Minerals and Rocks

Minerals are natural chemical substances of inorganic origin. Most rocks are composed of minerals, but some are of organic origin, and others consist of natural glass. A mineral is typically a crystalline substance, having regular atomic pattern. When conditions are favorable, minerals develop definite geometric forms called crystals. These are classified in six crystal systems according to the number, relative lengths, and regular relationships of imaginary lines called axes. Most rocks are composed of silicate minerals, consisting of a silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral pattern. Attached to the oxygen atoms are atoms of other elements, of which sixaluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium are the most common! oxygen, silicon, and these six other elements make up most of the crust of the earth. Many minerals are commercially or scientifically important even though not essential to the forming of the common rocks. "ome are ores, others are so#called industrial $nonmetallic% minerals, and some have considerable scientific interest. Rocks formed by the solidification of molten matter are termed igneous. These are regarded as the primary rocks not being derived from still older rockalthough none of the original crust of the earth is believed to exist, for it has presumably been re&orked more than once. Rocks formed by the breakdo&n of other rock are called sedimentary. They may accumulate as fragments, or they may deposit from chemical solutions. 'ither igneous or sedimentary rock may be slo&ly changed into metamorphic rock by heat, pressure, and solutions. Most metamorphism occurs as a result of mountain building, &hich involves high temperatures and pressures. (ontact metamorphism takes place at margin of an intrusive body of magma.

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Ans&er these *uestions by paraphrasing the sentence from the passage. &hat are minerals ,

-. What are most rocks composed of , .. What are crystals , /. 0o& are igneous and sedimentary rocks formed, 1. Why is igneous rock called primary rock, 2. 'xplain ho& metamorphic rocks are formed 3

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Mineral adalah 4at kimia alami berasal dari inorganik. "ebagian besar batuan terbentuk dari mineral. 5ristal adalah mineral yang mempunyai pola atom yang teratur, yang mengembangkan bentuk bentuk geometris tertentu pada kondisi yang memungkinkan. (rystals are minerals that have a regullar pattern of atoms, &hich develops $ into % certain geometric shapes in the favorable conditions.

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6atuan beku dibentuk oleh pemadatan lelehan sedangkan batuan sedimen terbentuk oleh hancuran 7 pecahan batuan lain. )gneous rocks are formed by compacted the molten matter &hile the sedimentary rocks are formed by the breakdo&n of other rocks.

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6atuan beku disebut batuan primer karena batuan tersebut tidak berasal dari batuan yang lebih tua $ yang sudah ada % 6atuan metamor terbentuk dari batuan beku dan sedimen karena panas, tekanan, dan senya&a.