INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

ISSUES & APPROACHES

SCOPE
Historical Development Principles of Integrated Watershed Management European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) Status of Turkey Issues- Approaches

SUSTAINABLE WATER USE

Rapid Population Increase Urbanization Increase in Water Demand Water Pollution Drought/Flooding Desertification Deforestation Pollution Sources (point, diffuse, natural, etc.) Degradation of Ecosystems Climate Change

Encouraging the sustainable use of available water and land resources Rehabilitation and prevention of further deterioration of water and water related ecosystems

HISTORY
Till 1980s Focusing on water supply Quantity of Water was the priority issue Planning with limited scale for specific purposes Producing single solutions to specific/unit problems After 1980s Integration Finding solutions in large scale to numerous problems International Principles New Concepts
SUSTAINABILITY PARTICIPATION OF SHAREHOLDERS INTEGRATED UNDERSTANDING and TRANSITION TO MANAGEMENT

SUSTAINABILITY
Meeting the current targets and needs, without interrupting the demand and needs of future generations, in an integrated manner

 The term Sustainable development has been initially mentioned in the 1992 Rio World Environment and Development Summit and then onwards it has started to be discussed in various platforms. Water Resources; form the basis of sustainable development; that basically considers the sustainable development and management of these resources.

 United Nations International Water and Environment Conference - Dublin Principles (1992) United Nations World Summit for Environment and Development Agenda 21 (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) United Nations World Summit for Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)- Goal 7 (2003)

Integrated Watershed Management

Integrated Watershed Management; is an integrated and universally accepted approach for the sustainable management of water, land and all other related natural resources. It covers the Planning Development Management, and Utilization of water, land and all other natural resources within a watershed in a coordinated manner by the participation of all stakeholders.

WHAT IS A WATERSHED?
Covers the areas that lie between the source of a river and the point that it ends. Simply it is the drainage area of a river.
Riversheds have the natural hydrological boundaries. They do not have artificial boundaries like administrative or political boundaries.

Watersheds are considered as the most logical and most suitable scale to provide planning of natural resources and their sustainable utilization in an ecosystem integrity.

BYK MENDERES WATERSHED

http://havzakoruma.com

KIZILIRMAK WATERSHED

http://havzakoruma.com

DANUBE WATERSHED

http://www.icpdr.org/icpdr-pages/river_basin.htm

Each WATERSHED bears self-specific

Natural Properties
Geological, Geomorphological, Hydrological, Climate, Vegetation Cover, Wildlife

Socio-cultural and economical properties

Land-use, Transportation, Administrative structure, Demographical structure (current situation and future population projection), Infrastructure status (WWT, sewage, water supply, sanitary/unsanitary waste disposal sites, etc.) Socio-economical structure, Environment quality

It is a complex system governing various ecosystems.

INTEGRATION ?
Integration of Environmental Media (Air, Water, Soil, Surface Waters, Groundwater, Land-Use, Erosion, Wetlands, Coastal Zones, etc. and interaction among them) Integration of environmental factors with social, economic, administrative and legal components (SUSTAINABILITY) Integration of various disciplines Integration of actors (COORDINATION) Integration of Financial Sources Integration of Management Tools (Decision- support Systems, data bases, models, GIS, expert systems) Climate change and potential risks

Integrated Management at Watershed Basis

Such management efforts enhance Various sectors and resource users to work together in the same platform Long-term evaluation of potential threats and possibilities Monitoring of positive and negative impacts of any intervention done on an area in the watershed.

Integrated Management at Watershed Basis

It aims to manage a complex watershed system through a rational, realistic and qualitative management that oversees ecological balance, Targets that consider sustainability.

STEPS OF INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Determination of the Actors and the Management Purposes

Identification of Watershed System

Watershed Information System

Improvement of monitoring network

Data reliability

Forming databases

Data analyses

Online data transfer

Decision Support System

Watershed Modeling

Scenarios

Evaluation of decisions taken and their impact

Decision Models

Determination of Management Decisions

Application and Monitoring

Querrying actors, purposes of management and the proposed Management Plan

Watershed Planning is an iterative process.

European Union Water Framework Directive

Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) has been put into force in December 2000. It is accepted as the basic law on water policy. The directive aims to protect and control all the water resources within the borders of EU not only in terms of quantity, but also in quality. The main target of the Directive is to bring the European Waters defined in Item 4 up to good ecological status latest till 2015.

WFD = A single management framework for the entire legislation related to Water

European Union Water Framework Directive

Integrated River Basin Management Approach has been assimilated as a tool in the application of the Directive. WHAT IS EXPECTED? I. Determining the watershed regions II. Forming expert organizations III. Performing watershed plans

I. Determining the watershed regions Combining one or more river basins II. Forming Expert Organizations At watershed basis (for each of the watershed region) At National scale, If exists at international basis for transboundary waters. Method; By an already existing expert organization and through revising its duties, By means of a commission design that includes the related ministries, By defining a new structure that is independent from the existing organization and institutions, III. Preparation of River Basin Management Plans (RBMP)

Fundamental Steps of RBMPs

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Characterization of the River Basin; Important pressures and impacts of human-induced activities; Determining and mapping of Protection Areas; Mapping of monitoring network; Listing the environmental goals; Economical Analyses; Forming the Preventive Measures Program; Preparing detailed plans that covers an abstract; Informing public and summarizing the preventive measures; Listing the authorities responsible from watershed management; Determining the communication points and related communication procedures formed to gain information and evaluations from public.

I. CHARACTERIZATION OF RIVER BASINS

Identification of water masses in the watershed and putting forth and classification of their potential, Chronological listing of developments in the watershed, Identification of the major land-uses in the watershed, General description of the watershed geology, General description of the watershed morphology,

II. Summary of the Important Pressures and Impacts of HumanInduced Activities

Pressures and Impacts

I. POINT Domestic Wastewater Discharges Industrial Wastewater Discharges

II. DIFFUSE Agricultural Activities Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides Animal Breeding Leachate Land (Forestry, meadows & pasture, rural and urban run-off) Quarries and Mining Activities

III. NATURAL DROUGHT EROSION

II. Summary of the Important Pressures & Impacts of Human-Induced Activities

Reasons and potential risks of not achieving environmental goals Determining and prioritizing threats and issues

III. Determining and Mapping of Protection Areas

Areas allocated domestic water supply Water withdrawal areas, >10 m/day Areas for shellfish Bathing waters Nutrient sensitive areas Determination of Bird and Habitat Breeding Areas Directive

IV. Mapping of Monitoring Network

A general summary of RBMP monitoring network. Mapping and illustrating the status of surface waters, groundwater and protection areas.

V. List of Environmental Goals

Realistic (accessible) goals for maintaining GOOD ECOLOGICAL STATUS of all water bodies in terms of ecological scale chemical, morphological and biological means.

VI. Economical Analysis

Current water consumptions and their economic significance. Trends of economic drivers till 2015. Level of current cost recovery regarding water services.

VII-VIII. Preventive Measures Program-More Detailed listing of Measures and their Summary

Characterization Pressures-Impact Analysis Major Issues Pressures Risks Environmental Goals

FORMING THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES PROGRAM

IX. Informing Public, Summary of Consultation Results

Forming the Participation Plan. (All the state offices and organizations, private sector, chambers of various disciplines, chamber of industry, active NGOs at the watershed scale need to be encouraged for participation) Preparing the criteria for consulting and public informing. Reporting, Presenting and Discussion of the results.

IX. List of Responsible Authorities All related Ministries and State Offices and Organizations under the coordination of the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. X. Background information obtained from public, determining the communication points

STATUS OF TURKEY

PROJECT ON THE PREPARATION OF WATERSHED PROTECTION ACTION PLANS

Item 5 of the Regulation on Water Pollution Control that has been put into force in 2004 states that Watershed Protection Action Plans will be prepared by and/or have it prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry after taking the opinions of State Water Works (DSI) and other related associations. Watershed Protection Action Plans will form the basis of studies conducted on integrated watershed management.

Determination of the Actors and the Management Purposes

Identification of Watershed system

Watershed Information System

Improvement of monitoring network

Data reliability

Forming databases

Data analyses

Online data transfer

Decision Support System

Watershed Modelling

Scenarios

Evaluation of decisions taken and their impact

Decision Models

Determination of Management Decisions

Application and Monitoring

Querrying actors, purposes of management and the proposed Management Plan

Identification of the Watershed System

Natural Properties
Geological, Geomorphological, Hydrological, Climate, Vegetation Cover, Wildlife

Socio-cultural and economical properties

Land-use, Transportation, Administrative structure, Demographical structure (current situation and future population projection), Infrastructure status (WWT, sewage, water supply, sanitary/unsanitary waste disposal sites, etc.) Socio-economical structure, Environment quality

Ecosystems

RIVER BASINS OF TURKEY

Turkey is divided into 25 basins.

http://havzakoruma.com

PREPARATION OF THE WATERSHED PROTECTION ACTION PLANS

The 25 watersheds of Turkey are initially scored regarding their water quality, pollution sources, protection areas and water supply resources. 11 of them are listed as priority ones and their watershed protection action plans are prepared by TBTAK-MAM (2009-2011). These are Marmara Watershed Susurluk Watershed Kuzey Ege Watershed Kk Menderes Watershed Byk Menderes Watershed Burdur Watershed Yeilrmak Watershed Kzlrmak Watershed Konya Kapal Watershed Seyhan Watershed Ceyhan Watershed

PREPARATION OF THE WATERSHED PROTECTION ACTION PLANS (2009-2011)

PREPARATION OF THE WATERSHED PROTECTION ACTION PLANS IN TURKEY

Determination of the general status of the watershed, Determination of water resources and evaluation of the related planning works, Calculation of the pollution loads and water quality, Urban and rural run-off, diffuse sources, organized districts, leachate. Infrastructures, Sewage, stormwater and current condition of WWTPs. Planning, Determination of municipalities that may jointly treat their domestic wastewaters regarding their economic and topographical status, conducting cost-benefit analyses. Establishing maps based on GIS and data integration.

The watershed protection action plans of the rest of the watersheds (25-11=14) are being prepared by TBTAK.MAM again (2011-2013).

Water Pollution Control Regulation (2008) (under revision)

Regulations put into force in Turkey during the harmonization efforts with EU legislation

COMMUNIQUES

Sampling and Analysis Methods Communique (2009) Technical Procedures Communique (2009) Administrative Procedures Communique (2009) Sensitive and Less Sensitive Water Areas Communique (2009) Procedures to determine special provisions in watersheds Communique (2009)

Regulation on the Protection of Waters against Nitrate Pollution of Agricultural Origin (2004) Regulation on Water for Human Consumption (2005) Regulation on Drinking Water that is planned to be obtained from Surface Waters (2005) Regulation on Urban Wastewater Treatment (2006) Regulation on Bathing Water Quality (2006) Regulation on the Control of Water and the Environment from Dangerous Substances (2009) Regulation on the control of Soil Pollution (2010) Regulation on the Use of Stabilized Treatment Sludges on Soil (2010)

STUDIES ON DETERMINING THE SPECIAL PROVISIONS

Difficulties are experienced during the protection of the current water quality in some of the drinking water reservoirs even though the related items of the regulations are obeyed. Therefore, for the better protection of such reservoirs, Special Provisions are to be determined after a through investigation at site. These provisions need to be set by evaluating the scientific studies, watershed characteristics and the water characteristics.

PROJECT ON TRAINING THE TRAINEES

In order to increase the water quality in watershed, it is aimed to; train the decision-makers and related authorities, academicians and NGO representatives in the watershed train initially a core group of experts (50 people) that will as trainees in future.

ISSUES & APPROACHES

Determination of the Actors and the Management Purposes

Identification of Watershed system

Watershed Information System

Improvement of monitoring network

Data reliability

Forming databases

Data analyses

Online data transfer

Decision Support System

Watershed Modeling

Scenarios

Evaluation of decisions taken and their impact

Decision Models

Determination of Management Decisions

Application and Monitoring

Querrying actors, purposes of management and the proposed Management Plan

Forming the Database for the Watershed

IMPROVEMENT OF THE MONITORING NETWORK

GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF STATE WATER WORKS 1150 stations conduct seasonal analyses (4 times a year) Additionally heavy metal (6 times) and biological analyses in drinking water 35 parameters are analyzed in groundwater's (2 times a year)
Sampling stations are lacking Measurement frequencies are different. Measurement terms are different. Stations are at various locations. Data obtained are stored in different organizations.

Former General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration General Directorate of Renewable Energy 140 STATONS, 20 parameters UNIVERSITIES TBTAK

THERE IS NOT A NATIONAL WATER DATABASE

WATERSHED INFORMATION SYSTEM

It is important to systematically plan The aim of water quality monitoring and control, Which monitoring method is required for each of the purposes of use (beneficial uses of water) Technical design of monitoring network, Location of the Station, Parameters to be analyzed, Frequency of sampling, Time of sampling.

DATA RELIABILITY
Defining and determining the appropriate sampling points to take representative samples, Convenient transfer conditions, Convenient sample storage conditions, Use of the measurement techniques defined in the Regulations, Experimental Analyses (required equipment-chemical materials- staff) Evaluation of data and their storage.

Administrative boundaries matched with watershed boundaries

Eastern Black Sea Watershed

Areal Distribution of sharing provinces within the boundaries of the Eastern Black Sea Watershed

Areal distribution of land for each of the sharing provinces within the East Black Sea Watershed

Areal distribution of each sharing province in the Aras Watershed

Determination of the Actors and the Management Purposes

Identification of Watershed system

Watershed Information System

Improvement of monitoring network

Data reliability

Forming databases

Data analyses

Online data transfer

Decision Support System

Watershed Modeling

Scenarios

Evaluation of decisions taken and their impact

Decision Models

Determination of Management Decisions

Application and Monitoring

Querrying actors, purposes of management and the proposed Management Plan

Public Institutions related with Water Management

Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs General Directorate of Water Management General Directorate of State Water Works (DS ) General Directorate of Meteorological Works (DM) General Dir. Of Forestation and Erosion Control General Dir. of EIA and Planning Bank of Provinces

Various bureaucratic institutions are responsible from the management of watersheds

Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Dir. of Environmental Management

Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources General Directorate of Renewable Energy Resources Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry of Health Ministry of Interior Works Ministry of Culture and Tourism Ministry of Development Water and Sewage Administrations in Greater Municipalities Special Provincial Administration Fund

Facing serious problems during the management and planning of resources as each organization bear self specific approaches

Including STAKEHOLDERS in the water management Public Participation and Awareness

ENACTING THE NATIONAL WATER FRAMEWORK ACT

DECEMBER 2009 Environmental Chapter within EU Acquis is opened!

Submission of a detailed strategy that covers its stages and timetable on the stage wise harmonization of the acquis, its application, and bringing into force.

Strategical Framework Document (2007-2013) (69 EU Acquis 9 sectors 400 pages) Horizontal (Accession to Environmental Information, EIA, ) Water Quality Air Quality Management Waste Management Management of Chemical Substances Industrial Pollution Control and Risk Management Nature Protection and Biological Diversity Noise Management GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms)

Turkey, in accordance with the relevant decisions of the EC and Turkey, has to fulfill the obligations for the Implementation of the Environmental Acquis Application Notes for the 5 EU Environmental Acquis within the scope of Customs Union. Hazardous Chemical Directive Experimental Animals Directive Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive Directive on the Quality of Oil and Diesel Oil Directive on the Sulfur Content of Certain Liquid Fuels

CLOSURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHAPTER

Accepting the horizontal and framework environmental acquis of EU. Turkey has to accept the acquis of EU on water quality and should move forward on its application. Accepting the environmental acquis on industrial pollution and risk management. It has to continue to fulfill the obligations in other sectors including nature protection and waste management, and at the date of accession it has to demonstrate that it is fully ready to meet all the EU obligations. It has to continue developing the coordination and administrative capacity covering audit services, and get ready in all these obligations. Fulfillment of the Additional Protocol Obligations.