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Problem 2. Give an equation relating the performance measure MIPS, IPC, and the cycle time c. If from one generation of processors to the next c decreases by 50%, how should the value of IPC change so that MIPS is doubled? In view of the results of Exercises 3 and 4, do you think this is possible? Problem 3. Machine M runs at 3 GHz. When running program P, its CPI =1.5. a. How many instructions will be executed during 1 second while running program P? b. While running program P, the mouse has to be polled 30 times per second. The polling routine requires executing 200 instructions with a CPI of 2. What is the overhead, that is, the fraction of time used in polling the mouse? Is it signicant ?

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Problem 5. A processor M-5 has a ve-stage pipeline and a clock cycle time of 10 ns. A newer implementation of the same instruction set in a processor M-7 uses a seven-stage pipeline and a cycle time of 7.5 ns. a. Dene the maximum throughput of a pipeline. Which of M-5 and M-7 has better maximum throughput? b. Consider now a loop of ve instructions (four arithmetic instructions and a branch to the beginning of the loop). There is a dependency between two consecutive arithmetic instructions in the loop. This dependency induces a 1 cycle stall in M-5 and a 2 cycle stall in M-7. The branch induces a 2 cycle stall on M-5 and a 4 cycle stall on M-7. Which processor executes the loop faster in steady state (i.e., you dont have to consider the time it takes to start up the pipeline in the rst iteration and/or drain it in the last iteration)? c. Assume now that the loop is unrolled once, that is, instead of n iterations of four instructions and a branch, we have now n/2 iterations of eight instructions and a branch. Instead of one data dependency per loop, we now have two data dependencies per unrolled loop. Which processor executes the unrolled loop faster? Problem 6. Construct an example whereby two systems have the same MIPS rating but one of them has an execution time of CPU (EXCPU) smaller than the other one. Problem 7. Illustrate Amdahls law in terms of speedup vs. sequential portion of program by showing the speedup for N = 8 processors when the sequential portion of the program grows from 1% to 25%. Problem 8. With sequential execution occurring 15% of the time: a. What is the maximum speedup with an innite number of processors? b. How many processors are required to be within 20% of the maximum speedup? c. How many processors are required to be within 2% of the maximum speedup? Problem 9. For each of themetrics specied, indicate which of the (weighted) arithmetic, harmonic, or geometric mean you would use: a. An experiment where you have run the SPEC CPU2006 integer benchmark on your laptop and noted the execution times of each program in the suite. b. Same experiment as in (a), but now you also run the suite on a computer in your lab at the University. How do you compare the speeds of the two machines? c. An experiment where you have simulated 100 million instructions in each of 12 programs and measured CPI for each simulation. d. Same experiment as in (c), but now you report in terms of IPC. Problem 10.It can be shown that weighted arithmetic mean (WAM) and weighted harmonic mean (WHM) can lead to the same results if correct weights are applied. Consider the MIPS measure where MIPS i = Ii /ti (Ii is the number of instructions for program i in millions, and ti is the execution time Exi times 106). Consider a benchmark of n programs with instructions counts I i and execution times ti , i = 1,..., n. Let N be the total number of instructions, and T the total execution time for all programs.

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a. Show that if the weights for the arithmetic mean are t i /T and those for the harmonic mean are Ii /N, then the WAM and WHM of the MIPSi are the same. b. Show that for the CPI metric a WAM weighted with Ii and aWHM weighted with ci , the number of cycles simulated in each program, will yield the same result. c. How would you weigh theWAM and the WHM if you were measuring IPC rather than CPI? d. Show that for the speedup, a WAM weighted with execution time ratios in the enhanced system and a WHM weighted with execution time ratios in the base system will yield the same result. e. In general, given a metric A/B how should the arithmetic mean be weighted in order to give the correct result? How should the harmonic mean be weighted?