!"#$%&'$(%# *&+,-.

/(01%+$2

3$1",1%,# 4(""-'$+("#

4(""-'$+("# $( !"#$ "&'()'*)+ ,-* "./0(.0 #0'.10* 2*03'*'&/-(

! C.l.l Multiple ways we organize our perceptions of the world and how systems organize
the studies and knowledge of science.
! C.l.2 Nature of scientific evidence and the use of models for explanation.
! C.l.3 Measurement as a way of knowing and organizing observations of constancy and
change.
! C.3.a.6 - Mole concept, stoichiometry, and laws of composition.
! C.3.b.20 - Solvent system concepts including non-aqueous solvents.

4(""-'$+("# $( $5- !'&/-('4 "./0(.0 5)6.'&/-( "&'()'*)+7

6%(7-%$+-# 1", 451"8-# (9 6%(7-%$+-# +" /1$$-%.
! A substance has characteristic properties, such as density, a boiling point, and solubility, all
of which are independent of the amount of the sample. A mixture of substances often can be
separated into the original substances using one or more of the characteristic properties.
4(""-'$+("# $( :-; <(%= 45->+#$%2 4(%- 4&%%+'&0&>.

! Tho conconfrnfIon of n soIufIon mny bo oxrossod ns: moInrIfy (M), orconf by
voIumo, orconf by mnss, or nrfs or mIIIIon (m). (3.l)

?+"$# 9(% @1'+0+$1$+("

"#$$%&'()* +,
Mnko sovornI gInssos of Icod fon or nny owdorod drInk mIx (wIfh coIor) usIng
dIfforonf nmounfs of mIx In onch gInss. Ask sfudonfs whIch gInss fhoy wouId IIko fo
hnvo nnd why Moro conconfrnfod drInks shouId bo onsIIy soon jusf by IookIng nf
Ifs coIor. Ask sfudonfs whIch soIufIon Is moro/Ioss conconfrnfod.

"#$$%&'()* +-
ModoI I: Mnko fho CuSO
4
conconfrnfIons In fronf of fho sfudonfs so fhoy cnn soo
how fhoy nro mndo. Mnko n l.0M CuSO
4
soIufIon by nddIng l60g of grnnuInr
CuSO
4
fo n l.0! voIumofrIc fInsk fhon dIssoIvo If In onough wnfor fo fIII fho fInsk fo
l.0 !. !sIng n mngnofIc sfIrror wIII mnko fho dIssoIvIng occur moro quIckIy.

POGIL 2005, 2006 1/8
Revised by: Lorraine Giloni, Kenneth Levy and Kelly Levy
Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University
Molarity
"#$$%&'()* +.
In ordor fo mnko n 0.00lM CuSO
4
soIufIon, fnko l0m! of fho l.0M CuSO
4
soIufIon
nnd uf If Info nnofhor l.0! voIumofrIc fInsk fhon ndd 990m! of wnfor. ThIs wIII
gIvo fho sfudonfs fho oorfunIfy fo soo how n dIIufIon Is dono.

3&88-#$+("# 9(% 177%(7%+1$- ,->("#$%1$+("#A >1"+7&01$+B-#A -$'CA $51$ ;+00
-"51"'- $5- 1'$+B+$2C

D->("#$%1$+(".
/01' ,2 3%4)*&'10'% 5)6 ') 407% 8 9 &):#'()*2
IInco 6 #l0 sfoors Info n l000 m! grndunfod cyIIndor or cnIIbrnfod bonkor. Add
onough wnfor fo fIII u fo fho l000 m! IIno.

/01' -2 3%4)*&'10'% 5)6 ;<= ') 407% 0 89 &):#'()*2
IIII fho l000 m! grndunfod cyIIndor or cnIIbrnfod bonkor fo fho l000 m! IIno. ow
ndd fho 6 #l0 rubbor sfoors.

Thoso domonsfrnfIons shouId show fhnf fho socond vorsIon hns moro fhnn l000 m!
of soIufIon nnd Is Ioss conconfrnfod. If Is nof n 6 M soIufIon (If Is 6 m (moInI)
soIufIon.)

ThIs domonsfrnfIon cnn bo usod fo snvo on chomIcnIs In ModoI II.
POGIL 2005, 2006 2/8
Revised by: Lorraine Giloni, Kenneth Levy, and Kelly Levy
Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University
Molarity
Molarity

Why?
Whon n subsfnnco (soIufo) Is dIssoIvod In n soIvonf, n soIufIon Is formod. A
chomIsf offon noods fo know how much soIufo Is rosonf In n gIvon voIumo of
soIufIon. In fhIs ncfIvIfy you wIII Ionrn how fo doformIno fho nmounf of soIufo fhnf
Is dIssoIvod In n gIvon qunnfIfy of soIvonf by cnIcuInfIng fho conconfrnfIon of n
soIufIon.

Learning Objectives
! SoIvo robIoms InvoIvIng fho moInrIfy of n soIufIon.

Success Criteria
! Sfudonf cnn mnnIuInfo fho roInfIonshI bofwoon moIos of soIufo nnd voIumo of
soIufIon by usIng fho dofInIfIon of moInrIfy.

Prerequisites
! MoIos
! SoIufo
! SoIufIon
! SoIvonf
! VoIumo
! Crnm formuIn mnss
! SfoIchIomofry

Vocabulary
! ConconfrnfIon
! Conconfrnfod
! MoInrIfy
! IIufIon
! IIufo



POGIL 2005, 2006 3/8
Revised by: Lorraine Giloni, Kenneth Levy, and Kelly Levy
Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University
Molarity
Model I: What does concentration mean?
Demo: You will observe two 1.0 liter volumetric flasks, each filled with a different
concentration of CuSO
4 (aq)
. With your class or group, discuss the concept of
concentration using the terms dilute and concentrated as they relate to the two
solutions.

Key Questions
l. WhIch soIufIon hns fho dnrkor coIor

The 1.0 molar (based on suggestion #2 in the instructors
guide) or the one with the higher concentration

2. Whnf mIghf bo rosonsIbIo for fho dnrkor coIor In ono of fho soIufIons

More solute (CuSO
4
) dissolved in the water

3. Insod on your obsorvnfIons of fho soIufIons, whIch soIufIon robnbIy confnIns
moro soIufo or unIf voIumo IxInIn your nnswor.

The darker one because it has more solute (CuSO
4
) dissolved;
H
2
0 is clear and colorless while the CuSO
4
makes the
solution blue.


4. Whnf Is monnf by fho form >)*>%*'10'()*

Amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent.

5. Whnf fncfors shouId bo consIdorod whon doformInIng fho conconfrnfIon of n
soIufIon

The amount of solute and the amount of solvent


6. Whon n soIufIon Is dIIufod, nddIfIonnI soIvonf Is nddod fo fho moro conconfrnfod
soIufIon. How doos fho nmounf of &):#'% In fho InIfInI soIufIon comnro fo fho
nmounf of soIufo In fho fInnI soIufIon

The amount of solute remains the same but now there is more
solvent so it is not as concentrated



POGIL 2005, 2006 4/8
Revised by: Lorraine Giloni, Kenneth Levy, and Kelly Levy
Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University
Molarity
Information
Tho mosf common monsuro of conconfrnfIon usod by chomIsfs Is moInrIfy (M).
MoInrIfy Is dofInod ns fho numbor of moIos of soIufo (moI) dIvIdod by fho fofnI
voIumo (V) of fho soIufIon In IIfors (!).

MoInrIfy = moIos of soIufo or IIfor of soIufIon (M = moI / !).

MoInrIfy nIso Is cnIIod moInr conconfrnfIon. Whon fho symboI 9 Is
nccomnnIod by n numorIcnI vnIuo, If Is rond ns moInr. Ior oxnmIo, n soIufIon
InboIod 3.09 nCI Is rond ns fhroo moInr sodIum chIorIdo soIufIon.

Exercises
l. In n robIom n sfudonf Is gIvon fho nmounf of soIufo In grnms nnd fho voIumo
of fho soIufIon In mIIIIIIfors. Whnf musf bo dono wIfh fho InformnfIon boforo
fho moInrIfy cnn bo cnIcuInfod

Grams must be changed to moles (using the equation:
Number of moles = given mass(g) / gram-formula mass)

Volume must be changed to liters

2. CnIcuInfo fho moInrIfy of n soIufIon In whIch 0.50 moIos of MgCI
2
nro
dIssoIvod fo roduco l.5 IIfors of soIufIon.

Molarity = moles / liters
= 0.50 moles / 1.5 liters
= 0.33 M MgCl
2

3. Infrnvonous (IV) snIIno soIufIons nro offon ndmInIsforod fo nfIonfs In fho
hosIfnI. ormnI snIIno soIufIon confnIns 0.90g nCI In oxncfIy l00. m! of
soIufIon. CnIcuInfo fho moInrIfy of fhIs soIufIon.

NaCl gram formula mass = 58. grams / mole
# moles = given mass / gram formula mass
= 0.90 grams / 58 grams/mol
= 0.016 moles

Molarity = moles / liters
= 0.016 moles / 0.100 liters
= 0.16 M NaCl
POGIL 2005, 2006 5/8
Revised by: Lorraine Giloni, Kenneth Levy, and Kelly Levy
Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University
Molarity
4. CnIcuInfo fho moInrIfy of fho foIIowIng soIufIons.
n. l.0 moIo of nO
3
In 500. mI of H
2
O

Molarity = moles / liters
= 1.0 mole / 0.500 liters
= 2.0 M NaNO
3


b. 85.0 g of nO
3
In 250. mI of H
2
O
n0
3
grnm formuIn mnss = 85. grnms/ moIo

Molarity = moles / liters
= 1.0 mole / 0.250 liters
= 4.0 M NaNO
3


c. WhIch of fho soIufIons, 4n or 4b, Is moro conconfrnfod IxInIn your
nnswor.

4b because a 4.0 M solution has more moles of solute per
liter of solution than a 2.0 M solution.




Model II
Part I- Demonstration and discussion:
When preparing one liter of a 1.0 molar solution one should pour some solvent (water)
into a 1.0 liter volumetric flask. The measured amount of solute (1.0 mole) is added to
the volumetric flask. The flask is stirred to dissolve the solute, and then additional
solvent is added to bring the volume to the 1.0 liter mark.

Part II Demonstration and discussion:
Fill a 1.0 liter volumetric flask with water up to the 1.0 liter mark and then add measured
amount of solute (1.0 mole).

Key Questions
l. In domonsfrnfIon l, why Is fho soIufo nddod fo somo of fho soIvonf nnd dIssoIvod
boforo moro soIvonf Is nddod fo brIng fho voIumo fo fho l.0 IIfor mnrk on fho
voIumofrIc fInsk
Solute is added some solvent to dissolve the solute. The
added solvent brings the total solution to volume of 1.0
liter.

POGIL 2005, 2006 6/8
Revised by: Lorraine Giloni, Kenneth Levy, and Kelly Levy
Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University
Molarity

2. WhIch of fho soIufIons ronrod In ModoI II confnIns ono IIfor of soIvonf
IxInIn.

Part II because the flask was filled to the 1.0 liter mark
before the solute was added.

3. WhIch of fho soIufIons ronrod In fhIs domonsfrnfIon confnIns n l.0 M soIufIon
IxInIn your nnswor.

Part I because it contains 1.0 mole of solute in 1.0 liter
of solution.

Problems
l. Whnf voIumo of 0.25 M soIufIon cnn bo ronrod usIng 0.50 moIo of KCI

Molarity = moles / liters
0.25 M = 0.50 moles / X liters
X = 2.0 L


2. Whnf voIumo of 0.l0 9 soIufIon cnn bo ronrod usIng ll.6 g of nCI

Gram formula mass of NaCl = 58. grams / mole
# moles = 11.6 grams / 58. grams / mole
= 0.20 moles
Molarity = moles / liters
0.10 M = 0.20 moles / X liters
X = 2.0 L


Extension Activity
Mini-lab:

l. oformIno fho mnss of four l00 m! voIumofrIc fInsks.

2. In onch fInsk ronro ono of fho foIIowIng sucroso soIufIons: 0.0625 9, 0.l25 9,
0.250 9, nnd 0.500 9.

3. oformIno fho mnss of onch soIufIon fhon cnIcuInfo fho donsIfy of onch soIufIon.

4. Ironro n grnh of donsIfy vorsus conconfrnfIon of sucroso. IncIudo fho donsIfy of
uro wnfor on fho grnh, usIng fho vnIuo l.00 g/mI.

POGIL 2005, 2006 7/8
Revised by: Lorraine Giloni, Kenneth Levy, and Kelly Levy
Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University
Molarity
E&-#$+(". Whnf Is fho roInfIonshI (dIrocf, Invorso, ofc.) bofwoon conconfrnfIon nnd
donsIfy IxInIn your nnswor.

Direct, the more solute dissolved (greater concentration)
the greater the density of the solution.


Data for the extension activity will vary somewhat, depending on
the accuracy of mass determination of each sample. The graph
will show the trend of increasing density with increasing
concentration.
POGIL 2005, 2006 8/8
Revised by: Lorraine Giloni, Kenneth Levy, and Kelly Levy
Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University