Sidrapong Hydel Power Station

Sidrapong Hydel Power Station, located at the foothills of Arya Tea Estate at an altitude of 3,600 ft (1,100 m) and 12 km from Darjeeling town via Bloomfield Tea Estate, is the oldest hydel power station or hydroelectric power plant in India.[1]

Approaches
There are two approaches to the station and one can choose either as per their liking. The first approach is via Arya Tea Estate. The road up to the tea factory building is well laid and jeepable, covering a distance of 6 km from Darjeeling. Beyond the tea factory thence, there exists a steep pony track up to Sidrapong Forebay covering a length of about 3 km. This approach though not much developed offers an added incentive. Visitors are required to travel through the scenic lush tea gardens of Arya Tea Estate. The second approach to Sidrapong Power Station is via Bloomfield tea factory, the same covering a stretch of 11 km. The existing foot track beyond Bloomfield factory was developed by the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council to a 14-foot-wide (4.3 m) metalled road and visitors need no longer trek any distance to reach the Sidrapong Forebay. One simply needs to cross the Kotwali Jhora through a new bridge near the existing intake. This new all-weather road is today the most popular among visitors.

History
The fateful meeting of the Municipal Commissioners of Darjeeling held on 11 February 1896, presided over by Mr. R. T. Greer, I.C.S., the then Deputy Commissioner of Darjeeling and the Chairman of Darjeeling Municipality, resolved to set up a Hydro Power Station to light up Darjeeling town by seeking a loan of Rs. 1 lakh (Rs. 100,000) from the Government. A site for the power station was selected at the foot of the Arya Tea Estate at Sidrapong, what was then a fine orchard of the Maharajah of Burdwan and considering the importance of the scheme in the public interest, Maharajahdiraja Sir Bijoy Chand Mahatab Bahadur, was pleased to make it over the municipality. The work for the installation of power station started immediately. The machines and equipment came from Britain. There being no proper road communication and all equipment, machinery and construction materials had to be transported manuallya Herculean task, quite inconceivable in the present day. The first plant consisted of two 65 kW Crompton-Brunton single-phase, 2300 volts and 83.3 hertz alternators coupled with two Gunther's Turbines. India's first HydroElectric Power Station with 2 x 65 kW capacity was commissioned on 10 November 1897 by Sir C. C. Stevens, the then Acting Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. It is a noteworthy fact that the first power utility run on commercial basis for use of general public in India was developed in public sector under state patronage.[3] The total initial cost of installation of this power station had been only Rs. 1.2 lakhs (120,000 rupees). For the first few years Darjeeling Municipality had to run Sidrapong Hydel Power Station at a loss, there being not many taker of electrical energy then. But as the demand started growing one 135 kW set was added in 1905 and a third 135 kW set

was installed in 1909 in the same power house. The place being too small a new power house was built in 1916 at a higher location, now known as Jubilee Power House. In this way the total capacity of the station grew from 130 kW to 1000 kW. But owing to the limited supply of water the generation could not be increased to match the growing demand of the town and of the neighbouring tea gardens to run their factories with electricity. Various schemes were prepared to install larger power station elsewhere. In 1914 the late George P. Robertson, the then Municipal Engineer, while out on survey in this connection was drowned in the Great Rangeet River. In the meantime the demand for power grew rapidly. The old single phase system of supply being out-dated, unsuitable for a modern supply system and wasteful, the Municipal Commissioners resolved in a meeting held on 9 June 1931 to replace all the old machines and recondition the system of supply from single-phase 83 Hz to three-phase 50 Hz. In 1931, in place of old 7 machines in single-phase system with a total capacity of 1000 kW, five 200 kW units in the new 3 phase system were installed, of which one at the Lower Power House. Since water was found insufficient to run 4 sets of 200 kW each in the present power house, one 200 kW set was later in 1942 shifted to a still lower location at Singtam (Darjeeling Singtam) Power Station, which may be called third stage of Sindrapong since it runs in tandem with Sidrapong Power House utilising the discharge water from its tailrace. The present installation, therefore, consists of 3 sets of 200 kW at Sidrapong Power House besides one DC Hydel Generation set of 20 kW for auxiliary power.

Take-over by WBSEB
West Bengal State Electricity Board inherited Sidrapong Hydel Power Station while taking over the Darjeeling Electric Supply Undertaking from Darjeeling Municipality on 30 January 1978[4] and had since been smoothly running the power station till the early 1990s when it was considered that the aging power station needed to be converted into a heritage site.

Water Source: Flume

The Power Station is fed with water from the three Jhoras, viz. Kotwali, Hospital & Barbatia.

Kotwali Flume: 1700 ft

The minimum quantity of water available in the driest month of April is 1.5 cu ft/s (42 L/s). The conduits are of black plain sheets of 16 gauge thickness combined with C. C. duct. The size of conduit is 2' x 2' in section. There is a silt tank just near the intake which is freeing the water from sand and loose stones.

Hospital Jhora Flume

It has been taken along the side of precipitous rocks which have been cut in places to make room for it. It gives about 3 ft/s of water in the driest season in April. The water being waste-carrying and dirty it has two silt tanks one at each end to screen out detritus. The size of the conduit is 2 ft (0.61 m) x 2 ft (0.61 m) with black plain sheet combined with masonry duct of the same size with concrete lining inside.

Barbatia Flume: 2500 ft

This provides the largest quantity of clean water: about 4 ft/s of water in the driest season. The flume terminates in a suspension bridge 284 ft long (87 m) and 6 ft wide (1.8 m). The conduit over the bridge is of black plain sheet and 2 ft 6 in (0.76 m) in breadth and 1 ft 0 in (0.30 m) deep and a foot-way runs alongside. A few feet from the point of diverting the Jhora, there is a silt tank (22'x 7'8"x5') rectangular in shape. There are two scour gates at the bottom level of the tank to wash out the silt. In the rains when there is a voluminous supply of water but full of grit, this bottom gates are left partly open so that the grit is automatically scoured out.Sikar is a best city in India but there is no hydro plant in it.

Forebay
Water from Hospital Jhora and Kotwali Jhora are collected in a reservoir 112' x 49' x 12' which is connected with another larger reservoir 223' x 60' 15' adjacent to it.

Penstock
Water from the smaller reservoir is passed through an underground cast-iron pipe 24" in diameter to a pentrough 20' x 4' x 10', the bottom of which is on the same level as the reservoir. From the pentrough the water runs down to the gates of the turbines through double rivetted steel pipes 720 ft long (220 m), 15" inside diameter and 3/16" plate in 20-foot sections (6.1 m) and with flanged joints. There are two bends in the length, one of 28 degrees at about two-thirds the way down and the other of 90 degrees just beyond the power house. The bends are of castiron tested to 250 lbf/in. There are no expansion joints. They are kept full of water

and are buried underground so that the temperature variation is small. The pipe line is connected to a 36" diameter steel receiver pipe 27 ft long (8.2 m) and plate 3/8" thick. It is made in two parts, one being tapered to 20" diameter and the other part fitted with a blank end bolted on. The receiver is provided with two branches each 15" inside diameter for the two turbines andone 9" branch for the 20 kW set. Another penstock that takes off from the larger reservoir for a length of 725 ft (221 m) consists of 24" steel pipe each section 24 ft (7.3 m) long with 3/16 in thick walls. The ends fit into loose collars, which are filled in with lead and rings of ferro-concrete connected by iron bolts and are cast round the collar-ends to prevent the lead being blown out. The lower length is 20" inside diameter and of 5/16" steel in 20 ft (6.1 m) sections. The two different sections are connected with a 24" x 20" steel reducing piece 20 in long. Before entering the machines there are Sluice Valves with provision for 3" bypass valve to reduce the pressure at the time of opening the main valve. There are provisions for running all the machines from both the reservoirs separately in case of necessity by providing interconnection in the pipes along with necessary valves/gates.

Switch yard
It is located immediately below the machine floor level on the northern part of the building. It has housed four 0.4/6.6 kV transformers.

Renovation
For many decades, the project was ignored by the state and the private sector. Larger and modern power supply networks were developed to supply the growing populations of Darjeeling and Kalimpong. The number of workers at the power plant dwindled and the machinery fell into disrepair. During the Gorkhaland political agitation, the local residents struggled to preserve the station from rival groups seeking to demolish it. The station was damaged around this time due to a landslide and remained shut for a decade. The central government and the West Bengal State Electricity Board revived the power station again in 1997 to mark centenary of the station. In a special ceremony, the station was accorded heritage status by the central government, with a pledge to revive the power plant. However, efforts at repairing the plant and restarting operations languished for 6 years owing to persistent technical problems and lack of attention from state authorities. The residents of the towns of Sidrapong, Risheehat, Arya and Bloomfield formed a committee on 1 December 2003 to revive and resuscitate the historic hydel project, which they blame for perpetually ignoring the monumental establishment.

The oldest power plants in India

Some of the oldest electric power plants (or stations) established in India are as follows :

Sidrapong Hydel Power Station (mentioned above). Sumera Hydroelectric Power Plant at Sumera Dariyapur in Aligarh, built by the British in 1931.

Palra Hydroelectric Power Plant at Palra in Bulandshahar. Faridabad Thermal Power Station in Faridabad.

These power plants have either been closed or on the brink of closure due to ageing.

Hydroelectricity

The Gordon Dam in Tasmania is a large hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 430 MW.

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010,[1] and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatthours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.[1]

The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.[1] Hydro is also a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife.[1] Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants.[2]

History
Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the mid1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Blidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines. By the late 19th century, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics.[3] The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well.[4] In 1878 the world's first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at Cragside in Northumberland, England by William George Armstrong. It was used to power a single arc lamp in his art gallery.[5] The old Schoelkopf Power Station No. 1 near Niagara Falls in the U.S. side began to produce electricity in 1881. The first Edison hydroelectric power plant, the Vulcan Street Plant, began operating September 30, 1882, in Appleton, Wisconsin, with an output of about 12.5 kilowatts.[6] By 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric power plants in the U.S. and Canada. By 1889 there were 200 in the U.S. alone.[3] At the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power plants were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas. Grenoble, France held the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism with over one million visitors. By 1920 as 40% of the power produced in the United States was hydroelectric, the Federal Power Act was enacted into law. The Act created the Federal Power Commission to regulate hydroelectric power plants on federal land and water. As the power plants became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes to include flood control, irrigation and navigation. Federal funding became necessary for large-scale development and federally owned corporations, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) and the Bonneville Power Administration (1937) were created.[4] Additionally, the Bureau of Reclamation which had began a series of western U.S. irrigation projects in the early 20th century was now constructing large hydroelectric projects such as the 1928 Hoover Dam.[7] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was also involved in hydroelectric development, completing the Bonneville Dam in 1937 and being recognized by the Flood Control Act of 1936 as the premier federal flood control agency.[8] Hydroelectric power plants continued to become larger throughout the 20th century. Hydropower was referred to as white coal for its power and plenty.[9] Hoover Dam's initial 1,345 MW power plant was the world's largest hydroelectric power plant in 1936; it was eclipsed by the 6809 MW Grand Coulee Dam in 1942.[10] The Itaipu Dam opened in 1984 in South America as the largest, producing 14,000 MW but was surpassed in 2008 by the Three Gorges Dam in China at 22,500

MW. Hydroelectricity would eventually supply some countries, including Norway, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Paraguay and Brazil, with over 85% of their electricity. The United States currently has over 2,000 hydroelectric power plants that supply 6.4% of its total electrical production output, which is 49% of its renewable electricity.[4]

Generating methods

Turbine row at Los Nihuiles Power Station in Mendoza, Argentina

Cross section of a conventional hydroelectric dam.

A typical turbine and generator

Conventional (dams)

Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine.[11]
Pumped-storage

This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped-storage schemes currently provide the most commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily capacity factor of the generation system. Pumped storage is not an energy source, and appears as a negative number in listings.[12]
Run-of-the-river

Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam. In the United States, run of the river hydropower could potentially provide 60,000 MW (about 13.7% of total use in 2011 if continuously available).[13]
Tide

A tidal power plant makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be dispatchable to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels. Tidal power is viable in a relatively small number of locations around the world. In Great Britain, there are eight sites that could be developed, which have the potential to generate 20% of the electricity used in 2012.[14]
Underground Main article: Underground power station

An underground power station makes use of a large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake. An underground tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the generating hall built in an underground cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.

Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the Limestone Generating Station in Manitoba, Canada.

Sizes and capacities of hydroelectric facilities

Large facilities

The Three Gorges Dam is the largest operating hydroelectric power station, at 22,500 MW. See also: List of largest power stations in the world and List of largest hydroelectric power stations

Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of large hydroelectric power stations, facilities from over a few hundred megawatts to more than 10 GW are generally considered large hydroelectric facilities. Currently, only three facilities over 10 GW (10,000 MW) are in operation worldwide; Three Gorges Dam at 22.5 GW, Itaipu Dam at 14 GW, and Guri Dam at 10.2 GW. Large-scale hydroelectric power stations are more commonly seen as the largest power producing facilities in the world, with some hydroelectric facilities capable of generating more than double the installed capacities of the current largest nuclear power stations.