3andyouwill
get12).
MATH:STATISTICS
2
Average2
Theaverageof10consecutiveintegersis12.
Then,9isdeductedfromthefirstconsecutive
number,8isdeductedfromthesecond,7is
deductedfromthethird,andsoonuntilthe
lastnumberwhichremainsunchanged.What
isthenewaverage?
A)55 B)50 C)6 D)7.5 E)7
MATH:STATISTICS
3
Average2|Answers
Youdontneedtofindeachofthenumbers.
Instead,youhavetwooptions,youcandeductthe
averageofnumbersbetween0and9(thereisa
trapthough,thereshouldbe10numbersrather
than9andtheaverageis4.5,not5)oryoucan
findthesumofconsecutiveintegers(10*12=120)
andsubtractthesumofintegersfrom0to9(45)
anddividetheresult(75)by10.
ThecorrectanswerisE.7.5
MATH:STATISTICS
4
GMAT Club 2011 30
Mean
HowtofindtheMean?
MATH:STATISTICS
5
Mean
ArithmeticMean=Average=
Sum o clcmcnts
numbei of elements
MATH:STATISTICS
6
Median
HowtofindtheMedian?
MATH:STATISTICS
7
Median|Answers
Arrangeallnumbersinanorder
fromthesmallesttothelargest.The
Median willbethemiddlenumber.
Ifthereisanevennumberof
elements,theMedian willbethe
averageofthe2middlenumbers
MATH:STATISTICS
8
GMAT Club 2011 31
Mode
Howtofindthemode?
MATH:STATISTICS
9
Mode|Answers
TheModeofanarrayisthenumberthat
appearsmostoften.Forexample,inan
array1,2,3,3,4 theMode is3.It
appearedtwice.Inthearray1,2,3,3,4,4
theMode is3and4(therecanbemore
thanonemode).
MATH:STATISTICS
10
Range
HowtofindtheRange?
MATH:STATISTICS
11
Range|Answers
Rangeisthedifferencebetweenthe
smallestandlargestelementsofan
array.Ifyouhavetofindmorethanjust
range,itisalwaysagoodideatorewrite
theelementsinancreasingorder
MATH:STATISTICS
12
GMAT Club 2011 32
StandardDeviation
HowtofindtheStandard
Deviation?
MATH:STATISTICS
13
StandardDeviation|Answers
YouwonthavetocalculateSDontheGMATbut
youneedtounderstandtheconceptofSD
StandardDeviationmeasureshowspreadoutthe
membersofthearrayare.TofindtheStandard
Deviation:
Findthemean
Findthedifferencebetweeneachnumberandthe
mean
Squareeachofthedifferences
Findtheaverageofthesquareddifferences
Takeasquarerootoftheaverage
MATH:STATISTICS
14
StandardDeviation2
Whichofthesetshasahigherstandarddeviation?
SetA SetB
MATH:STATISTICS
15
StandardDeviation2|Answers
SetAhasthehigherStandardDeviationbecause
theelementsaredistributedfurtherfromthe
mean
MATH:STATISTICS
16
GMAT Club 2011 33
StandardDeviation3
Whatisthefastestwaytoestimatestandard
deviation(withoutcalculatingit)?
Thereisaset{67,32,76,35,101,45,24,37}.Ifwe
createanewsetthatconsistsofallelementsof
theinitialsetbutdecreasedby17%,whatisthe
changeinstandarddeviation?
MATH:STATISTICS
17
Wedon'tneedtocalculateasdecreaseinall
elementsofasetbyaconstantpercentagewill
decreasethestandarddeviationofthesetbythe
samepercentage(theaverageisdecreasedby17%
aswellasthedifferencebetweenaverage(mean)
andallelementsortheirsquares.Thusthe
decreaseinstandarddeviationis17%.
Youcanalwaystrytomodelasetof3numbers
P.S.the17%hasbeenverifiedinExcel
MATH:STATISTICS
18
StandardDeviation4
WhatistheStandardDeviationofaset
ofconsecutiveevenintegers?
(1)Thereare39elementsintheset.
(2)themeanofthesetis382
MATH:STATISTICS
19
BeforereadingDataSufficiencystatements,whatcan
wesayaboutthequestion?Whatshouldweknowto
findstandarddeviation?"consecutiveevenintegers"
meansthatallelementsstrictlyrelatedtoeachother.
Ifweshiftthesetbyaddingorsubtractinganyinteger,
itdoesnotchangethestandarddeviation.Onething
weshouldknowisthenumberofelementsintheset,
becausethemoreelementswehavethebroaderthey
aredistributedrelativetothemean.Now,lookatDS
statements,allweneeditisjustfirststatement.So,A
issufficient.
MATH:STATISTICS
20
GMAT Club 2011 34
StandardDeviation5
SetAconsistsof19integerswithmean4and
standarddeviationof3.IfanewsetBisformedby
adding2moreelementstothesetA,whattwo
elementswilldecreasethestandarddeviationthe
most?
A)9and3
B)3and3
C)6and1
D)4and5
E)5and5
MATH:STATISTICS
21
Solution:Theclosertothemean,thesmaller
thestandarddeviation,andtherefore,the
greaterthedecreaseinstandarddeviation.D
has4(equaltothemean)and5(differsfrom
meanonlyby1).
Allotheroptionshaveagreaterdeviation
fromthemean
Answer:D
MATH:STATISTICS
22
GMAT Club 2011 35
CompoundInterest
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
If$20,000isinvestedat12%annual
interest,compoundedquarterly,whatis
thebalanceafter1year?
1
CompoundInterest|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
CompoundInterestformula:
= principol 1 +
Intcrcst
C
cus c
whereC isthenumberofperiods
2u,uuu 1 +
0.12
4
1 4
= 2u,uuu 1.uS
4
1.03tothe4
th
poweris1.1255
Times20,000,thats$22,510
(asopposedto22,400forsimpleinterest)
2
Mixtures
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
14litersofapplejuiceismixedwithcranberry
juice.Iftheresultingmixcontains65%of
cranberryjuice,howmanylitersofthemix
wereproduced?
3
Mixtures|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Mixtureproblemsrequireattentiontodetailsto
boththeinformationgivenandthequestion.
Weknowthatthe14litersofapplejuiceis35%
(100%65%)ofthenewmixture.
ConstructanX:
14liters35%
Xliters100%
14100
35
= 4u liters
4
GMAT Club 2011 36
WorkProblems
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Whatistheformulaforawork
problem?
5
WorkProblems|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Thekeytosolvingtheworkproblems,issettingthe
equationcorrectly.Theworkformulaisbasedonthe
principleofworkrates(inverseofthetimeitwould
taketocompletethejob).Theratealmostalwayswill
be
1
tmc (o] hous, dus, ctc)
Formula:SumoftheRatesofWorkers=thecombined
rate
1
w
1
+
1
w
2
=
1
C
;whereWistimerequiredbyworkers1
and2tocompletethejobandCisthetimerequired
forbothworkersworkingtogether(Combined)
6
WorkProblems2
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Robertworkingalonecanunloadatruck
in8hours.Doug,ontheotherhand,can
unloadthesametruckin6hours.Ifboth
arehiredtogether,howmuchtimewillit
takeRobertandDougtounloadthe
truckworkingtogether?
7
WorkProblems2|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
UsingtheWorkformula:
1
R
+
1
=
1
C
1
8
+
1
6
=
1
C
7
24
=
1
C
C=
24
7
= S.4hours(approximately)
8
GMAT Club 2011 37
GroupProblems
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Outof90conferenceattendees,50registered
forthebasicworkshopand60signedupfor
theadvancedworkshop.If20attendeeshave
notsignedupforaworkshopyet,howmany
signedupforbothadvancedandbasic
workshops?
9
GroupProblems|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Thebestandeasiestapproachtosolvingthistype
ofproblemsisusingtheboth/neitherformula
(alternativeoptionisaVenndiagram).
Group1+Group2+Neither Both=Total
50+60+20 Both=90
130 Both=90
Both=40
Thekeyistomemorizetheformulaandone
samplequestionsoyoucanpluginnumberson
thetest
10
GroupProblems2
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Theofficeof120issplitbetweenmaleandfemale
employeesattheratioof3:5.If40%ofthe
employeesaremarriedand20ofthemarried
employeesintheofficearemen,howmanyofthe
womenworkingintheofficearesingle?
11
GroupProblems2|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Toanswerthisquestionthefastest,wecanputthis
tabletogether:
Thus20+X=48;X=28.Wecandotherestofthe
mathandfillouttheentiretabletomakesureyour
calculationsarecorrect
Male Female Total
Married 20 X 48
Single X 3 X 75 72
Total 45 75 120
12
GMAT Club 2011 38
Volume/MixtureProblems(Hard)
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Ifafarmersells15ofhischickens,hisstockoffeedwill
lastfor4moredaysthanplanned,butifhebuys20
morechickens,hewillrunoutoffeed3daysearlier
thanplanned.Ifnochickensaresoldorbought,the
farmerwillbeexactlyonschedule.Howmanychickens
doesthefarmerhave?
12
24
48
55
60
13
Volume/MixtureProblems|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Veryhardproblem.Severalsolutionsexist;thisone
isprobablynotthemostcorrectbutthequickest:
LetXbethenumberofchickensandYbethedays
theycansurviveonthecurrentfeed:
(x15)(y+4)=(x+20)(y3)
xy +4x -1Sy -6u = xy -Sx +2uy -6u
4x -1Sy = 2uy -Sx
7x = SSy or x = Sy
Solvingthefirstequation,wegetx=60andy=12
14
CountingProblems(UltraHard)
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Inagameofchess,themovesofwhitesandblacks
alternatewithwhiteshavingthefirstmove.During
achesstournament,whiteshavemade2319
movesaltogetherwhileblackshavemade2315
moves.Ifinanygamethesidethatmadethelast
movedidnotlose,whichofthefollowingcanbe
trueaboutthetournament?
I.Blackslost5games
II.Blackswonmoregamesthanwhites
III.Allgamesendedinadraw
15
CountingProblems|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Fromthestemitfollowsthattherewereonly4gamesin
whichwhiteshadthelastmove.These4gameswere
responsibleforthedifferenceinthetotalnumberofmoves
madebywhitesandblacksduringthetournament.We
knowthatthese4gameswerenotwonbyblacks(butthey
couldwellhaveendedinadraw).Alltheothergames
couldhavebeenwonbyblacksorendedinadraw.Thus,
scenariosIIandIIIarepossible.
ScenarioIisimpossible.Itmeansthattherewereatleast5
gamesinwhichwhiteshadthelastmove.Ifthisweretrue
thenthedifferencebetweenthetotalnumberofmovesof
whitesandblacksshouldbeatleast5.Infact,it'sonly4.
16
GMAT Club 2011 39
Distance(UltraHard)
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Aswimmermakesaroundtripupanddownthe
riverwhichtakesherXhours.Ifthenextdayshe
swimsthesamedistancewiththesamespeedin
stillwater,whichtakesherYhours,whichofthe
followingstatementsistrue?
X>Y
X<Y
X=Y
X =
1
2

17
Distance|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Picknumbersandthencheckthemagainstthe
options.Take12kmasthedistancetraveled
up/downtheriver,andassumetheswimmer's
speedtobe4km/h;thecurrentbeing2km/h,
whichmeans6km/hdowntheriverand2km/h
uptheriver.Goinguprivertakes2hours,return
journeytakes6,thusatotalof8hours.Instill
water,24kmrequires6hours.ThusX=8andY=6.
Plugtheseintotheanswerchoices.(8>6).
ThecorrectanswerisA
18
Percent
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Ifapricewasincreasedbyx%andthen
decreasedbyy%,isthenewpricehigherthan
theoriginal?
x>y
x=1.2y
19
Percent|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
LetPdenotetheoriginalprice.
Statement(1)byitselfisinsufficient.Ifxismuchlarger
thany,thenewpriceishigherthantheoriginal.Butifxis
onlymarginallylarger,thenewpriceislower.Forexample,
ifx=20andy=19,thenewpriceisP*1.2*0.81=0.97P<P.
Statement(2)byitselfisinsufficient.Usethesame
reasoning.Ifyislarge,thenewpriceissmall(ify=100,the
newpriceis0).Ifyissmall,thenewpriceishigherthan
theoriginal(ifx=12andy=10,thenewpriceisP*1.12*0.9=
P*1.008>P).
Statements(1)and(2)combinedareinsufficient.Adding
S1toS2providesnonewinformation.
ThecorrectanswerisE.
20
GMAT Club 2011 40
Rate
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Acertainbacteriacolonydoublesinsizeeveryday
for20days,atwhichpointitreachesthelimitofits
habitatandcannolongergrow.Iftwobacteria
coloniesstartgrowingsimultaneously,howmany
dayswillittakethemtoreachthehabitatslimit?
6.33
7.5
10
15
19
21
Rate|Answers
MATH:WORDPROBLEMS
Weknowthatthebacteriacolonydoublesinsize
everydayfor20days.Thereforeonthesecondday
itisdoublethesizeofthefirstday,andsoon.
Similarly,onthe20
th
day,itisat100%ofcapacity,
therefore,onthe19
th
day,itwillbeat50%.Since
wehave2colonies,bothwillbeoccupyinghalfof
thehabitatbythe19
th
day.Alternatively:
1colony=x 2
20
;2colonies=
x2
20
2
= x 2
19
ThecorrectanswerisE.19days.
22
GMAT Club 2011 41
Triangles
SumofanglesofANYtriangleequals?
Whatcanwesayaboutsidesofatriangle?
Whatistherighttriangle(isthattheone
thatsnotwrong?)
MATH:GEOMETRY
1
Triangles|Answers
Sumofallanglesinanytriangleisalways180
Onesideisalwayssmallerthanthesumofthe
othertwoandisalwaysgreaterthanthedifference
oftheothertwo
Arighttriangleistheonethathasa90degree
angle(ithastherightangle).Atrianglecanonly
haveoneangleat90degreessincesumofthe3
anglesis180
MATH:GEOMETRY
2
Triangles2
Listallmethodsforfindinganarea
ofatriangle.
MATH:GEOMETRY
3
Triangles2|Answers
1.Area=
1
2
bosc bcigbt
2.Herosformula: s(s -o)(s -b)(s - c)
wherea,b,c aresidesofatriangleands issemi
perimeters =
u+b+c
2
3.Ifyouknow2sidesofatrianglebutnotitsheight,
youcanaddanequallysizedtriangletocreatea
square/rectangle/rhombusandfinditsarea(maybe
easier).Remembertodivideyourresultby2.
MATH:GEOMETRY
4
GMAT Club 2011 42
Triangles3
Theseare2sidesofarighttriangle,findthethird
side:
3,4,x
6,8,x
5,12,x
12,16,x
7,24,x
MATH:GEOMETRY
5
Triangles3|Answers
GMATreliesontheseeasytriangles.Ifyou
memorizethesecombinations,itwillsaveyoutime
ontheGeometrysection
3,4,5
6,8,10
5,12,13
12,16,20
7,24,25
MATH:GEOMETRY
6
Triangles4
Whatistherelationshipbetweensidesin
arightisoscelestriangle?
Whatistherelationshipbetween
angles?
MATH:GEOMETRY
7
Triangles4|Answers
MATH:GEOMETRY
8
2
1
1
GMAT Club 2011 43
Triangles5
Nameasmanyproperties,
relationships,andformulasasyou
knowaboutanequilateraltriangle
MATH:GEOMETRY
9
Triangles5|Answers
MATH:GEOMETRY
10
Allsidesareequal
Allanglesareequal(60degrees)
Allheights,bisectorsandmedians
areequal:
Area:
Centersofcircumscribedand
inscribedcirclescoincide
4
3
2
s
2
3 s
Triangles6
Whatcanyouderivefromthisfigure?
(Misthecenterofacircle)
A
B
C
M
MATH:GEOMETRY
11
Triangles6|Answers
MATH:GEOMETRY
12
GMAT Club 2011 44
Triangles7
Whatisthevalueofsidesina
306090triangle?
MATH:GEOMETRY
13
Triangles7|Answers
In306090triangle,thesidesarex,x S,
andthehypotenuseis2x(doublethe
sizeofthesmallestside)
MATH:GEOMETRY
14
Triangles8(Hard)
MATH:GEOMETRY
15
a
4
Onthepicturebelow,istheareaofthetriangle
ABC greaterthan1?
1.AngleABC <90degrees
2.PerimeterofthetriangleABC isgreaterthan
Triangles8|Answers
MATH:GEOMETRY
16
TheareaofthetriangleABC is
Statement(1)byitselfissufficient.Intheextreme
casewhenangleABC isright,thetriangleBOC is
isoscelesandthusandtheareaoftriangle
ABC is:
IfangleABC issmallerthan90degrees,thenthe
areaexceeds1duetotheincreaseoftheheight.
Statement(2)byitselfisinsufficient.Aslongas
isgreaterthan0,theperimeterofthetriangleABC
isalwaysgreaterthan.Aistheanswer.
a a
a a

2
1 1
2
1
a
a
1
2
1 a
2
a
a
a
4
GMAT Club 2011 45
Rectangles
Nameasmanyproperties,relationships,and
formulasasyouknowaboutarectangle.
MATH:GEOMETRY
17
Rectangles|Answers
Oppositesidesareparallelandequal
Thediagonalsbisect(divideintotwoequalparts)eachother
Thediagonalsareequal
Asquareisaspecialcaseofarectanglewhereallfoursidesarethesame
length.
Thetwodiagonalsareequal(samelength).
Eachdiagonalbisectstheother.Inotherwords,thepointwherethe
diagonalsintersect(cross),divideseachdiagonalintotwoequalparts.
Eachdiagonaldividestherectangleintotwoequalrighttriangles.Because
thetrianglesareequal,theyhavethesamearea,andeachtrianglehas
halftheareaoftherectangle.
Eachdiagonalequals(w iswidth,h isheight): w
2
+ b
2
Areaequals:w b
Perimeterequals:2w +2b
MATH:GEOMETRY
18
Rectangles1
formulasasyouknowaboutasquare
MATH:GEOMETRY
19
Rectangles1|Answers
Asquareisbotharhombus(equalsides)andarectangle
(equalangles)andthereforehasallthepropertiesof
boththeseshapes,namely:
Thediagonalsofasquarebisecteachother.
Thediagonalsofasquarebisectitsangles.
Thediagonalsofasquareareperpendicular.
Oppositesidesofasquarearebothparallelandequal.
Allfouranglesofasquareareequal.(Eachis360/4=
90degrees,soeveryangleofasquareisarightangle.)
Thediagonalsofasquareareequal.
MATH:GEOMETRY
20
GMAT Club 2011 46
Rectangles2 Continued
formulasasyouknowaboutasquare
MATH:GEOMETRY
21
Rectangles2|Answers
Asquarehasalargerareathananyotherquadrilateral
withthesameperimeter.
Theareaisthewidthtimestheheight.Soinasquarethisis
simply:s
2
,wheres isthelengthofoneside.
The"diagonals"method.Ifyouknowthelengthsofthe
diagonals,theareaishalftheproductofthediagonals.Since
bothdiagonalsareequal,thissimplifiesto:
d
2
2
wheredisthe
lengthofeitherdiagonal.
Eachdiagonalofasquareistheperpendicularbisectorof
theother.Thatis,eachcutstheotherintotwoequalparts,
andtheycrossatrightangle(90).
ThelengthofeachdiagonalisS 2 whereS isthelengthof
anyoneside.
Perimeterequals:4S
MATH:GEOMETRY
22
Circles
Pleasedefinethefollowing:
Center ?
Radius ?
Diameter ?
Circumference ?
Area ?
Chord ?
Tangent ?
Secant ?
MATH:GEOMETRY
23
Circles|Answers
Center Apointinsidethecircle.Allpointsonthe
circleareequidistantfromthecenter
Radius distancebetweenthecenterandanypointon
thecircle.Itishalfthediameter
Diameter achordpassingthroughthecenter
Circumference distancearoundthecircle
Area aregionenclosedbythecircle
Chord alinesegmentlinkinganytwopointsona
circle
Tangent linetouchingthecircleatonepointonly;
tangentlinesarealwaysat90degreestotheradius
Secant alinethatintersectsacirclein2points
MATH:GEOMETRY
24
GMAT Club 2011 47
Circles2
MATH:GEOMETRY
25
Whataretheformulasfor
Circumferenceofacircle?
Areaofacircle?
Whatistheapproximatevalueofn?
Circles2|Answers
MATH:GEOMETRY
26
Circumferenceequals: 2ar = ad
Areaequals: ar
2
a = 3. 14 =
22
7
CoordinateGeometry
Whatistheequationofthe
slopeofaline?
MATH:GEOMETRY
27
CoordinateGeometry|Answers
Slopeofalineequation:
risc
run
=
y
2
-y
1
x
2
- x
1
Wherexandyarecoordinatesof
point1andpoint2onthatline.
MATH:GEOMETRY
28
GMAT Club 2011 48
CoordinateGeometry2
Ifalinehasanegativeslopeless
than1 whatdoesitsayaboutthe
line?
MATH:GEOMETRY
29
CoordinateGeometry2|Answers
Negativeslope meanslinemovesfromtheupper
lefthandquarant (Q2)tothebottomrighthand
quadrant(Q4)orinsimpleterms,itisadecreasing
line.Positiveslopemeanstheopposite(duh)
Sincetheslopeislessthan1,itisaflatline(as
opposedtosteep).Sinceslopeisriseoverrun,in
thiscase,thereislessrisethanrun
MATH:GEOMETRY
30
CoordinateGeometry3
WhatslopesdoLinesA,B,andChave?
Positive/Negative?
Less/Greaterthan1? A
B
C
MATH:GEOMETRY
31
LineA
PositiveSlope
Slopegreaterthan1
LineB
Slopeisneither
positiveornegative
SlopeisZero
LineC
Slopeisundefined
MATH:GEOMETRY
32
GMAT Club 2011 49
CoordinateGeometry4
HowtofindtheXandYintercepts
ofaline?
MATH:GEOMETRY
33
Bestoptionistopluginthevaluesintothe
equationoftheline
Forexample,alineisy=mx+b
TofindtheYintercept(thisiswhenthelinecrosses
theYaxisandthusXiszero)solve:y=b
TofindXintercept(thisiswhenthelinecrossesthe
XaxisandYiszero)solve:0=mx+b
ThetrickistouseY=0whenlookingforX
interceptandX=0whenlookingforYintercept
MATH:GEOMETRY
34
CoordinateGeometry5
IflineM withaslopeof
5
9
goesthroughpointsA(5,
2)andB(4,3),whatisthelengthofthesegment
AB?
MATH:GEOMETRY
35
Theslopeinformationinthis
irrelevant
TofinddistancebetweenA
andBiscalculatedusingthe
PythagoreanTheoremby
drawingatriangle
9
2
+S
2
= J
2
81 +2S = J
J = 1u6
MATH:GEOMETRY
36
GMAT Club 2011 50
CoordinateGeometry6
Findtheequationofalinepassing
throughthepointsA(5,4) andB(2,6)
MATH:GEOMETRY
37
A(5,4) andB(2,6)
Tofindanequationofalinebasedontwo
points,usethisformula:
-
1
x-x
1
=

1
-
2
x
1
-x
2
-4
x-5
=
4 -2
4 -6
;
-4
x-5
=
2
-2
y -4 = S -x
y = -x +9
MATH:GEOMETRY
38
CoordinateGeometry7
IflinesAandBareperpendiculartoeach
other,whatistherelationshipbetweentheir
slopes?
A. Inverse
B. Opposite
C. Positive
D. Reciprocal
E. ReciprocalandNegative
MATH:GEOMETRY
39
Therelationshipbetween
slopesof2perpendicular
linesisnegativereciprocal
-
1
m
.Inotherwords,the
twolinesareperpendicular
ifandonlyiftheproductof
theirslopesis1.
E.g.S -
1
3
=1
MATH:GEOMETRY
40
GMAT Club 2011 51
CoordinateGeometry8
Arethetwolinesbelowperpendicular?
MATH:GEOMETRY
41
Toanswer,findtheslopeofeachlineandthen
checktoseeifoneslopeisthenegativereciprocal
oftheotheroriftheirproductequalsto1.
SlopeAB=
5-19
9-48
=
-14
-39
=
14
39
SlopeCD=
24-4
22-31
=
20
-9
= -
20
9
Multiplytheslopes:
14
39

20
9
= -1;
NotPerpendicular
MATH:GEOMETRY
42
CoordinateGeometry9
Whatisthepointofintersectionoftwo
linesthathavethefollowingequations:
y=3x3andy=2.3x+4?
MATH:GEOMETRY
43
Thekeytosolvingtheintersectionquestionsisthat
atthepointofintersection,bothlineswillhavethe
sameXandYcoordinates.
Thus,ifYcoordinatesarethesame,thenwecan
putthetwoequationstogether:3x3=2.3x+4
0.7x=7;x=10
NowwestillneedtofindtheYintercept.Plug10
intooneoftheequations:3*103=27
Intersectionpoint:(10,27)
MATH:GEOMETRY
44
GMAT Club 2011 52
CoordinateGeometry10(Hard)
Doesthecurve x -o
2
+ y -b
2
= 16
intersecttheYaxis?
1) o
2
+b
2
> 16
2) o = b +S
MATH:GEOMETRY
45
x -o
2
+ y -b
2
= 16 istheequationofacircle
centeredatwithradius4.
Statement(1)byitselfisinsufficient.S1saysthatthe
centerofthecircleisfurtherthan4unitsawayfrom
theoriginbutitdoesn'tspecifywhetherthecircleis
farenoughfromtheaxisnottointersectit.
Statement(2)byitselfissufficient.FromS2itfollows
thatandthusthecenterofthecircleisatleast5units
awayfromtheaxis.Astheradiusofthecircleisonly4
units,wecanconcludethatthecircledoesnot
intersecttheaxis.
ThecorrectanswerisB.Statement2issufficient.
MATH:GEOMETRY
46
GMAT Club 2011 53
Enumeration
Therearethreemarbles:1blue,1grayand1
green.Inhowmanywaysisitpossibletoarrange
marblesinarow?
MATH:PROBABILITY&COMBINATIONS
1
Enumeration|Answers
Solution: Let'swriteoutallpossibleways
Total:6
Enumerationisamethodofcountingallpossiblewaystoarrange
elements.Althoughitisthesimplestmethod,itisoftenthefastest
methodtosolvehardGMATproblemsandisapivotalprincipleforany
othercombinatorialmethod.Infact,combinationandpermutationis
shortcutsforenumeration.Themainideaofenumerationiswritingdown
allpossiblewaysandthencountthem.
2
Enumeration2
Therearethreemarbles:1blue,1grayand1
green.Inhowmanywaysisitpossibleto
arrangemarblesinarowifblueandgreen
marbleshavetobenexttoeachother?
3
Enumeration2|Answers
Solution: Let'swriteoutallpossiblewaysto
arrangemarblesinarawandthenfindonly
arrangementsthatsatisfyquestion'scondition:
Answer:4
4
GMAT Club 2011 54
Enumeration3
Inhowmanywayscan5dressesbe
arrangedinastoredisplay?
5
1.Howmanyobjectswecanputat1stplace?5.
2.Howmanyobjectswecanputat2ndplace?4
andsoon:3,2,1
Therefore,thetotalnumberofarrangementsofn
differentobjectsinarowis
N = n n -1 n -2 2 1 = n!
5!=5*4*3*2*1=20*6=120
N!iscalledafactorial.Factorialequalstothe
productofnumbersfromNto1.
6
Enumeration4(UltraHard)
IfN isapositiveinteger,whatisthelastdigit
of1!+2!+.N!?
Nisdivisibleby4
N
2
+1
5
isanoddinteger
7
Thisisaveryhardquestionthatrequiresanon
traditionalapproach(assomeofthehardestofficial
GMATquestionsoftendo)
Analyzingfactorials,youwillnoticethatthesumof
factorialswillhave3asthelastdigitifN>3,(starting
with5!,eachsumendswithazerosince5!=120,
6!=720,andsoon.)
S1issufficientsinceweknowN>3andthuswecansay
withcertaintythatlastdigitequalsto3
S2tellsusthatNisnot1or3andiseither2orgreater
than3.Ineithercase,thelastdigitwillbe3
ThecorrectanswerisD
8
GMAT Club 2011 55
Combinations1
Whatisthenumberofpossiblearrangementsof
objectsk fromacollectionofdistinctobjectsn?
9
Combinations1|Answers
Acombinationisanunordered collectionofkobjects
takenfromasetofndistinctobjects.Thenumberof
wayshowwecanchoosekobjectsoutofndistinct
objectsisdenotedas:C
k
n
Totalnumberofarrangementsofn distinctobjectsis
n!
Nowwehavetoexcludeallarrangementsofkobjects
(k!) andremaining(nk) objects((nk)!) astheorderof
chosenk objectsandremained(nk) objectsdoesn't
matter.
C
k
n
=
n!
k! n-k !
10
Combinations2
Whatisthenumberofpossiblearrangementsof
objectsk inacertainorderfromacollectionof
distinctobjectsn?
11
Apermutationisanordered collectionofkobjects
takenfromasetofndistinctobjects.Thenumber
ofwayshowwecanchoosekobjectsoutofn
distinctobjectsisdenotedas:P
k
n
1.Thetotalnumberofarrangementsofndistinct
objectsisn!
2.Nowwehavetoexcludeallarrangementsof
remaining(nk)!Objects
P
k
n
=
n!
n-k !
12
GMAT Club 2011 56
Combinations3
Whatisthedifferencebetween
combinationsandpermutations?
Whentousewhichformula?
13
PermutationsformulaP =
n!
n-k !
isusedwhen
sequenceofchoicematters(meaningagroupABC
isdifferentfromBACorCBA).Classicexampleis
choosingnomineesfor3specificpositionsfroma
poolof10candidates
CombinationsformulaC=
n!
k! n-k !
isusedwhen
orderofselectionhasnoimpactandonceasmall
groupisformed,itdoesnotmatterhowthey
arrivedthere.Classicexampleispicking3marbles
fromabagof10
14
Combinations4
Ifsixbusinesspartnersarehavingadinnerat
aroundtable,howmanyseating
arrangementsarepossible?
15
Thedifferencebetweenplacementinarowand
thatinacircleisfollowing:ifweshiftallobjectby
oneposition,wewillgetdifferentarrangementin
arowbutthesamerelativearrangementina
circle.So,forthenumberofcirculararrangements
ofn objects,insteadofn!,wehave (n1)!
Thus,theansweris5!or120
16
GMAT Club 2011 57
Combinations5
Ifthereare5chairsinaroomandBoband
RachelwanttositsothatBobisalwaysleftof
Rachel,inhowmanywaysthisseating
arrangementbeachieved?
17
NotethatleftofRachel,doesnotmean
immediatelynexttoRachel,justleftofher.
Thisconditioniscalledsymmetrybecauseit
eliminateshalfofthepossibilities(Rachelcansit
onlyleftorrightofBob).
Therefore,thenumberofwaysthatBobisleftof
Rachelisexactly
1
2
ofallpossiblewaysor
N =
1
2
P
5
2
= 1u
18
Combinations6(UltraHard)
Inhowmanydifferentwayscanagroupof8
peoplebedividedinto4teamsof2people
each?
90
105
168
420
2520
19
Thesolutiontothisproblemisthenumberof
combinations.Firstwegetoneteamoutof8.The
numberofwaystodothiswouldbeC
8
2
.Thenext
combinationis2outof6orC
4
2
,andsoon.Havingall
fourcombinationsmultiplied,weneedtodividethe
totalnumberbythenumberofwaystheteamscanbe
chosen,sincewearenotinterestediftheteamwith
twocertainpeopleischosenfirst,secondorthird.
Therefore,theanswerisfoundbythefollowing
formula:
C
8
2
C
6
2
C
4
2
C
2
2
4!
= 1uS
20
GMAT Club 2011 58
Probability1
Whatistheprobabilitythatan
eventn willoccur?
Whatistheprobabilitythatan
eventn willnot occur?
21
Probability1|Answers
Theprobabilitythatanevenn willtakeplaceis
n
N
whereN isthetotalnumberofpossible
occurrences
Theprobabilitythatanevenn willnotoccuristhe
oppositeofitoccurring,so1 -
n
N
or1 p
22
Probability2
WhatistheprobabilityofgettingTails when
flippingacoin?
Whatistheprobabilityofgettinga4whenrollinga
die?
23
TheprobabilityofgettingTailswhenflippingacoin
is
1
2
or50%sincethereare2totalpossibilitiesand
onlyoneoutcomeeachtimethecoinisflipped
Theprobabilityofgettinga4whencastingadieis
1
6
;thereareatotalof6potentialpossibilities
(1,2,3,4,5,6)andonlyonechancetorolloneof
them.
24
GMAT Club 2011 59
Probability3
Abucketcontains10greenand90white
marbles.IfAdamrandomlychoosesamarble,
whatistheprobabilitythatitwillbegreen?
25
Thenumberofgreenmarbles:n=10
Thenumberofallmarbles:N=10+90=100
Probability:
10
100
=
1
10
= 1u%
Thereisoneimportantconceptinproblemswith
marbles/cards/balls.Whenthefirstmarbleisremoved
fromajarandnotreplaced,theprobabilityforthe
secondmarblediffers(
10
100
vs.
10
99
).Whereasincaseof
acoinordicetheprobabilitiesarealwaysthesame(
1
6
and
1
2
).Usually,aproblemexplicitlystates:itisa
problemwithreplacementorwithoutreplacement.
26
Probability4
Ifthereisacoinandadie,whatisthe
probabilityofgettingheadsanda"4
afteroneflipandonetoss?
27
Tossingacoinandrollingadieareindependent
events (occurrenceofoneeventdoesnot
influenceoccurrenceofotherevents).Forn
independenteventstheprobabilityistheproduct
ofallprobabilitiesofindependentevent.
So,theprobabilityofgettingheadsis
1
2
and
probabilityofgettinga"4"is
1
6
.Therefore,the
probabilityofgettingheadsanda"4"is:
1
2
1
6
=
1
12
28
GMAT Club 2011 60
Probability5
Ifthereisa20%chanceofrainonanaverage
day,whatistheprobabilitythatitwillrainon
thefirstdayandwillbesunnyonthesecond?
29
Theprobabilityofrainis0.2;thereforeprobability
ofsunshineisq=1 0.2=0.8.Thisyieldsthatthe
probabilityofrainonthefirstdayandsunshineon
theseconddayis:
P=0.2*0.8=0.16
Note: whenworkingwithpercents,itisimportant
toconvertthemintoadecimalformat(suchas0.2
for20%orafractionformatsuchas
1
5
for20%)
30
Probability6
Therearetwosetsofcardswithnumbers:
{1,3,6,7,8}and{3,5,2}.IfRobertchooses
randomlyonecardfromthefirstsetandone
cardfromthesecondset,whatisthe
probabilityofgettingtwooddnumbers?
31
Thereisatotalof5cardsinthefirstsetand3of
themareodd:{1,3,7}.Therefore,theprobability
ofgettingoddcardoutofthefirstsetis
3
5
.
Thereare3cardsinthesecondsetand2ofthem
areodd:{3,5}.Therefore,theprobabilityofgetting
anoddcardoutofthesecondsetis
2
3
.Finally,the
probabilityofgettingtwooddintegersis:
3
5
2
3
=
2
5
or40%
32
GMAT Club 2011 61
Probability7
IfJessicarollsadie,whatisthe
probabilityofgettingatleasta"3"?
33
Twoeventsaremutuallyexclusiveiftheycannot
occuratthesametime.Fornmutuallyexclusive
eventstheprobabilityisthesumofallprobabilities
ofevents:
P(AorB)=P(A)+P(B)
Thereare4outcomesthatsatisfyourcondition(to
rollatleast3):{3,4,5,6}.Theprobabilityofeach
outcomeis
1
6
.
Theprobabilityofgettingatleasta"3"is:
1
6
+
1
6
+
1
6
+
1
6
=
4
6
=
2
3
34
Probability8
Thereare8employeesincludingBoband
Rachel.If2employeesaretoberandomly
chosentoformacommittee,whatisthe
probabilitythatthecommitteeincludesboth
BobandRachel?
35
Combinatorialapproach:
ThetotalnumberofpossiblecommitteesisC
2
8
=28
ThenumberofpossiblecommitteethatincludesbothBob
andRachelis1
P=
1
28
Probabilityapproach:
TheprobabilityofchoosingBoborRachelasafirstperson
incommitteeis
2
8
.TheprobabilityofchoosingRachelor
Bobasasecondpersonwhenfirstpersonisalreadychosen
is
1
7
.TheprobabilitythatthecommitteeincludesbothBob
andRachelis
1
28
36
GMAT Club 2011 62
Probability8 Part2
BobandRachel?
37
Probability8 Part2|Answers
ReverseCombinatorialApproach:
Insteadofcountingprobabilityofoccurrenceofcertain
event,sometimesitisbettertocalculatetheprobabilityof
theoppositeandthenuseformulap=1 q.
ThetotalnumberofpossiblecommitteesisC
2
8
=28
Thenumberofpossiblecommitteethatdoesnot includes
bothBobandRachelis:m = C
2
6
+2 C
1
6
where,C
2
6
is
thenumberofcommitteesformedfrom6remaining
people
2 C
1
6
isthenumberofcommitteesformedfromRobor
Rachelandoneoutof6otherpeople
P = 1 -
m
N
= 1 -
C
2
6
+2C
1
6
C
2
8
= 1 -
15+26
28
= 1 -
27
28
=
1
28
38
Probability8 Part3
BobandRachel?
39
Probability8 Part3|Answers
Reverseprobabilityapproach:
Wecanchooseanyfirstperson.
Then,ifwehaveRachelorBobasthefirstchoice,we
canchooseanyotherpersonoutofthe6remaining
people.
IfwehaveneitherRachelnorBobasfirstchoice,we
canchooseanypersonoutoftheremaining7people.
TheprobabilitythatthecommitteeincludesbothBob
andRachelis:P = 1 -
2
8
6
7
+
6
8
1 = 1 -
27
28
=
1
28

40
GMAT Club 2011 63
Probability9
JuliaandBrainplayagameinwhichJulia
takesaballandifitisgreen,shewins.Ifthe
firstballisnotgreen,shetakesthesecond
ball(withoutreplacingfirst)andshewinsif
thetwoballsarewhiteorifthefirstballis
grayandthesecondballiswhite.Whatisthe
probabilityofJuliawinningifthejarcontains
1gray,2whiteand4greenballs?
41
Sometimes,at700+levelyoumayseecomplex
probabilityproblemsthatincludeconditionsor
restrictions.Forsuchproblemsitcouldbehelpful
todrawaprobabilitytreethatincludeallpossible
outcomesandtheirprobabilities.
Now,Itisprettyobvious:
P =
4
7
+
2
7
1
6
+
1
7
2
6
=
2
3
42
GMAT Club 2011 64
RecommendedMathGMATBooks
MATH:ARITHMETIC
Needtostartfromthebeginning?
MGMATMathFoundations
Needagoodlevelofpractice?
KaplanMathWorkbook
Needthemostpractice?
MGMATMathGuides orVeritas PrepMathGuides
QuantitativeGMATOfficialGuide 2
nd
ed
GMATTotal Math
GMATbookreviews: http://gmatclub.com/books
GMAT Club 2011 65
VERBAL STRATEGIES
GMAT Club 2011 66
ContentsofFlashCards
BasicStrategiesandPrinciplesofSentence
Correction,CriticalReasoning,andReading
Comprehensionwithafewexamples
Illustrationoferrorsandrightanswerchoices
throughexamples
2
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 67
CriticalReasoning
Contents
MainPoint/MustBeTrue
Weaken
Strengthen
Assumption
ResolvetheParadox
Reasoning
BoldFaced
NumbersandPercents
2
VERBAL
BasicDeconstruction
Step1:Readthequestionstemandcategorizethequestion.
Step2:Readthestimulusandidentifythepremiseandthe
conclusion
Step3:Trytofocusontheconclusionandthinkofanswerchoices
thatmightberight
Step4:Useprocessofeliminationtoruleoutwronganswer
choices.Don'ttrytomakethemfit!
Step5:Makesureanswerchoicemakessense!
3
VERBAL
MainpartsofaCRquestion
Conclusion
Premise Assumption
4
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 68
MainpartsofaCRquestion
Conclusion:Thisisthefinalargumentthatthe
authormakes.
Premise:Theseareevidentiarystatementsthat
supporttheconclusion
Assumption:Theseareunstatedpremises,on
whichtheconclusionandsometimesthepremise
reston.
5
VERBAL
Premise&Conclusion
PREMISE CONCLUSION
Supportstheconclusion Answersthe
questionofWhy?
Hasatoneoffinality andconveysthefinal
messageofwhattheauthorissaying
Because Thus
Since Therefore
For/Forthereason Hence
Dueto So
Asindicatedby Asaresultof/Consequently
Furthermore Accordingly
Giventhat Itfollowsthat/Itmustbethat
6
VERBAL
TypeI AscertainConclusion
Thesearequestionswhereweassumethatthe
stimulusistrue andtrytofindanswerchoicesthat
aresupportedbytheconclusion
PossibleQuestionTypes:
1. Inference
2. MainPoint
3. MustbeTrue
7
VERBAL
TypeII Strengthen&Support
Thesearequestionswhereweassumethatthe
givenanswerchoicesaretrue andtrytopickthe
bestonethatwillsupportthestimulus
1. Strengthen
2. Assumption
8
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 69
TypeIII WeakenandHurt
Thisisbasicallytheoppositeoftheabovetypeand
aimstodisprovetheconclusionofthestimulus.
Hencewetaketheanswerchoicetobetrue here
aswell.
1. Strengthen
2. Assumption
9
VERBAL
MostCommonMistakeTypes
OppositeAnswers
Doestheoppositeofwhattheanswerchoiceis
supposedtodo
Peoplepickthembecausetheymightgetconfused
aboutthequestiontype
ShellGameAnswers
Soundsreallysimilartothestimulusbutdiffersbyjust
therightamounttobeincorrectbutstilllucrative.
Peoplepickthesewhentheyrenotpayingclose
attention
10
VERBAL
OutofScope/IrrelevantAnswers
Talksaboutsomethingcompletelyirrelevanttothe
discussionathand.
Peopletendtopickthesewhentheyrecompletely
unsureofwhattheyresupposedtobedoing
ToneMismatchAnswers
Answersthatdontagreewiththetoneofthepassage
Mightbetoostrongortooweakwhencomparedto
stimulus
MostCommonMistakeTypes
11
VERBAL
MainPoint/MustBeTrue
Whichofthefollowingrepresentsthemainideaoftheparagraph?
Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheabove?
CorrectAnswerChoices
Canthisanswerchoicebeprovenorvalidatedbywhatisgivenin
thestimulus?IsthisanswerchoicetruetothestimulusANDthe
mainpointofthepassage,i.e.similartotheconclusion?
Shouldbevalidatedbythestimulus(Stimulusistakentobetrue)
Shouldbethemainpointofthestimulus,notjustapremise(for
MainPointquestions)
Willeitherrestateconclusionorpresentitinadifferentmanner
12
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 70
Tobeconsideredforthisyearsmeritscholarshipaward,studentsneedto
haveperfectattendanceanda4.0GPA.Alexistheonlypersonintheclass
whohasa4.0buthehashad5absences.
Theclaimsabove,iftrue,moststronglysupportwhichofthefollowing
conclusions?
A. Nostudentatthisschoolhasperfectattendancefortheyear
B. Somestudentsatthisschoolwhodidnothavea4.0alsodidnothave
perfectattendance
C. Alexistheonlystudentwhocouldbeconsideredfortheaward
D. Nostudentatthisschoolqualifiesfortheawardthisyear
E. Manystudentshaveachievedperfectattendancebutnever4.0GPAs.
ABCDE
13
VERBAL
A:Exaggeration.
B:Possible,butnotnecessary
C:Thestimulusclearlysaysthatyouneedboth
perfectattendanceand4.0GPA.
D:Thisistrue.IfAlexistheonlyonewhohasa
4.0andhedoesnthaveaperfectattendance,it
meanstheentireschoolisbarredfrom
qualifyingfortheaward.Correctchoice.
E: Outofscopeanswer.
ABCDE
14
VERBAL
Weaken
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,callsintoquestionthevalidityofthe
argument?
Whichofthefollowingmostseriouslyunderminestheconclusion?
Doesthisanswerchoicebreakdowncausality?Doesitgivean
alternatecause,showthatthecauseeffectrelationshipisnon
existentorreversed?
Answerchoiceshouldbreakdownstructureofstimulus(Answeris
takentobetrue)
Couldbeinrelationtoagrossgeneralization,awrongconclusion
orincorrecthypothesisfromfacts.
15
VERBAL
16
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 71
Thereare350brandsofcellphonesinthemarkettoday.However,ourstore
onlystocksthetop10brands.Inordertoincreaseoursales,weplanto
increasethesizeofourinventorytothetop50brands.
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,pointsoutamajorflawintheplanabove?
A. Thecapabilitiesofthetopfivecellphonesarealmostthesame,withno
brandhavingconsistentsuperiorityinallrespects.
B. Thetop8brandsaccountforalmostallthecellphonessold
C. Asusersgetmoresophisticated,theywanttotryoutthelesserknown
brandswhichmightoffersomeothervaluetothem.
D. Lesspopularbrandsprovidelittleprofittothestorebecausetheyhaveto
bediscountedtobesold
E. Theleadingbrandsarenowlosingsalestolesspopularbrandsthatoffer
similarfeaturesforalowercost
ABCDE
17
VERBAL
A:Irrelevant.Doesthisaffectprofitmarginsforthe
storeiftheyweretoincreaseinventory?No
B:Thismeansthatthestorealreadyhasthebrands
thatsellthemost.Increasinginventorywillhave
littleeffectonprofitmargins.CorrectAnswer.
C:Thisalmoststrengthenstheargument.
D:Thistellsyouthatthelesserbrandswillprovide
lesserprofit.Butlessisarelativeterm.Thisisan
unclearstatement.
E: Thisalmoststrengthenstheargumentbyfavoring
anincreaseininventory.Henceincorrect.
ABCDE
18
VERBAL
Strengthen
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,strengthenstheargumentthemost?
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostsignificantlyhelpprovethe
scientistshypothesis?
Doesthisanswerchoicereinforcetheconclusiondirectly?Doesit
validateanassumptionorruleoutadiscrepancy?Doesithelpestablish
causality?
Answerchoiceshouldstrengthenstructureofstimulus(Answeristaken
tobetrue)
Needstodirectlystrengthenconclusionbybridginglogicalgaps,
validatingreasonsorassumptionsorfindingmissinglinks.Ifitsnota
directstrengthening,moveon!Donttrytomaketheconnections!
19
VERBAL
20
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 72
Recently,severalcompanieshavewithdrawntheiradsfromMagazineA,becausethe
editorialboardofthemagazinehaddecidedtochangetheimagethatthemagazine
portraysfromoneoffamilyvaluestooneconcernedmorewithsexandviolence.Surely
thisindicatesthatthedecisionmakersinadvertisingagenciesdostillhaveasenseofmoral
proprietythatoccasionallydrivestheiractions.
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldstrengthenthisconclusion?
A)Theadvertisersregularlyreviewtheplacementoftheiradvertisements.
B)Itisarareeventforseveraladvertiserstowithdrawalltheiradvertisements
simultaneouslyfromapublication.
C)Theadvertisers,whenquestioned,admittedthattheirclientswouldloserevenueasa
resultoftheadvertisementsbeingwithdrawn.
D)Theadvertisersallplacednewadvertisementswithotherpublicationsthatemphasised
familyvalues.
E)AsurveyofthereadershipofMagazineXsuggestedthatthemajorityofthereadership
thinkthatthestandardofthemagazine'scontentshadfailedsinceitstransformation.
QuestionfromGMATClub(95810)
ABCDE
21
VERBAL
A:Thisisirrelevanttothequestionofmoral
propriety.
B:Thisdoesntnecessarilypointtomoral
proprietydirectly.Dontmakeunnecessary
connections!
C:Onceagain,nocorrelationtowhatweretalking
about
D:Ifthisistrue,thenitshowsthattheagencies
careaboutwheretheiradsgo.Hencecorrect.
E: Thisisaboutthemagazine.Nottheadvertisers.
ABCDE
22
VERBAL
Assumption
Theauthorassumeswhichofthefollowinginsayingthat
Theargumentcannotbetrueunlesswhichofthefollowing
statementsareassumed?
Supporter:Linksunrelatedelementsinthestimulusandfillsin
logicalgaps
Defender:Eliminatesthealternativesandanychoicesthatmight
weakentheconclusion.
AssumptionNegationTechnique:Narrowitdowntothefinal
answerchoicesandthennegatethem themainmodifierora
verb(suchthatthemeaningofthesentenceisreversed)andifthe
negatedchoiceweakenstheconclusion,theanswerisright.
23
VERBAL
24
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 73
Intheory,itspossiblethatbacteriadevelopedonMarsearlyinitshistoryandsome
werecarriedtoEarthbyameteorite.However,strainsofbacteriafromdifferent
planetswouldprobablyhavesubstantialdifferencesinproteinstructurethatwould
persistovertime,andnotwobacterialstrainsonEartharedifferentenoughtohave
arisenondifferentplanets.So,evenifbacteriadidarriveonEarthfromMars,they
musthavediedout.
Theargumentismostvulnerabletowhichofthefollowingcriticisms?
A.ItfailstoestablishwhetherbacteriaactuallydevelopedonMars.
B.ItfailstoestablishhowlikelyitisthatMartianbacteriaweretransportedtoEarth.
C.Itfailstoconsiderwhetherthereweremeansotherthanmeteoritesbywhich
MartianbacteriacouldhavebeencarriedtoEarth.
D.ItfailstoconsiderwhetherallbacterianowonEarthcouldhavearisenfrom
transportedMartianbacteria.
E.Itfailstoconsiderwhethertherecouldhavebeenstrainsofbacteriathat
originatedonEarthandlaterdiedout.
ABCDE
25
VERBAL
A:Thisisirrelevanttotheargumentthatstatesthat
evenifbacteriacamefromMars,theymusthave
diedout.
B:OutofScope!
C:Again,thisdoesnttalkaboutbacteriastrainsdying
out
D:Ifthisistrue,thenthereneednothavetobeany
significantdifferencebetweenthestrainsfoundon
Earth,sincetheyalloriginatedfromMars.
E: Wearenotconcernedaboutthis.
ABCDE
26
VERBAL
ResolvetheParadox
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,helpsexplaintheparadoxabove?
Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,helpsexplaintheapparent
discrepancyintheargument?
ActiveResolution:Donttrytodisprovethestimulus,takeitasa
given.
Doestheanswerchoiceaddressthefacts?Theanswerchoice
MUSTconformtothestimulus
TheanswershouldaddressBOTHsidesoftheparadox,and
resolveit.Itshouldntstrengthentheparadox.
27
VERBAL
28
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 74
AseveredroughtcanlessenthetotalamountofgovernmentaidthatUSfarmersreceive
asagroup.Thegovernmentpaysfarmerstheamount,ifany,bywhichthemarketpriceat
whichcropsareactuallysoldfallsshortofapresettargetpriceperbushelforthecrops.
Thedroughtof1983,forexample,causedfarmprogrampaymentstodropby$10billion.
Giventheinformationabove,whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestexplainswhythe
droughtof1983resultedinareductioninfarmprogrampayments?
A. Priortothedroughtof1983,thegovernmentraisedthetargetpriceforcropsinorderto
aidfarmersinreducingtheirdebtloads.
B. Duetothedroughtof1983,UnitedStatesfarmersexportedlessfoodin1983thaninthe
precedingyear.
C. Duetothedroughtof1983,UnitedStatesfarmershadsmallerharvestsandthusreceived
ahighermarketpriceforthe1983cropthanforthelargercropoftheprecedingyear.
D. Duetothedroughtof1983,UnitedStatesfarmersplannedtoplantsmallercropsin1984
thantheyhadin1983.
E. Despitethedroughtof1983,retailpricesforfooddidnotincreasesignificantlybetween
1982and1983.QuestionfromGMATClub(80726)
ABCDE
29
VERBAL
A:Strengthenstheparadox.
AmountPaid=Target Market.Wecantsay
anythingunlessweknowwhathappenedtothe
marketprice.
B:Exportsareirrelevanthere.
C:Thistalksaboutthehighermarketprices.Thiscould
explaintheparadoxbecausetarget marketwill
becomelesserifmarketbecomeshigher
D:Sizeofcropsisirrelevant.
E: Between19821983?Retailprice?OutofScope!
ABCDE
30
VERBAL
Reasoning
Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribestheauthors
methodofdefendingthecase?
Whichofthefollowingismostparalleltotheargumentinlogical
structure?
Shouldfollowthesamepatternofreasoning.Focusonthelogic,
notthecontentoftheargument!
Answerchoicemustbeadescriptionoftheauthorslogic!
Answerchoiceshouldnotbeinconsistentwiththestimulus,even
ifthestimulushasflawedlogic.Wearenotaskedtoevaluatethe
logicofthestimulus;wearemerelyaskedtofindananswerthat
followsthesamepattern rightornot.
31
VERBAL
32
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 75
Shakespearewastheworld'sgreatestplaywright,whichmeansthathemusthavewrittentheworld's
greatestplays.Thefactthathewrotethegreatestplaysintheworldonlygoestoprovethatheisthe
world'sgreatestplaywright.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestmatchestheargumentshownabove?
A. Dr.SmithistheonlymemberofthetwentystrongEnglishdepartmentwhothinksthatByronwrote
greaterpoetrythanKeats.ThereforeByronwasnotasgoodapoetasKeatswas.
B. Amiscarriageofjusticeoccurswhenaninnocentpersonissenttoprison.However,thereareno
miscarriagesofjusticebecausepeopleinprisonareguilty.Otherwisetheywouldnothavebeensent
toprison.
C. Thepresenceofenlargedwhitecorpusclesinthebloodwouldindicatethatthepatientmustbe
sufferingfromdiseaseX.However,hisbloodsamplecontainsnoenlargedwhitecorpuscles,sohe
cannotbesufferingfromdiseaseX.
D. Blairdenieshavingcommittedtherobbery,buthasimplicatedBrown.Brownontheotherhand,
claimsthathewaselsewhereatthetime,andpointsthefingersquarelybackatBlair.
E. Ibelievethatthepresenceofthetartarsaucehelpstoaccentuatetheflavouroftheother
ingredients,buttheyinturnreleasechemicalswhichtendtoneutralisethetartarsauce.Therefore
thedishismuchlessspicythanpuretartarsaucewouldbe.
ABCDE
33
VERBAL
A:Thiscallsformakingajudgmentbasedon
someonesopinion.Nottrue.
B: Thisistrue.Theargumentinthestimulusisa
circularargumentthatsaysAprovesBandthen
usesBtoproveA.Asimilarpatternexistshere.
C:Thishasanegationeffectinthereasoning.Not
relevant.
D:Shellgameanswer.Mightseemlikecircularlogic,
butitsactuallyjustacircularsequenceofevents.
E: Somekindofcontradictoryreasoning.Notrelevant.
ABCDE
34
VERBAL
BoldFacedQuestions
Thetwoboldfacedsentencesplaywhichofthefollowing
roles?
Shouldaddressboththeboldfacedportions,notjustone.
Willbetruetothestimulusandmimicthereasoningin
thestimulus!
Answerchoiceshouldnotbeinconsistentwiththe
stimulus,anditshouldfollowthesamelogicalpatternin
ordertoarriveattheargumentofthestimulus..
35
VERBAL
36
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 76
AlthoughtheearliestsurvivingGreekinscriptionswritteninanalphabetdatefromtheeighthcentury
B.C.,astrongcasecanbemadethattheGreeksactuallyadoptedalphabeticwritingatleasttwo
centuriesearlier. Significantly,thetextoftheseearliestsurvivingGreekinscriptionssometimesruns
fromrighttoleftandsometimesfromlefttoright.Now,theGreekslearnedalphabeticwritingfrom
thePhoenicians,andintheprocesstheywouldsurelyhaveadoptedwhateverconventionthe
Phoenicianswerethenusingwithrespecttothedirectionofwriting. Originally,Phoenicianwriting
ranineitherdirection,butbytheeighthcenturyB.C.ithadbeenconsistentlywrittenfromrightto
leftforabouttwocenturies.
Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?
A.Thefirstisthepositionthattheargumentseekstoestablish;thesecondreportsadiscoverythat
hasbeenusedtosupportapositionthattheargumentopposes.
B.Thefirstisthepositionthattheargumentseekstoestablish;thesecondpresentsanassumption
onwhichtheargumentrelies.
C.Thefirstpresentsevidencethatisusedinsupportofthepositionthattheargumentseeksto
establish;thesecondpresentsanassumptiononwhichtheargumentrelies.
D.Thefirstisanobjectionraisedagainstapositionthattheargumentopposes;thesecondisthe
positionthattheargumentseekstoestablish.
E.Thefirstisanobjectionraisedagainstapositionthattheargumentopposes;thesecondis
evidencethathasbeenusedtosupportthatposition.
ABCDE
37
VERBAL
A:Thesecondboldfacedportiondoesntrepresenta
discovery;itsanassumption
B: Thisistrue.Thefirstpartisaclausethestimulus
wantstoproveandthesecondisanassumption
C:Thefirstboldfacedportiondoesntobjecttoany
statement.
D:Thefirstboldfacedportiondoesntobjecttoany
statement.
E: Thefirstboldfacedportiondoesntobjecttoany
statement.
ABCDE
38
VERBAL
Numbers&Percents
Larger numbers doesnt mean larger percentage
and smaller number doesnt mean smaller
percentage. For example,
Increase in percentage is not the same as saying
there is an increase in absolute numbers. This
could merely be the result of a change in the
group size. For example, 5% of 100 > 10% of 50.
39
VERBAL
40
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 77
ArecentsurveyofallautoaccidentvictimsinDoleCountyfoundthat,oftheseverelyinjured
driversandfrontseatpassengers,80percentwerenotwearingseatbeltsatthetimeoftheir
accidents.Thisindicatesthat,bywearingseatbelts,driversandfrontseatpassengerscangreatly
reducetheirriskofbeingseverelyinjurediftheyareinanautoaccident.
Theconclusionaboveisnotproperlydrawnunlesswhichofthefollowingistrue?
A. Ofallthedriversandfrontseatpassengersinthesurvey,morethan20percentwerewearingseat
beltsatthetimeoftheiraccidents.
B. Considerablymorethan20percentofdriversandfrontseatpassengersinDoleCountyalways
wearseatbeltswhentravellingbycar.
C. Moredriversandfrontseatpassengersinthesurveythanrearseatpassengerswereveryseverely
injured.
D. Morethanhalfofthedriversandfrontseatpassengersinthesurveywerenotwearingseatbelts
atthetimeoftheiraccidents.
E. MostoftheautoaccidentsreportedtopoliceinDoleCountydonotinvolveanyseriousinjury.
ABCDE
41
VERBAL
A:Thisisatrickyquestion.Ouraimistoproveacorrelation.Letssay100
peoplewereseverelyinjuredand100werenot.Outofthe100
severelyinjured,80didntwearseatbelts.
Probabilityofapersonnotwearingseatbelttogetinjured=
Probabilityofapersonwearingseatbelttogetinjured=
B:Doesntestablishthecorrelationbetweenwhatsbeingsaid.Hence
incorrect.
C:Thisdoesntevengiveusarelativeindication.Incorrect.
D:Thistellsusaboutthenumberofpeoplewhowerenotwearingseat
belts,butnotaboutthenumberofpeoplewhowereinjured.
E: Completelyirrelevanttothescopeofthediscussion.
ABCDE
42
VERBAL
ReadingComprehension
Contents
GlobalQuestions
MainPoint/PrimaryPurpose
PassageOrganization
AuthorsPerspective/PassageTone
LocalQuestions
SpecificReference
Function
StrengthenandWeaken
ParallelReasoningQuestion
44
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 78
FourQuestionsforRC
Readfromgeneraltospecificatthreelevels.Changeyourreading
strategy,notyourreadingspeed.Answerthefollowingquestions.
Why?MainPointofthepassage.
How?Structureofthepassage Introduction,Exampleand
CounterExample.Andsoon.
What?Whatisbeingsaid?(MainPointofIndividualParagraphs)
WhatTone?Makesureanswerchoicemakessense!
45
VERBAL
CONTINUATIONOFOLDIDEAS INTRODUCTION OFNEWIDEAS
Continues elaboratingonanideathats
alreadybeenpresented
Introducesanothernewidea, perhaps
tocontrastsomethingpresented.
Furthermore However
ForInstance But
ForExample Nevertheless
Additionally Yet
Similarly InContrast
Indeed Although
Infact Still
Newvs.ExistingIdeas
46
VERBAL
CommonIndicators
VeryCommonQuestionType
Primarygoalofreadingpassage Findthemain
point!
Main PointorStrongPurpose
47
VERBAL
VeryCommonDistraction
Dontfocusonthedifficultyofthewordsor
terminologies
Instead,choosetofocusontheunderlying
meaningofwhatitssaying
DifficultWords,Phrases&Concepts
CommonIndicators
48
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 79
CommonIndicators
Paycloseattention!
Dontmemorize!
Verycommonquestionindicator.Makeamental
noteofwherethelistoccurs,soyoucanreturnto
it,ifnecessary.
ListofThings/Enumerations
49
VERBAL
Ifauthoritiesarementioned,thinkabouthowandwhy
thisauthoritativeremarkisnecessary.
Mightrepresentconflictingviewpointsorideas.
Makenoteofwhateachauthoritysaysandwhytheir
authorityisrelevant.
Very,veryimportant,andveryeasytomisinterpret!
Reference withAuthority
CommonIndicators
50
VERBAL
Matchthecorrectdateswiththeevents
mentioned
Perhaps,makeanoteofthedatesandashort
handversionoftheeventonyournotepad.
DatesandNumbers
CommonIndicators
51
VERBAL
CommonIndicators
Ideasthatarementionedmorethanonceinthe
passage.
Evenifthequestioncitesalinenumberforoneof
thereferences,theanswerchoicemightdrawon
thesameideamentionedelsewhere,oranother
partofthepassage.
HiddenReferences
52
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 80
CommonIndicators
Ifseveralviewpointsarepresentedinthepassage,
makenoteofeachpointandwhossayingit/why
itsbeingsaid.
Understandingofthesecounterexamplesorviews
areveryimportant!Theywillbeindicatedby
wordssuchasHoweverorIncontrast
Contrasting Views
53
VERBAL
Commonwhenthepassageisofscientificnature
Makeanoteofthedefinitionandexpecttobe
questionedaboutyourunderstandingofthe
definition
Definitions
CommonIndicators
54
VERBAL
Type
Global Local
BasicQuestionTypes
55
VERBAL
QuestionTypes
MainPoint/PrimaryPurpose
PassageOrganization
AuthorsPerspective/PassageTone
Global BroadQuestions
56
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 81
BroadQuestions
RepresentsCoreIdeas
Willaskaboutthebroadermeaningofthe
passage,andwhatitseekstoconvey.
MainPoint/Primary Purpose
57
VERBAL
Thiswillaskaboutthestructureofapassage
Forinstance,thestructuremightbesomething
likethis:
Introduction
Example
CounterExample
Passage Organization
BroadQuestions
58
VERBAL
BroadQuestions
Thesequestionsaskyoutoreflectonanauthors
perspective
Understandwhattheauthoristryingtosay,and
whereheorshestandswithrespecttotheviews
presented.
Istheauthoraggressive?Oristheauthordocile?
Whatisthetoneofthemessageconveyed?
AuthorsPerspective/ToneofPassage
59
VERBAL
QuestionTypes
SpecificReference
Function
StrengthenandWeaken
ParallelReasoningQuestion
Local SpecificQuestions(FourTypes)
60
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 82
LocalQuestions
Willrefertoaspecificlineorparagraphinthe
passageandaskforaquestionrelatingtothat.
Mightinvolvecrossreferencingwithother
relevantinformationpresentedelsewhereinthe
passage
SpecificReference
61
VERBAL
LocalQuestions
Questionsaboutwhatapieceofthepassage
eitheraparagraph,alineorevenawordistrying
toaccomplishwithrespecttothebroaderscope
ofthepassage
Trytoinfersomethingaboutthecontextandtone
ofthespecificreference,andaskyourself
Whatdoesthislinedo?
Function
62
VERBAL
LocalQuestions
SimilartoCriticalReasoningQuestionsofthe
sametype.
Therequiredanswerwilleitherhelporhurtthe
conclusiveviewpointpresentedbytheauthor,
i.e.themainpoint
Assumetheanswerchoicesgiventobetrue.
Strengthen/Weaken
63
VERBAL
LocalQuestions
Again,similartoCriticalReasoningQuestionofthe
sametype
Willasktoidentifyanaction,amonggivenactions,or
aviewpointthatmimicsthereasoningthatthe
authorfollows.
Identifyingthestructureofthepassageandthe
structureofalinewithinapassageasnecessary
wouldgreatlyhelp!
Parallel Reasoning
64
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 83
RCinaNutshell
Therightmentality:ThepassageWILLbe
intentionallyconfusing.Getusedtoit!
Awarenessofcontent:Thepassagesmightbe
fromhumanities,socialsciencesorsciences.
Dontgetboggeddownbyonekindorget
excitedaboutanother
ReadingPattern:GeneraltoSpecific
65
VERBAL
RCinaNutshell
Understandquestiontypes:GlobalorLocal
Prephrase:Framearoughanswerbeforeyou
pickanswerchoices!
ProcessofElimination:Dontkeepananswer
thatyouhavetomakeconnectionsfor.
66
VERBAL
SentenceCorrection
Contents
SubjectVerbAgreement
VerbTenseErrors
NounAgreement
Pronouns
Modifiers
Comparisons
Parallelism
68
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 84
DeconstructingSC
Step1:Readthequestionstemandthinkofpossibleerrorsinthe
sentence,subjectverbagreement,tensemismatchetc.
Step2:Readtheanswerchoiceandsplititintotwogroupsbasedon
overallstructure.
Step3:Oneofthegroupswillcontainanerror.Eliminatethegroup
andresplitthenextgroup.
Step4:Useprocessofeliminationtoruleoutwronganswerchoices.
Don'ttrytomakethemfit!
Step5:Makesuretheanswerchoicemakessense!
69
VERBAL
Grammar Thesentencehastoadheretotherules
ofgrammarfollowedbyStandardEnglish.
Meaning Thesentencehastohavearelevant
meaningandconveyitproperly
Concision Ifwhatisbeingsaidcanbesaidinfive
wordsinsteadoften,thentheformerispreferred
(Activevs.Passivevoice,forexample)
WhatsTested?
ThreeQuestionTypesYouWillSee
70
VERBAL
Spelling TheGMATwillnottestyouonyour
knowledgeofspellings
Punctuation Addingacommaoranapostrophe
andsimilarthingswillnotbetested.Semicolons,
however,aretested.
Capitalization TheGMATdoesnttestyouon
yourknowledgeofcapitalizationeither.
Andwhatsnot?
ThreeQuestionTypesYouWontSee
71
VERBAL
Thisdealswiththeissueofplurality.
Singularsubjectsmustusesingularverbs.For
example:Hewas eating.
PluralVerbsmustusepluralverbs.Forexample:
Theelephantswere walking.
ErrorsTested
SubjectVerbAgreement
72
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 85
Removetheadditionalinformationandreadthe
sentencewithoutthem.
BarelyseventeenandleadingtheFrencharmywearing
amansarmor,JoanofArc,anilliteratepeasantgirl
fromtheFrenchcountryside,brokethesevenmonth
oldseizeofOrleansinninedays.
Readingthesentencewithoutthatpartwehave:
BarelyseventeenandleadingtheFrencharmywearing
amansarmor,JoanofArc,brokethesevenmonthold
seizeofOrleansinninedays.
Trap1:
Phrasesbetweensubject andverb
73
VERBAL
Ifthereareexpletives,thencheckforsubjectverb
agreement,byrearrangingthesentence.
Somecommonexpletives:
There
Here
It
Or
Trap2: SubjectFollows Verb
74
VERBAL
Ifthereismorethanonenounortheusageofa
pronouninasentence,thenthesubjectverb
agreementMUSTbeconsistent!!
TwoExceptions:
Conjunctions(OR,NOR) AlwaysSINGULAR
UsageofEACHorEVERY AlwaysSINGULAR
Trap3: MultipleNounsorPronouns
75
VERBAL
Pronounslikeall,any,more,most,somebody,nobody
andsoon.
Pluralityisbasedonwhattheindefinitepronounis
referringto!(Thisistheantecedent)
Exceptions:
Each,Either,Neither,Every,Number Alwayssingular
irrespectiveofwhatfollows!
Example:Anumberofreasons Singular!Anumberof
cars Singular!
Trap4: Indefinite Pronouns
76
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 86
Tense
Past
Present
Future
Forms
Simple
Perfect
Progressive
PerfectProgressive
ErrorsTested
VerbTense
77
VERBAL
IncorrectVerbTense
ShiftinVerbTense
VerbVoice
VerbTense SubTypes
ErrorsTested
78
VERBAL
Thenumberofnounsmustbeconsistentwithwhat
theyarereferencing.
Incorrect: MattandDavebelievedthattheirhard
workintheirengineeringclasswillhelpthemrealize
theirdreamofbecomingagreatengineer.
Correct:MattandDavebelievedthattheirhardwork
intheirengineeringclasswillhelpthemrealizetheir
dreamofbecominggreatengineers.
ErrorsTested
Noun Agreement
79
VERBAL
PronounAntecedentDisagreement
IncorrectUseofRelativePronouns
AmbiguousandImpliedPronouns
UseofPronouns
ErrorsTested
80
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 87
ThepronounMUSTrefertoitsantecedent.
Thepronounantecedentrelationshipshouldbe
consistentthroughoutthesentence.
Incorrect: Eachofthewomenselectedforthe
scholarshipwereaskedtosubmitanapplication.
Correct: Eachofthewomenselectedforthe
scholarshipwasaskedtosubmitanapplication.
PronounErrorSubTypes
PronounAntecedentDisagreement
81
VERBAL
Thishappenswhenthereisadditionalinformation
betweenthepronounandantecedentmakingiteasy
tolosetrackoftherelationshipbetweenpronouns
andtheirantecedents.
Incorrect:Thelibrary,withitsmanybooksand
databases,requireaspecialmembership.
Correct: Thelibrary,withitsmanybooksand
databases,requiresaspecialmembership.
Distancebtw.pronoun&antecedent
Trap 1:
82
VERBAL
Theseareverygeneralpronouns many,few,
both,everyandsoon.
Incorrect:Manyofthestudentsweresurprisedto
learnthathisorherexamwasunfairlygraded.
Correct:Incorrect:Manyofthestudentswere
surprisedtolearnthattheirexamswasunfairly
graded.
Indefinite Pronouns
Trap 2:
83
VERBAL
AntecedentsthatSOUNDSpluralbutactualare
singularorviceversa.
Forexample,familyissingular,andpersonsis
singulartoo.Itmightbeagroupofpeopleina
family,butbeingacollectivenoun,itsstill
singular!
Trap 3:
Misleading Antecedents
84
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 88
Theyrelategroupsofwordstoanounorpronoun
which,whom,whomsoever,whereandwhy.
Twotrapsofincorrectusage:
IncorrectPronounChoiceforPeopleandThings
Differencebetweenwhoandwhom
PronounErrorSubTypes
Incorrectuseofrelativepronouns
85
VERBAL
WhoandWhomwillalwaysrelatetopeople.
Thedoctorthat performedthesurgerywashonored
shouldbewho
ThatandWhichwillalwaysrelatetothings,i.e.
inanimateobjects.
Themachinewho performedthesurgerywas
showcasedintheexhibit shouldbethat
Trap 1:
PronounChoice
86
VERBAL
Verysimpletrick!
Makethefollowingsubstitutions:
He Who
Him Whom
Thesubstitutionthatmakessensewillcorrespondwith
thecorrectwordinthatcontext.
Sometimesitmightbenecessarytorearrangethe
sentenceforittomakesense.
Trap 2:
Whovs.Whom?
87
VERBAL
Misplacementofadjectives(describesnouns
serene)andadverbs(describeverbs serenely)
Forexample:ThenewBMWmodelisdesignedto
drivefasterandmoreefficientthantheprevious
model.
Theusageofthewordefficientiswrongheresinceits
modifyingtheverb.Thecorrectwordusagewouldbe
efficiently
Modifiers
ErrorsTested
88
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 89
ErrorsinCountNouns(canbecounted trees,
bottles,billions).Quantifiersaremany,both,few,
several,acoupleandsoon.
ErrorsinNonCountNouns(cannotbecounted
water,liquid).Quantifiersaremuch,alittle,abit
andsoon.
Somemodifierslikeall,andsomecanbeusedfor
both.
Trap1:
89
Quantifiers
VERBAL
Misplacedmodifiersaremodifiersthatareplacedin
thewrongpositiononasentence.
Incorrect:Shortonmoney,thecarwasthebestoneTanya
couldfind.
Correct:Shortonmoney,Tanyaknewthatthecarwasthe
bestoneshecouldfind.
DanglingModifiersarethosewherethereferentis
completelyabsent.
Incorrect: Walkingtotheuniversity,thecathadtostop.
Correct:Walkingtotheuniversity,hehadtostopbecause
ofhiscat.
Trap2:
90
Placement
VERBAL
Misplacedmodifierswithrelativeclauses(like
thatorwhich)
Incorrect:Accordingtothereport,bicycleswillbe
confiscatedthathavenotbeenregisteredwiththe
university.
Correct:Accordingtothereport,bicyclesthathave
notbeenregisteredwiththeuniversitywillbe
confiscated.
Trap2:
91
Placement
VERBAL
Incorrectuseofcomparativedegree
IllogicalComparisons
Comparisons
ErrorsTested
92
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 90
Whentherearetwoobjectsbeingcompared,youhave
touseacomparativeword.Whenmorethantwo
objectsarecompared,youhavetouseasuperlative
word.
Incorrect:Thoughthereportersfeltthatinjuryplayedapart
inTennesseeslosstoMinnesota,Tennesseescoachsaid
thatMinnesotahadthebest teamthatnight.
Correct:Thoughthereportersfeltthatinjuryplayedapart
inTennesseeslosstoMinnesota,Tennesseescoachsaid
thatMinnesotahadthebetterteamthatnight.
ComparisonSubType
Degree ofComparison
93
VERBAL
Onlysimilarobjectscanbecompared.Youcannot
compareahumantoadog.
Incorrect: ThoughtherecentLaysfoodpoisoning
incidenthascausedsomebuyerstoquestionitsquality,
theLayschipsaresoldmoreoftenthananyotherfood
company.
Correct: ThoughtherecentLaysfoodpoisoningincident
hascausedsomebuyerstoquestionitsquality,theLays
chipsaresoldmoreoftenthanthoseproducedbyany
otherfoodcompany.
ComparisonSubType
Illogical Comparison
94
VERBAL
ParallelVerbsandVerbFormErrors
ParallelNounErrors
ParallelPrepositionsandArticles
ParallelConjunctions
ParallelComparisons
Parallelism
ErrorsTested
95
VERBAL
Nounsarenaturallyparallel.Butwhentheyarein
theformwithaningattheend(gerunds),theyare
confusedforverbs.
Incorrect: Thecommonsymptomsofthestomachflu
areindigestion,vomitinganddrinkinglesswaterthan
usual.
Correct: Thecommonsymptomsofthestomachflue
areindigestion,vomitinganddecreasedwaterintake.
ParallelismSubType
VerbErrors
96
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 91
Whenasentencehastwoormoresimilarparts
linkedbyaconjunction,eachparthastobeofthe
sameverbform.
Incorrect: Thenewexampatternrequiresstudentsto
entertheirstudentIDsandsigningtheirnamesonthe
roster.
Correct: Thenewexampatternrequiresstudentsto
entertheirstudentIDsandsigntheirnamesonthe
roster.
NounErrors
ParallelismSubType
97
VERBAL
Aprepositionandanarticlemusteitherbeusedby
allpartsofasentenceorbyjustthefirstpart.
Incorrect: Bydoingeachassignment,turningin
homeworksontimeandby attendingalltheclasses,
onemightbeabletoobtainthehighestgradeinthe
class.
Correct: Bydoingeachassignment,turningin
homeworksontime,andattendingalltheclasses,one
mightbeabletoobtainthehighestgradeintheclass.
Prepositional/Article Errors
ParallelismSubType
98
VERBAL
Theconjunctionsusedmustbeparallelinstructure.
Someexamples:
Incorrect: Therestaurantnotonlyhiredanewchef,butit
also expandeditsseatingcapacity.
Correct: Therestaurantnotonlyhiredanewchef,butalso
expandeditsseatingcapacity.
ParallelConjunctions
Neither nor Eitheror
Notonly butalso Bothand
Whether or Asas
ParallelismSubType
99
VERBAL
ParallelComparisons
Whencomparisons areleftunparallel,thatcan
amount toanerroraswell.
Incorrect: In thebook,theauthormentionsthathe
foundeditingpicturesmuchmorearduousand
difficultthanwhenhehadtotaketheactualpictures.
Correct: Inthebook,theauthormentionsthathe
foundeditingpictures muchmorearduousand
difficultthantakingpictures.
ParallelismSubType
100
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 92
Usageoffragmentsordependentclauseson
eithersideofasemicolon
Incorrect:Theguineapigisnotatruepig;rather,a
rodentthatbelongstotheCaviidae family.
Correct: Theguineapigisnotatruepig,butrathera
rodentthatbelongstotheCaviidae family.
Correct: Theguineapigisnotatruepig;itsarodent
thatbelongstotheCaviidae family.
SemiColons
ErrorsTested
101
VERBAL
TheGMATwillpreferusageofthemostconcise
sentencespossible.
Incorrect: Hedecidedtonotpurchasethecarduetothe
factthat itwastooexpensive.
Correct: Hedecidedtonotpurchasethecarbecauseit
wastooexpensive.
Incorrect: Inadditiontoplayingtheguitar,Robalso plays
theviola.
Correct: Inadditiontoplayingtheguitar,Robplaysthe
viola.
WordinessandRedundancy
ErrorsTested
102
VERBAL
Very,verycommonerrortested.
Aphrasethatiscommonlyacceptedascorrect
eventhoughitsgrammaticallyinconsistent
Anidiomerrorwillmisrepresenttheidiom.
Idiomsareprovidedwithrightandwrongusage
inthecardsthatfollow.
Idioms
ErrorsTested
103
VERBAL
Amongvs.Between
Among:
Used when more than two items are in question.
Example: He was the best among three candidates.
Between:
Used when two items are in question
Example: He was the best between the two of them.
ErrorsTestedIdiomRules
104
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 93
Bothvs.Each
Both:
Used to point out similarities.
Example: Both of them were good at swimming.
Each:
Used to point out differences/dissimilarities. (Always
singular)
Example: Each girl had her own niche.
105
VERBAL
Twicevs.Double
Twice:
Twice/Thrice etc. are used for comparison
Example: The Toyota was twice as fast as the Honda.
Double:
Used as a verb only.
Example: He more than doubled his wealth by
investing in stocks.
106
VERBAL
EachOthervs.OneAnother
Each Other:
Used to compare two things.
Example: They loved each other dearly.
One another:
Used to compare more than two things.
Example: The three brothers loved one another dearly.
107
VERBAL
Ifvs.Whether
If:
Primarily used only in If else sentences.
Example: If this is true, the market will collapse. Else, it will
be okay tomorrow.
Whether:
Used more frequently as a comparison.
Example: Whether or not he chooses to accept the prize is
up to him.
108
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 94
Likevs.SuchAs
Like:
Used when indicating similarities between things.
Example: Like John, Amy was a violinist too.
Such as:
Used to list examples.
Example: There are different kinds of tigers such as the
Bengal Tigers, white tigers and so on.
109
VERBAL
AbilityTo
Correct:Dolphinshavetheabilitytoemitlowfrequency
whistles
Incorrect:Dolphinshavetheabilityofemittinglow
frequencywhistles.
Actas/like
Correct:Asignaturecanattackaslegalattestation.
Incorrect:Asignaturecanattacklikealegalattestation.
Correct:Hewasactinglikeachild.
Incorrect:Hewasactingasachild.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
110
VERBAL
Agreeupon/to
Correct: Weagreeduponthedateofthemeeting
Incorrect:Weagreedtothedateofthemeeting.
Correct:Weagreedtoshareourroom.
Incorrect:Weagreeduponsharingourroom.
Allowfor
Correct: Onemustalwaysallowforamarginoferror
whilecalculatingaxialloads.
Incorrect:Onemustalwaysallowtohaveamarginof
errorwhilecalculatingaxialloads.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
111
VERBAL
Appealto
Correct:Iappealedtohissenseofjustice.
Incorrect:Iappealedforhissenseofjustice.
Areindangerof
Correct:Thegiantpandabearsareindangerof
extinction.
Incorrect:Thegiantpandabearshaveadangerof
dyingfromdeforestation.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
112
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 95
Asanadolescent
Correct: Asanadolescent,hesufferedfromattention
disorder
Incorrect:Whileinadolescence,hesufferedfrom
attentiondisorder.
Asgoodas
Correct:Itsasgoodasnew.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
113
VERBAL
Associatewith
Correct:Iassociatespringwithflowers.
Incorrect:IalwaysassociatewatertoNiagarafalls.
Attendto
Correct:Ihavetoattendtosomeduties
Incorrect:Ihavetoattendforsomeduties.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
114
VERBAL
Attributeto
Correct:Iattributemysuccesstohardwork.
Incorrect:Iattributemysuccesswithhardwork.
Baseon
Correct:Thedecisionwasmadebasedonmultiple
criteria.
Incorrect:Thedecisionwasmadebasedofmultiple
criteria.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
115
VERBAL
Begintoseedaylight
Correct:Afterworkingontheprojectallnight,Iam
finallybeginningtoseedaylight.
Incorrect:Afterworkingontheprojectallnight,Iam
finallybeginningtoviewthedaylight.
Between<>and<>
Correct:Ihadtochoosebetweenchocolatesand
cakes.
Incorrect:Ihadtochoosebetweenchocolateswith
cakes.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
116
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 96
Carefor/about
Correct:Idontcaremuchforsweets
Correct:Icareaboutheralot.
Claimto/Claimthat
Correct:Ineverclaimedtopossessremarkablesinging
talent.
Incorrect:Ineverclaimedthatpossessremarkable
singingtalent.
Correct:IneverclaimedthatIpossessedremarkable
talent.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
117
VERBAL
Cometoadeadend
Correct:Hecametoadeadendafterresearchingtopics.
Incorrect: Hecamebyadeadendafterresearchingtopics.
Compareto/with
Correct:Inevercomparedmyselftoher.
Incorrect:Inevercomparedmyselfforher.
Correct:Letscomparetheprosofthesituationwiththe
cons.
Incorrect:Letscomparetheprosofthesituationforthe
cons.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
118
VERBAL
Consider(as)
Correct:Idontconsiderhimaseriouscontender
Incorrect:Idontconsiderhimwithaserious
contender
Conformto
Correct:Youmustconformtothestandards
Incorrect:Youmustconformwiththestandards
ErrorsTestedIdioms
119
VERBAL
Contrastto/with
Correct:Incontrasttothepreviousreport,thisoneisbetter
Incorrect:Incontrastwiththepreviousreport,thisoneis
better.
Correct:Theredbackgroundcontrastsnicelywiththeblue
flowers
Incorrect:Theredbackgroundcontrastsnicelytotheblue
flowers.
Counton
Correct:IknewthatIcouldcountonyou.
Incorrect:IknewthatIcouldcountforyou.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
120
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 97
Creditfor/to/with
Correct:Youshouldtakecreditforwhatyoudid.
Incorrect:Youshouldtakecredittowhatyoudid.
Correct:Icreditmysuccesstomyhardwork.
Incorrect:Icreditmysuccessformyhardwork.
Correct:Heiscreditedwiththediscoveryofpenicillin.
Incorrect:Heiscreditedfor/tothediscoveryofpenicillin.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
121
VERBAL
Debateabout
Correct:Therewasaragingdebateaboutstandards.
Incorrect:Therewasaragingdebateforstandards.
Decideon
Correct:Iamyettodecideonacolorforthewall.
Incorrect:Iamyettodecideaboutacolorforthe
wall.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
122
VERBAL
Declared<>
Correct:Theteacherdeclaredallexamsworthy.
Incorrect:Theteacherdeclaredallexamsasworthy.
Defineas
Correct:Lightisdefinedasradiation.
Incorrect:Lightisdefinedforradiation.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
123
VERBAL
Delightedto
Correct:Iamdelightedtoacceptthisprize.
Incorrect:Iamdelightedforacceptingthisprize.
Differentfrom
Correct:Thissandwichisdifferentfromtheothers.
Incorrect:Thissandwichisdifferentwiththeothers.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
124
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 98
Distinguishbetween/from
Correct:Ihadtodistinguishbetweengoodandbad.
Incorrect:Ihadtodistinguishfromgoodandbad.
Correct:Ihadtodistinguishgoodfrombad.
Incorrect:Ihadtodistinguishgoodwithbad.
Drawaline
Correct:Wehadtodrawalinesomewhere.
Incorrect:Wehadtodrawthelinebefore.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
125
VERBAL
Drawattentionto
Correct:Ihatetodrawattentiontothefactthatthe
qualityoffoodhasgonedown.
Incorrect:Ihatetodrawattentionforthefactthatthe
qualityoffoodhasgonedown.
Drawupon
Correct:Wehadtodrawuponthereservestokeepthe
carrunning.
Incorrect:Wehadtodrawonthereservestokeepthe
carrunning.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
126
VERBAL
Drawto
Correct:Hewasdrawntoherfromthemomenthe
mether.
Incorrect:Hewasdrawnforherfromthemomenthe
mether.
Easiersaidthandone
Correct:Itsalwayseasiersaidthandone.
Incorrect:Itsalwayseasiersaidthantobedone.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
127
VERBAL
Electas/to
Correct:Hewaselectedtooffice.
Incorrect:Hewaselectedtoofficer.
Correct:Hewaselectedasanofficer.
Incorrect:Hewaselectedasoffice.
Easiersaidthandone
Correct:Itsalwayseasiersaidthandone.
Incorrect:Itsalwayseasiersaidthantobedone.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
128
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 99
Indicatethat
Correct:Studiesindicatethatstressisacommoncause
ofheartattacks.
Incorrect:Studiesindicateaboutstressbeingacommon
causeofheartattacks.
Inorderto
Correct:Shebeganstudyinginordertogetagoodgrade
intheclass.
Incorrect:Shebeganstudyinginorderthatshegota
goodgradeintheclass.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
129
VERBAL
Justas<>,so<>
Correct:JustasTyrawasconsideredforthescholarship,so
wasMia.
Incorrect:JustasTyrawasconsideredforthescholarship,
Miaasalsoconsidered.
Knownto
Correct:Evenasastudent,Rickwasknowntodothings
differently.
Incorrect:Evenasastudent,Rickwasknownaswantingto
dothingsdifferently.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
130
VERBAL
Left,rightandcenter
Correct:Shewasshootingemailstopeopleleft,rightand
center.
Incorrect:Shewas,leftrightandcenter,sendingemails.
Knownto
Correct:Evenasastudent,Rickwasknowntodothings
differently.
Incorrect:Evenasastudent,Rickwasknownaswantingto
dothingsdifferently.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
131
VERBAL
Ameansto
Correct:Sheonlyvieweditasameanstotheend.
Incorrect:Forsomepeople,moneyisconsidereda
meansfor/ofanend.
Mistakenfor
Correct:Thetwinswereoftenmistakenforone
another.
Incorrect:Thetwinswereoftenmistakenasone
another.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
132
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 100
Morethanever
Correct:IregretnotgoingtoEurope,nowmorethanever.
Incorrect:IregretnotgoingtoEurope,nowmorethan
never.
Nativeof/to
Correct:SheisanativeofVienna.
Incorrect:SheisanativetoVienna.
Correct:TheBengalTigerisnativetoIndia.
Incorrect:TheBengalTigerisnativeofIndia.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
133
VERBAL
Prohibitfrom
Correct:Onlywhenweprohibitpeoplefrombuyingdrinks
forminors,willwereducetheproblemofunderage
drinking.
Incorrect:Onlywhenweprohibitpeopletobuydrinksfor
minors,willwereducetheproblemofunderagedrinking.
Rangefrom
Correct:Thequalityoftheseproductsrangefromgoodto
excellent.
Incorrect:Thequalityoftheseproductsrangebetween
goodtoexcellent.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
134
VERBAL
Reluctantto
Correct:Shewasreluctanttotakeonsuchahugetask.
Incorrect:Shewasreluctantabouttakingonsucha
hugetask.
Requireof
Correct:Itisrequiredofallcandidatestoreporthere
daily.
Incorrect:Itisrequiredfromallcandidatestoreport
heredaily.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
135
VERBAL
Seemto
Correct:Heseemedtobehidingsomethinginhispocket.
Incorrect:Heseemedashewashidingsomethinginhis
pocket.
Takeadvantageof
Correct:Hetookadvantageofalltheopportunitieshehad.
Incorrect:Hetookadvantageforalltheopportunitieshe
had.
ErrorsTestedIdioms
136
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 101
Idioms
Whichsentenceisidiomaticallycorrect?
A. WillFerrell'scameoscenesaresofunnyas
anythinghe'severdone.
B. WillFerrell'scameoscenesareasfunnythat
C. WillFerrell'scameoscenesareasfunnyas
137
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. WillFerrell'scameoscenesaresofunnyas
B. WillFerrell'scameoscenesareasfunnythat
C. WillFerrell'scameoscenesareasfunnyas
138
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Themarkethasconfidencethat thefirmwilladd
back leveragetoincreaseprofits.
B. Themarkethasconfidencein thefirm'sabilityto
addback leveragetoincreaseprofits.
C. Themarkethasconfidencein thefirmtoadd
139
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Themarkethasconfidencethat thefirmwilladd
B. Themarkethasconfidencein thefirm'sabilityto
addback leveragetoincreaseprofits.
C. Themarkethasconfidencein thefirmtoadd
140
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 102
Idioms
A. Whatthesescorestellusisthatrigorislackingin
someschools.
B. Whatthesescorestellusisthatsomeschools
lackof rigor.
C. Whatthesescorestellusisthatthere'salackof
rigorinsomeschools.
141
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Whatthesescorestellusisthatrigorislackingin
someschools.
B. Whatthesescorestellusisthatsomeschools
lackof rigor.
C. Whatthesescorestellusisthatthere'salackof
rigorinsomeschools.
142
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Thecityindustrialistshavedemanded thestate
governmenttomeet thepromisesmadebychief
ministerAshokChavan.
B. Thecityindustrialistshavedemandedthat the
stategovernmentmeet thepromisesmadeby
chiefministerAshokChavan.
C. Thecityindustrialistshavedemandedthat the
stategovernmentmet thepromisesmadeby
143
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Thecityindustrialistshavedemanded thestate
governmenttomeet thepromisesmadebychief
ministerAshokChavan.
B. Thecityindustrialistshavedemandedthat the
stategovernmentmeet thepromisesmadeby
C. Thecityindustrialistshavedemandedthat the
stategovernmentmet thepromisesmadeby
144
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 103
Idioms
A. Tensionshaveflaredinsomepartsofthecountry
between blackswith Hispanics.
B. Tensionshaveflaredinsomepartsofthecountry
between blacksand Hispanics.
C. Tensionshaveflaredinsomepartsofthecountry
among blacksand Hispanics.
145
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Tensionshaveflaredinsomepartsofthecountry
between blackswith Hispanics.
B. Tensionshaveflaredinsomepartsofthecountry
between blacksand Hispanics.
C. Tensionshaveflaredinsomepartsofthecountry
among blacksand Hispanics.
146
VERBAL
Idioms
A. TheproblemisDisney'sabilitytotake controlof
someofthebestknowncharactersquicklyisvery
limited.
B. TheproblemisDisney'sabilityoftaking control
ofsomeofthebestknowncharactersquicklyis
verylimited.
C. TheproblemisDisney'sabilityfortaking control
verylimited.
147
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. TheproblemisDisney'sabilitytotake controlof
someofthebestknowncharactersquicklyisvery
limited.
B. TheproblemisDisney'sabilityoftaking control
verylimited.
C. TheproblemisDisney'sabilityfortaking control
verylimited.
148
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 104
Idioms
A. Areadingabove50percentindicates the
manufacturingeconomytobe generally
expanding.
B. Areadingabove50percentindicatesthat the
manufacturingeconomyis generallyexpanding.
C. Areadingabove50percentindicates the
149
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Areadingabove50percentindicates the
manufacturingeconomytobe generally
expanding.
B. Areadingabove50percentindicatesthat the
C. Areadingabove50percentindicates the
150
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Incontrastto thefirsttwooptionscentralizing
decisionmaking,aCapandTradesystemwillnot.
B. Ascontrastedwith thefirsttwooptions,aCap
andTradesystemwilldecentralize decision
making.
C. Incontrastto thefirsttwooptions,aCapand
Tradesystemwilldecentralize decisionmaking.
151
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Incontrastto thefirsttwooptionscentralizing
decisionmaking,aCapandTradesystemwillnot.
B. Ascontrastedwith thefirsttwooptions,aCap
andTradesystemwilldecentralize decision
making.
C. Incontrastto thefirsttwooptions,aCapand
Tradesystemwilldecentralize decisionmaking.
152
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 105
Idioms
A. Thisreporthasbeenissuedbytheassociation
since1931,excepting afouryearinterruption
duringWorldWarII.
B. Thisreporthasbeenissuedbytheassociation
since1931,exceptfor afouryearinterruption
duringWorldWarII.
C. Thisreporthasbeenissuedbytheassociation
since1931,withtheexceptionof afouryear
interruptionduringWorldWarII.
153
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Thisreporthasbeenissuedbytheassociation
since1931,excepting afouryearinterruption
duringWorldWarII.
B. Thisreporthasbeenissuedbytheassociation
since1931,exceptfor afouryearinterruption
duringWorldWarII.
C. Thisreporthasbeenissuedbytheassociation
since1931,withtheexceptionof afouryear
interruptionduringWorldWarII.
154
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Itsgrossmarginrosefrom 22%upto 25%,butits
operatingmarginfellfrom 7%downto 4%.
B. Itsgrossmarginrosefrom 22%to 25%,butits
operatingmarginfellfrom 7%to 4%.
C. Itsgrossmarginrosefrom 22%until 25%,butits
operatingmarginfellfrom 7%till 4%.
155
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Itsgrossmarginrosefrom 22%upto 25%,butits
operatingmarginfellfrom 7%downto 4%.
B. Itsgrossmarginrosefrom 22%to 25%,butits
operatingmarginfellfrom 7%to 4%.
C. Itsgrossmarginrosefrom 22%until 25%,butits
operatingmarginfellfrom 7%till 4%.
156
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 106
Idioms
A. "Ibelievethatwealthisameansfor anend,not
anendinitself".
B. "Ibelievethatwealthisameansof anend,not
anendinitself".
C. "Ibelievethatwealthisameansto anend,not
anendinitself".
157
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. "Ibelievethatwealthisameansfor anend,not
anendinitself".
B. "Ibelievethatwealthisameansof anend,not
anendinitself".
C. "Ibelievethatwealthisameansto anend,not
anendinitself".
158
VERBAL
Idioms
A. TheancientChineseTaoistsdistinguished
intercourseand orgasm.
B. TheancientChineseTaoistsdistinguished
intercoursefrom orgasm.
C. TheancientChineseTaoistsdistinguished
between intercourseand orgasm.
159
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. TheancientChineseTaoistsdistinguished
intercourseand orgasm.
B. TheancientChineseTaoistsdistinguished
intercoursefrom orgasm.
C. TheancientChineseTaoistsdistinguished
between intercourseand orgasm.
160
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 107
Idioms
A. Itwouldhavebeeneasyenoughfor hertobuy a
ranchstylehousethatshecouldeasilyandlogically
decoratewithScandinavianstylefurniture.
B. Itwouldhavebeeneasyenoughsothat shebought
aranchstylehousethatshecouldeasilyandlogically
C. Itwouldhavebeeneasyenoughastobuy aranch
stylehousethatshecouldeasilyandlogically
161
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Itwouldhavebeeneasyenoughfor hertobuy a
ranchstylehousethatshecouldeasilyandlogically
B. Itwouldhavebeeneasyenoughsothat shebought
aranchstylehousethatshecouldeasilyandlogically
C. Itwouldhavebeeneasyenoughastobuy aranch
stylehousethatshecouldeasilyandlogically
162
VERBAL
Idioms
A. iPhoneusersdownloadtwotofourtimesas
manymore games,video,andotherWebdata
than othersmartphoneusers.
B. iPhoneusersdownloadtwotofourtimesas
manymore games,video,andotherWebdataas
othersmartphoneusers.
C. iPhoneusersdownloadtwotofourtimesas
many games,video,andotherWebdataas other
smartphoneusers.
163
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. iPhoneusersdownloadtwotofourtimesas
manymore games,video,andotherWebdata
than othersmartphoneusers.
B. iPhoneusersdownloadtwotofourtimesas
manymore games,video,andotherWebdataas
othersmartphoneusers.
C. iPhoneusersdownloadtwotofourtimesas
many games,video,andotherWebdataas other
smartphoneusers.
164
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 108
Idioms
A. Wehaveonechanceinamillionof winningthe
WorldCup.
B. Wehaveoneinamillionchancesto winthe
WorldCup.
C. Wehaveonechanceinamillionfor winningthe
WorldCup.
165
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Wehaveonechanceinamillionof winningthe
WorldCup.
B. Wehaveoneinamillionchancesto winthe
WorldCup.
C. Wehaveonechanceinamillionfor winningthe
WorldCup.
166
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Oureconomicwellbeingisgenerallydetermined
from theamountofgoodsandservicesthatwe
consume.
B. Oureconomicwellbeingisgenerallydetermined
by theamountofgoodsandservicesthatwe
consume.
C. Oureconomicwellbeingisgenerallydetermined
through theamountofgoodsandservicesthat
weconsume.
167
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Oureconomicwellbeingisgenerallydetermined
from theamountofgoodsandservicesthatwe
consume.
B. Oureconomicwellbeingisgenerallydetermined
by theamountofgoodsandservicesthatwe
consume.
C. Oureconomicwellbeingisgenerallydetermined
through theamountofgoodsandservicesthat
weconsume.
168
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 109
Idioms
A. Sheiscreditedfor solvingnumerouscases.
B. Sheiscreditedwith solvingnumerouscases.
C. Sheiscreditedasbeing agreatdetective.
169
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Sheiscreditedfor solvingnumerouscases.
B. Sheiscreditedwith solvingnumerouscases.
C. Sheiscreditedasbeing agreatdetective.
170
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Whyhasn'tCongressmandatedthat thetotal
premiumcostbe shownaswagesoneverypay
stubbutnottaxed?
B. Whyhasn'tCongressamandatefor thetotal
premiumcosttobe shownaswagesoneverypay
stubbutnottaxed?
C. Whyhasn'tCongressmandatedthat thetotal
premiumcostare shownaswagesoneverypay
stubbutnottaxed?
171
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Whyhasn'tCongressmandatedthat thetotal
premiumcostbe shownaswagesoneverypay
stubbutnottaxed?
B. Whyhasn'tCongressamandatefor thetotal
premiumcosttobe shownaswagesoneverypay
stubbutnottaxed?
C. Whyhasn'tCongressmandatedthat thetotal
premiumcostare shownaswagesoneverypay
stubbutnottaxed?
172
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 110
Idioms
A. A13yearoldgirlwasmistakenlyabductedinMarch
2008bytraffickerswhowerebelievedtohave
mistaken heras thenieceofasuspecteddrugdealer.
B. A13yearoldgirlwasmistakenlyabductedinMarch
mistaken herfor thenieceofasuspecteddrug
dealer.
C. A13yearoldgirlwasmistakenlyabductedinMarch
mistaken herto thenieceofasuspecteddrugdealer.
173
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. A13yearoldgirlwasmistakenlyabductedinMarch
mistaken heras thenieceofasuspecteddrugdealer.
B. A13yearoldgirlwasmistakenlyabductedinMarch
mistaken herfor thenieceofasuspecteddrug
dealer.
C. A13yearoldgirlwasmistakenlyabductedinMarch
mistaken herto thenieceofasuspecteddrugdealer.
174
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Butbothconsider theproblemsas necessary
inconveniencestofeaturetheirconferencesand
programs.
B. Butbothconsider theproblemstobe necessary
programs.
C. Butbothconsider theproblemsnecessary
programs.
175
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Butbothconsider theproblemsas necessary
programs.
B. Butbothconsider theproblemstobe necessary
programs.
C. Butbothconsider theproblemsnecessary
programs.
176
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 111
Idioms
A. Thedrugmakerproposed thelitigationbe
centralizedintheUSDistrictCourtforthe
NorthernDistrictofOhio.
B. Thedrugmakerproposedthat thelitigationisto
be centralizedintheUSDistrictCourtforthe
C. Thedrugmakerproposedthat thelitigationbe
177
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Thedrugmakerproposed thelitigationbe
B. Thedrugmakerproposedthat thelitigationisto
be centralizedintheUSDistrictCourtforthe
C. Thedrugmakerproposedthat thelitigationbe
178
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Theastronautswouldprobablybestusetheir
remainingtimelivingandworkingonMars
insteadof dyingathome.
B. Theastronautswouldprobablybestusetheir
remainingtimelivingandworkingonMarsrather
dyingathome.
C. Theastronautswouldprobablybestusetheir
than dyingathome.
179
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Theastronautswouldprobablybestusetheir
remainingtimelivingandworkingonMars
insteadof dyingathome.
B. Theastronautswouldprobablybestusetheir
dyingathome.
C. Theastronautswouldprobablybestusetheir
than dyingathome.
180
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 112
Idioms
A. Thecompanyrequires himhold stockvaluedat
$4.4million,fourtimeshisannualbasesalaryof
$1.1million.
B. Thecompanyrequires himtohold stockvalued
at$4.4million,fourtimeshisannualbasesalary
of$1.1million.
C. Thecompanyrequires himholding stockvalued
of$1.1million.
181
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Thecompanyrequires himhold stockvaluedat
$4.4million,fourtimeshisannualbasesalaryof
$1.1million.
B. Thecompanyrequires himtohold stockvalued
of$1.1million.
C. Thecompanyrequires himholding stockvalued
of$1.1million.
182
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Cubanpovertyisaresultof theAmericantrade
embargo.
B. Theresultof theAmericanembargowas Cuba
impoverished.
C. Resultingfrom theAmericanembargo,Cuba
impoverished.
183
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Cubanpovertyisaresultof theAmericantrade
embargo.
B. Theresultof theAmericanembargowas Cuba
impoverished.
C. Resultingfrom theAmericanembargo,Cuba
impoverished.
184
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 113
Idioms
A. Arisingof electricitypricesfuelledthe18percent
yearonyearjumpinthecompany'srevenuesto
3.6billionzlotys.
B. Arisein electricitypricesfuelledthe18percent
3.6billionzlotys.
C. Araisein electricitypricesfuelledthe18percent
3.6billionzlotys.
185
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Arisingof electricitypricesfuelledthe18percent
3.6billionzlotys.
B. Arisein electricitypricesfuelledthe18percent
3.6billionzlotys.
C. Araisein electricitypricesfuelledthe18percent
3.6billionzlotys.
186
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Itseemslike thecompanyis slowlyrunningout
ofnewfeaturestoadd.
B. Thecompanyseemsasifitis slowlyrunningout
ofnewfeaturestoadd.
C. Itseemsasif thecompanyis slowlyrunningout
ofnewfeaturestoadd.
187
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Itseemslike thecompanyis slowlyrunningout
ofnewfeaturestoadd.
B. Thecompanyseemsasifitis slowlyrunningout
ofnewfeaturestoadd.
C. Itseemsasif thecompanyis slowlyrunningout
ofnewfeaturestoadd.
188
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 114
Idioms
A. Sweetpotatoesarenativein CentralAmericaand
Peru.
B. Sweetpotatoesarenativefrom CentralAmerica
andPeru.
C. Sweetpotatoesarenativeto CentralAmericaand
Peru.
189
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Sweetpotatoesarenativein CentralAmericaand
Peru.
B. Sweetpotatoesarenativefrom CentralAmerica
andPeru.
C. Sweetpotatoesarenativeto CentralAmericaand
Peru.
190
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Everyproduct usesimilar recycledpapers,
cardboardandothermaterials,inadditionto
leadfreepaints,nontoxicgluesandinks.
B. Allproducts usesimilar recycledpapers,
C. Eachproduct usesimilar recycledpapers,
191
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Everyproduct usesimilar recycledpapers,
B. Allproducts usesimilar recycledpapers,
C. Eachproduct usesimilar recycledpapers,
192
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 115
Idioms
A. Theleadinfrom'DancingWiththeStars'willbe
high,andsotoo theexpectations.
B. Theleadinfrom'DancingWiththeStars'willbe
high,andalso theexpectations.
C. Theleadinfrom'DancingWiththeStars'willbe
high,andsotoowillbe theexpectations.
193
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Theleadinfrom'DancingWiththeStars'willbe
high,andsotoo theexpectations.
B. Theleadinfrom'DancingWiththeStars'willbe
high,andalso theexpectations.
C. Theleadinfrom'DancingWiththeStars'willbe
high,andsotoowillbe theexpectations.
194
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Theaveragepricehasrisenatleast1centper
gallonperdayforeightconsecutivedaysto
$2.952,10centsasmuchas aweekago.
B. Theaveragepricehasrisenatleast1centper
$2.952,10centsmorethan thatofaweekago.
C. Theaveragepricehasrisenatleast1centper
$2.952,10centsmorefrom aweekago.
195
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Theaveragepricehasrisenatleast1centper
$2.952,10centsasmuchas aweekago.
B. Theaveragepricehasrisenatleast1centper
$2.952,10centsmorethan thatofaweekago.
C. Theaveragepricehasrisenatleast1centper
$2.952,10centsmorefrom aweekago.
196
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 116
Idioms
A. SponsorsincreasinglyusetheInternetlikea
directmediachanneltocustomers.
B. SponsorsincreasinglyusetheInternettobea
C. SponsorsincreasinglyusetheInternetasa direct
mediachanneltocustomers.
197
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. SponsorsincreasinglyusetheInternetlikea
B. SponsorsincreasinglyusetheInternettobea
C. SponsorsincreasinglyusetheInternetasa direct
mediachanneltocustomers.
198
VERBAL
Idioms
A. Hazhadawayofspeaking thatwaslesslike
givinginformationandmorelikewarningsand
omens.
B. Hazhadawayforspeaking thatwaslesslike
omens.
C. Hazhadawaytospeak thatwaslesslikegiving
informationandmorelikewarningsandomens.
199
VERBAL
Idioms
Correctanswer:
A. Hazhadawayofspeaking thatwaslesslike
omens.
B. Hazhadawayforspeaking thatwaslesslike
omens.
C. Hazhadawaytospeak thatwaslesslikegiving
informationandmorelikewarningsandomens.
200
VERBAL
GMAT Club 2011 117
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GMAT Club 2011 118
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