Article VI SECTION 1 1. Legislative Power i.Bicameralism vs. Unicameralism ii.Original legislative power vs. Derivative legislative powe iii.

Constituent vs. Or inar! iv.Su"stantive limits vs. #roce ural limits 2. Initiative and Referendum Garcia v. Commission on Elections Preliminaries: #etitioner$ A. %arcia wit& ot&er resi ents o' (orong )espon ent$ Commission on Elections Accusation$ #etitioner accuse Comelec o' re*ecting t&eir petition to invo+e t&eir rig&t,power o' initiative Facts: i. In its #am"a!ang -apas!a&an Blg. 1./ 1001/ t&e Sangguniang Ba!an ng (orong agree to t&e inclusion o' (orong as part o' t&e Su"ic Special Economic 2one 3).A. 45546 ii. #etitioners 'ile petition to annul #.-. Blg. 1. "ut since t&e municipalit! o' (orong i n7t ta+e an! action wit&in 1. a!s/ petitioners invo+e t&eir power o' initiative. iii. Solicite re8uire num"er o' signatures to repeal resolution iv. Un+nown to petitioners/ 9on. De :eon 3Vice (a!or an #resi ing o''icer o' SB ng (orong wrote a letter to t&e Comelec 314 a!s a'ter petition was 'ile 6 re8uesting t&e enial o' t&e petition 'or a local initiative an ,or re'eren um "ecause it7ll *ust promote ivisiveness/ 'utilit! counter pro uctivit!. v. Decision o' Comelec$ Den! petition 'or local initiative "ecause it7s merel! a resolution 3#am"a!ang -apas!a&an6 an not an or inance Issues: ;ON #- Blg. 1./ 1001 is t&e proper su"*ect o' an initiative Held Ratio: #- Blg. 1./ 1001 is a proper su"*ect o' an initiative 3in 'avor o' petitioners6. #etition grante an #- Blg. 1. 1001 annulle an set asi e. Ratio: i. )e*ect t&e respon ent7s narrow an literal rea ing o' t&e provision 'or it will colli e wit& t&e constitution an will su"vert intent o' t&e lawma+ers in enacting t&e provisions o' :ocal %ov7t Co e 1001 on initiative an re'eren um ii. T&e constitution clearl! inclu es not onl! or inances "ut also resolutions as appropriate su"*ects o' local initiative. iii. Article 15$ Initiative covers an act 3inclu es a resolution6 iv. ).A. <41=$ An Act #rovi ing 'or a S!stem o' Initiative an )e'eren um an Appropriating >un s t&ere'or. Sec 1a De'inition o' Initiative. 1 t!pes$

a. ". c.

Initiative on t&e Constitution Initiative on Statutes Initiative on :ocal legislation ? inclu es regional/ provincial/ cit!/ municipal or "aranga! law/ resolution/ or or inance.

!otes: i. Issue o' >irst impression$ Delineating t&e e@tent o' all important original power o' t&e people to legislate ii. T&e 'ramers o' 10A4 Consti realiBe t&e value o' initiative an re'eren um as an ultimate weapon o' t&e people to negate government an mal'easance an mis'easance an t&e! put in place an overarc&ing s!stem 3 i n7t want (arcosian rule to &appen again6 iii. :ocal %ov7t co e o' 1001 3"asis o' respon ents6 merel! generall! e'ine w&at a local initiative is 3mentione or inance onl!6 an oes not eal wit& t&e su"*ects t&at can "e ta+en up "! a local initiative.

". !on#delega$ilit% of legislative &ower Eastern '(i&&ing Lanes v. P(ili&&ine )verseas Em&lo%mente *dministration Preliminaries: #etitioner$ A. Eastern S&ipping :anes )espon ent$ #OEA Accusation$ #etitioner accuses #OEIA o' violating t&e constitutional man ate on t&e nonC elega"ilit! o' legislative power. Conten s t&an no aut&orit! &a "een given to #OEA to promulgate (emoran um Circular No.5/ an t&e regulation represents an e@ercise o' legislative iscretion w&ic& s&oul "elong to t&e Congress alone. Facts: i. Vitaliano Saco/ C&ie' O''icer o' t&e (,V Easter #olaris was +ille in an acci ent in Dapan. 9is wi ow sue 'or amages un er E.O 404 an (emoran um Circular 5 ii. #etitioner argue t&at complaint s&oul "e ealt "! SSS against State Insurance >un an not "! #OEIA. iii. #OEA still assumes *uris iction an rule in 'avor o' t&e complainant 3wi ow6 iv. Awar $ #1A./...3 eat& "ene'its6 an #15/...3"urial6 Issues: i. ;ON #OEA &as t&e aut&orit! to promulgate (emoran um Circular No.5 ii. ;ON t&e nonC elega"ilit! o' legislative power was violate Held Ratio: #etition ismisse wit& costs against t&e petitioner. Ratio: i. T&e aut&orit! to issue regulation is provi e in EO 404$ T&e governing "oar o' t&e A min 3#OEA6 as

i.

ii.

iii.

ii.

&ereun er provi e s&all promulgate necessar! rules an regulations to govern e@ercise o' a *u icator! 'unctions o' t&e A min. 5 tests to etermine ;ON t&ere is a vali eligation o' legislative power a. Completeness Test ? complete 3terms in con itions6 in t&e sense t&at w&en it reac&es t&e elegate/ &e woul onl! &ave to en'orce it. ". Insu''icient Stan ar Test ? gui elines an limitations in t&e law to map out "oun aries o' elegate7s aut&orit! an prevent elegation 'rom a"using power #rinciple o' nonC elegation o' powers more commonl! applie in legislative power. 9ence t&e o"servation t&at elegation o' legislative power &as "ecome t&e rule an its nonC elegation t&e e@ception$ Increasing comple@it! o' gov7t tas+s/ growt& o' societ!/ an sop&istication o' pro"lems E S#ECIA:I2ATION F#ower o' su"or inate legislationG to a ministrative "o ies A min "o ies ma! implement "roa policies lai own in a statute "! 'illing in t&e etails w&ic& congress ma! not &ave t&e opportunit! or competence to provi e. E &ave t&e 'orce an e''ect o' law T&e power o' #OEA in re8uiring t&e mo el contract 3(emoran um Circular 56 is not unlimite since t&ere7s a su''icient stan ar 3man ate to protect rig&ts o' O>;s to 'air an e8uita"le emplo!ment practices6 gui ing t&e elegate in t&e e@ercise o' aut&orit!

i.

Onl! contains arguments o' t&e petitioner against strict an rigi rules

Issues: i. ;ON it was in t&e *uris iction o' t&e (inister o' :a"or to &an le la"or isputes Held Ratio: Decision in 'avor o' t&e respon ent. Ratio: i. Inso'ar as t&e Batas #am"ansa Blg 11. empowers t&e (inister o' :a"or to assume *uris iction over la"or isputes causing or li+el! to cause stri+es or loc+outs a versel! a''ecting t&e national interest an t&erea'ter eci e it or certi'. t&e same to t&e national la"or relations commission is not on its 'ace unconstitutional 'or ciolating t&e octrine o' nonC elegation o' legislative power ii. Doctrine o' nonC elegation &as "een ma e to a opt itsel' o t&e comple@ities o' mo ern governments/ giving rise to a option wit&in certain limits o' t&e principle o' su"or inate legislation in mo ern gov7ts Em&lo%ees Confederation v. !ational ,ages Commission Preliminaries: #etitioner$ Emplo!ees Con'e eration o' t&e #&ilippines )espon ent$ National ;ages Commission Accusation$ Emplo!ees Con'e eration o' t&e #&ils is 8uestioning t&e vali it! o' ;age or er No. NC)C.1CA pursuant to t&e ;age )ationaliBation Act Facts: i. ;age )ationaliBation act provi es new wage rates ii. Various regional tripartite wages an pro uctivit! "oar s in c&arge o' prescri"ing minimum wage rates 'or all wor+ers in various regions iii. National wages an pro uctivit! commission to review wage levels etermine "! t&e "oar s iv. 5 wa!s o' etermining wages a. >loor wage met&o ? >i@ eterminate amount to a to prevailing statutor! minimum wage ". Salar! ceiling met&o C a *ustment applie to emplo!ees receiving a certain enominate salar! ceiling v. C&ange 'rom 'loor wage to salar! ceiling met&o cause "! la"or isputes 'rom wage istortions vi. )A <454$ )ationaliBe wages "! a. #rovi ing 'ull time "oar s to police wages roun t&e cloc+ ". %ive "oar s enoug& powers to ac&ieve o"*ective Issues: ii. ;ON t&e regional tripartite wages an pro uctivit! "oar o' t&e NC) per'orme an unlaw'ul act o' legislation t&roug& wage or er NC) .1CA Held Ratio: Decision in 'avor o' t&e National ;ages Commission.

!otes: iv. (emoran um Circular 5$ prescri"e a stan ar contract to "e a opte "! "ot& 'oreign an omestic s&ipping companies in &iring >il seamen 'or overseas emplo!ment v. ;&at can "e elegate is t&e iscretion to etermine &ow t&e law ma! "e en'orce not w&at t&e law s&all "e

C. Free +ele&(one ,or-ers .nion v. /inister of La$or Preliminaries: #etitioner$ >ree Telep&one ;or+ers Union )espon ent$ (inister o' :a"or Accusation$ #etitioner accuses (inister o' :a"or 'or violating t&e nonC elega"ilit! o' t&e :egislative "o ! "! en'orcing rigi an in'le@i"le rules t&at woul "e an o"stacle to national e''orts at evelopment an progress. Facts:

Ratio: i. Congress provi e su''icient stan ar s in Article 15H o' )A <454$ a. Deman 'or living wages/ wage a *ustment visCICvis C#I/ Cost o' living an c&anges or increases t&erein/ nee s o' wor+ers an t&eir 'amilies/ nee to in uce in ustries to invest in countr! si e/ improvements in stan ar s o' living/ prevailing wage levels/ 'air return o' capital investe an capacit! to pa! o' emplo!ers/ e''ects o' emplo!ment generation an 'amil! income/ e8uita"le istri"ution o' income an wealt& along t&e imperatives o' economic an social evelopment 'ection 2: 'enate021 senators 'ection ": 2ualifications for senatorial candidates i. !atural $orn citi3en of t(e P(ils ii. *t least "4 %.o on t(e da% of election iii. *$le to read and write iv. Registered voter v. Resident of t(e P(ils for not less t(an 2 %ears immediatel% &receding t(e da% of election

iii.

group woul ominate t&e part! list seats 3A'ter part! lists were create "ecause t&e! wante to open up t&e political s!stem to a pluralistic societ! t&roug& a multipart! s!stem A itional seats o' concerne part! E 3M o' votes o' concerne part!,M o' votes o' 1st part!6 @ A itional seats o' 'irst part! >irst part! s!stem 'ollowing t&e <J "enc&mar+ 35CHC<6

*ng 7agong 7a%ani v. Comelec Issues$ i. ;ON political parties ma! participate in t&e part! list elections ii. ;ON t&e part! list s!stem is e@clusive to marginaliBe an un errepresente sectors an organiBations iii. ;ON t&e comelec committe grave a"use o' iscretion in promulgating Omni"us resolution No 14A= 3approval o' t&e participation o' t&e 1=H organiBations6 9el ,)atio$ i. Cannot "e is8uali'ie on t&e mere groun t&at t&e! are political parties "ecause in section = art VI/ ..Gpart! list s!stem o' registere national/ regional/ an sectoral parties or organiBationsG an section 1 o' )A 40H1$ #art! is eit&er a political 'ocial 5ustice 'ociet% vs. 6angerous 6rugs 7oard part! or a sectoral part! or a coalition o' parties i. )A 01<= Compre&ensive Dangerous Drugs Act o' ii. #art! list organiBation or part! must 'actuall! an 5..5 trul! represent t&e marginaliBe an ii. Section 1< re8uires man ator! rug testing o' un errepresente personsL nominate must "e >il can i ates 'or pu"lic o''ice among ot&ers citiBens "elonging to marginaliBe an iii. Comelec issue resolution No. <HA< prescri"ing un errepresente sectors$ la"or/ peasant/ women/ t&e rules an regulations on t&e man ator! rug !out&/ etc6 testing o' t&e can i ates 'or pu"lic o''ice iii. Court cannot allow t&e part! list s!stem to "e Issue$ ;ON t&e )A an resolution imposing an a itional sullie an prostitute "! t&ose w&o are neit&er 8uali'ication on can i ates 'or senator is constitutional marginaliBe nor un errepresente . 9el ,)atio$ )A an resolution are unconstitutional %ui elines 'or screening part! list participants$ )atio$ a. #art! must represent t&e marginaliBe an i. Section 1/ Article VI prescri"e t&e 8uali'ications 'or un errepresente senator ". #olitical parties must s&ow t&at t&e! represent t&e ii. Congress cannot vali l! amen or mo i'! t&ese interests o' marginaliBe an un errepresente stan ar s 'or 8uali'ication as it cannot isregar / c. (ust not "e is8uali'ie eva e/ or wea+en t&e 'orce o' a constitutional . #art! must "e in epen ent o' t&e government man ate or alter or enlarge t&e constitution e. Nominees must compl! wit& t&e re8uirements o' t&e law #art! list$ '. Nominees must "e >ilipino citiBens w&o "elong to H inviola"le parameters$ marginaliBe an un errepresente sectorsL must i. 5.J o' all mem"ers o' &ouse o' reps represent t&e (NU sectors ii. 5J t&res&ol 3o' all votes cast6 g. (ust "e a"le to contri"ute to t&e 'ormulation an iii. 1 seat limit enactment o' appropriate legislation t&at will iv. #roportional representation 3'or a 7l seats6 "ene'it t&e nation as a w&ole 8eterans Federation Part% v. Comelec Issues$ i. Is t&e 5.J allocation man ator! or merel! a ceilingK ii. Are t&e 5J t&res&ol an 1 seat limit constitutional iii. I' !es/ &ow s&oul t&e a itional seats "e allocate 9el ,)atio$ i. Not man ator!/ merel! a ceiling. ii. 5J t&res&ol ? congress wante to ma+e sure t&at onl! t&ose parties &aving a su''icient num"er o' constituents eserving o' representation are actuall! represente in congressL 1 seat limit ensures t&e entr! o' various interestC representations into t&e legislature/ t&us no single *ng 7agong 7a%ani )F, La$or &art% et al v. Comelec et al i. #art! lists were is8uali'ie ii. Ot&er part! lists 3Bu&a!/ COCO'e / Sanla+as/ etc6 argue t&at t&e! &ave now ma e t&e 5J t&res&ol Issue$ ;ON t&e votes tallie 'or t&e is8uali'ie can i ates "e e ucte to etermine t&e total votes cast 'or t&e part! list s!stem 9el ,)atio$ !es/ t&e! are to "e e ucte "ecause i. )A 40H1 Section 1.$ A vote cast 'or a part! not entitle to "e vote 'or s&all not "e counte ii. Declare electe $ Bu&a!/ Amin/ A"a/ Coco'e / #(/ Sanla+as/ A"anse #ina! O:a"o an %rego not applica"le 3tal+s a"out t&e ineligi"ilit! o' a can i ate receiving ma*orit! votes oes

not entitle ne@t can i ateEineligi"le votes as stra!6 "ecause 'or local o''ices onl! an involve single elective posts 7anat v. Comelec i. #etition 'or certiorari an man amus against ComelecPs )esolution NBC No. .4H1 w&ic& approve recommen ation to en! t&e petition o' Banat 'or "eing moot ii. )esolution NBC No. .4C<. implemente t&e 'irst part! rule in t&e allocation o' seats to 8uali'ie part! list organiBations Issues$ i. Is t&e 5.J allocation man ator! or merel! a ceilingK ii. Is t&e 1Cseat limit constitutionalK iii. Is t&e 5J t&res&ol constitutionalK iv. 9ow s&all t&e part! list seats "e allocate K v. Does t&e constitution pro&i"it t&e ma*or political parties 'rom participating in t&e part! list electionsK I' not/ can t&e ma*or political parties "e "arre K 9el ,)atio$ i. 5.J allocations ? constitution le't manner o' allocating t&e seats availa"le to t&e wis om o' t&e legislature ii. 1 seat limit constitutional iii. 5J t&res&ol unconstitutional onl! in relation to t&e istri"ution o' t&e a itional seats iv. >irst part! rule is mat&ematicall! impossi"le 3alwa!s =. in 5J t&res&ol consi ere in allocating a itional seats6 %uarantee seats E 3votes garnere ,total M o' votes6 @ 3ma@ M o' seats ? guarantee seats6 v. (a*or political parties are isallowe 'rom participating in t&e part!Clist elections irectl! or in irectl! 3'ollowe ruling o' veterans6 Conversation among (r. (onso (r. Ta eo an (r. VillacortaQplus (r. Ople$ i. (r. (onso as+e i' political parties can run un er part! list s!stem. (r. Villacorta an Ta eo sa!s !es as long as t&e! will "e 'iel ing onl! sectoral can i ates ii. (r. Ople a s t&at t&is will create t&e stimulus 'or political parties an mass organiBations to see+ common groun

ii. iii. iv.

an logical conse8uence o' its conversion into a &ig&l! ur"aniBe cit!L S&oul "e given a practical rat&er t&an a tec&nical construction. S&oul "e su''icient i' t&e title e@presses t&e general su"*ect an all provisions are germane to t&at general su"*ect6 #resent composition o' congress ma! "e increase i' congress itsel' so man ates t&roug& a legislative enactment )A en*o!s presumption o' &aving ue consi eration o' t&e minimum re8uirements 3population re8uirement/ etc.6 Congress cannot preempt itsel' on a rig&t w&ic& pertains to itsel' 3Congress ra'te / eli"erate / an enacte on t&e )A6

/ariano 5r. v. Comelec i. )A no. 4A=H$ An act converting t&e municipalit! o' (a+ati into a &ig&l! ur"aniBe cit! Issues$ i. ;ON section 5 is constitutional as it oes not properl! i enti'! t&e territorial *uris iction 3metes an "oun s6 ii. ;ON section =1 is constitutional as it attempts to alter or restart t&e 1 consecutive term limit 'or local elective o''icials iii. ;ON section =5 is constitutional 9el ,)atio$ i. T&e territor! i not c&ange ? no nee to "e tec&nical 3purpose was to empower local govt units an to give t&em w&at t&e!7re ue6 ii. )eapportionment ma! "e ma e t&roug& a special law iii. :egislative istrict is increase since it &as met t&e min population re8uirement o' 5=./... 3H=./...6 iv. Su''icient compliance i' t&e title e@presses t&e general su"*ect an all t&e provisions are germane to suc& general su"*ect

/onte9o v. Comelec i. #etitioner plea s 'or t&e annulment o' section 1 o' )es No. 541< o' t&e comelec re istricting certain municipalities in :e!te Issue$ ;ON it is constitutional 'or Comelec to trans'er municipalities 'rom one legislative istrict to anot&er legislative istrict in t&e province o' :e!te *&&ortionment: Or inance empowere comelec to ma+e minor +o$ias v. *$alos a *ustments o' t&e reapportionment &erein ma e i. #etitioners attac+ t&e constitutionalit! o' )A 4<4=$ 3section 16 an act converting t&e municipalit! o' (an alu!ong 9el ,)atio$ It is unconstitutional as section 1 o' t&e into a &ig&l! ur"aniBe cit! or inance i not give comelec an! aut&orit! to trans'er ii. #le"iscite was &el 31H.H1J o' voting population/ municipalities 'rom one istrict to anot&er ma*orit! vote !es6 Issues$ 7aga$u%o v. Comelec i. ;ON )A 4<4= violates t&e Fone su"*ect one "ill i. )A M 0141 provi e 'or legislative apportionment ruleG Issue$ ;ON ).A No. 0141 is constitutional as it converts ii. ;ON t&e ivision is constitutional "ecause t&ere is an ivi es t&e Cit! o' Caga!an e Oro as a local an increase in t&e composition o' t&e &ouse o' government unit an oes not merel! provi e 'or cit!7s reps legislative apportionment iii. ;ON t&e ivision is vali as t&ere was no census s&owing t&at t&e municipalities &ave attaine t&e ii. :egislative apportionment$ minimum population re8uirements a. Determination o' t&e M o' representatives iv. ;ON t&e rig&t o' congress to reapportion ". Allocation o' seats in a legislative "o ! legislative istricts was preempte c. Drawing o' voting istrict lines 9el ,)atio$ iii. )eapportionment i. It oes not violate it ? creation o' a separate a. )ealignment or c&ange in legislative istrict 3(an alu!ong an San Duan6 is a natural istricts

". Article < section = 9el ,)atio$ In 'avor o' t&e petitioner. Du gment o' Court o' Division o' local government units appeals reverse wit& costs against respon ent. a. (unicipal corporations )atio$ )esi ence s!non!mous to omicile ". #rovinces/ cities/ municipalities/ "aranga!s a. %ot emplo!e in (ala!"a! Bu+i non/ registere c. Article 1. sec 1. as an elector/ vote t&ere/ an &as a resi ence . )e8uires t&e criteria esta"lis&e in t&e w&ic& &e live in 'or 1 T !ears. oes not mean local gov7t co e an t&e approval "! a &e &as ac8uire resi ence or omicile in (ala!"a! ma*orit! o' votes cast in a ple"iscite an &a lost &is omicile o' origin in A"u!og :e!te 9el ,)atio$ T&e situation at &an is a legislative ". Ac8uiring Domicile "! c&oice$ apportionment an oes not re8uire a ple"iscite i. )esi ence or "o il! presence in new localit! 'ection :: ii. Intention to remain t&ere +o $e a mem$er of (ouse of re&resentative: iii. Intention to a"an on ol omicile i. !atural $orn citi3en of t(e P(ils OAnimus non reverten i an animus ii. *t least 24 %.o on t(e da% of election manen i. iii. *$le to read and write c. 9e i n7t resi e in (ala!"ala! wit& t&e intention iv. * registered voter in t(e district w(ere o' remaining t&ere in e'initel! an o' not (e s(all $e elected and a resident returning to A"u!og t(ereof for not less t(an 1 %ear i. %allego is a native o' A"u!og immediatel% &receding t(e da% of ii. Despite &is emplo!ment in ot&er election ;e<ce&t for &art% list re&s= municipalities/ &e alwa!s returne in A"u!og Natural "orn citiBens ? T&ose w&o are citiBens o' t&e iii. Boug&t a piece o' lan in A"u!og an #&ilippines wit&out &aving to per'orm an! act to ac8uire or i n7t avail o' t&e o''er o' gov7t o' 1. per'ect #&ilippine citiBens&ip &ectares o' lan in (ala!"ala! iv. During t&e 5 !ears &e sta!e in )esi ent re8uirement$ )esi ence as s!non!mous (ala!"ala! as a gov7t emplo!ee/ &e to omicile visite &ometown an &is 'amil! no less t&an 1@ espite t&e great istance Domicile ? imports not onl! intention to resi e in a 'i@e place "ut also personal presence in t&at place couple Romualde3#/arcos v. Comelec wit& con uct in icative o' suc& intention i. )omual eBC(arcos 'iles a petition 'or reconsi eration o' &er certi'icate o' can i ac! Ac8uiring Domicile "! c&oice$ 3)epresentative o' t&e 'irst istrict o' :e!te6 w&ic& i. )esi ence or "o il! presence in new localit! was enie "ecause o' &er 'ailure to meet t&e 1 ii. Intention to remain t&ere !ear resi enc! re8uirement iii. Intention to a"an on ol omicile Issue$ ;ON petitioner was a resi ent/ 'or election purposes/ o' t&e >irst District o' :e!te 'or a perio o' 1 OAnimus non reverten i an animus manen i !ear at t&e time o' t&e (a! 100= elections C Sectoral representatives were temporar!L later on 9el ,)atio$ In 'avor o' t&e petitioner/ &aving etermine replace "! part! list reps t&at petitioner possesses t&e necessar! resi ence 8uali'ications to run 'or a seat in t&e 9ouse o' Ruali'ications o' #art! list nominees$ )epresentatives in t&e >irst District o' :e!te i. Natural "orn citiBen o' t&e #&ils )atio$ ii. )egistere voter a. #etitioner esta"lis&e omicile in Taclo"an :e!te iii. )esi ent o' t&e #&ils 'or not less t&an 1 !ear w&en s&e was A !.oL 'ollows omicile o' parents imme iatel! prece ing a! o' election ". #etitioner &el various resi ences 'or i'' purposes iv. A"le to rea an write uring past H eca es 3wor+/ marr!ing marcos/ v. Bona 'i e mem"er o' part! or organiBation &e marcos "ecoming senator/ presi ent/ etc.6 wants to represent 'or at least 0. a!s prece ing c. None o' t&ese point to an intention to a"an on &er a! o' electon omicile o' origin in Taclo"an/ le!te vi. At least 5= !.o on a! o' election . Even w&en marcos was presi ent/ petitioner +ept &er close ties to &er omicile o' origin "! Sout& sector$ At least 5= "ut not more t&an 1. esta"lis&ing resi ences in Taclo"an/ cele"rating " a! t&ere/ instituting well pu"liciBe pro*ects to )ESIDENCE RUA:I>ICATION CASES$ "ene'it &ometown/ esta"lis& political power "ase 3relatives &el positions o' power6 Gallego v. 8erra i. #e ro %allego 'iles a petition 'or certiorari to O)esi ence is one o' 'act w&ile in omicile/ it is legal or review ecision o' Court o' appeals a''irming t&at *uri ical/ in epen ent o' t&e necessit! o' p&!sical o' court o' 'irst instance w&ic& eclare illegal t&e presence petitioner7s election to t&e o''ice o' municipal ma!or o' A"u!og/ :e!te uring general elections *>uino v. Commission on Elections o' Dec. 10H. on t&e groun t&at &e &as alrea ! Issue$ ;ON petitioner &as esta"lis&e not *ust a resi ence lost &is omicile o' origin in A"u!og. "ut a omicile o' c&oice to 8uali'! as a can i ate 'or Issue$ ;ON #e ro %allego &a "een a resi ent o' A"u!og representative o' t&e 5n istrict o' (a+ati 'or at least 1 !ear prior to Dec 1. 10H./ a! o' election 9el ,)atio$ #etitioner &as onl! esta"lis&e a resi ence an not a omicile o' c&oice iv.

)atio$ i. ii. iii.

iv.

Birt&place/ registere voter/ an live 'or =5 !ears in Conception/ Tarlac Domicile o' origin until &is most recent 'iling o' can i ac! was Tarlac (erel! lease a con o in (a+ati instea o' "u!ing one ? oes not in icate permanenc! re8uire to prove a"an onment o' original omicile 35 !ears lease/ A8uino testi'ie t&at &is intention was to live t&ere 'or *ust 1 !ear6 1 con itions in esta"lis&ing new omicile

9el ,)atio$ i. 9e is a natural "orn citiBen o' t&e #&ils ii. 9e was alrea ! a citiBen prior to election since &is mom is a natural "orn citiBen an a a naturaliBe citiBen 30 !.oC minor6 iii. (oreover t&e e@ercise o' t&e rig&t o' su''rage an participation in election e@ercises constitute a positive act o' election o' #&ilippine citiBens&ip iv. Coul n7t &ave c&osen an! ot&er 'oreign nationalit! since "ot& parents were >ilipinos 7eng3on v. Cru3 i. )espon ent CruB enliste in t&e US (arine Corps an wit&out consent o' t&e )# too+ an oat& o' allegiance to t&e US. As a conse8uence lost &is >ilipino citiBens&ip Issues$ i. ;ON CruB/ a natural "orn >ilipino citiBen w&o "ecame American citiBen can still "e consi ere natural "orn upon &is reac8uisition o' #&il citiBens&ip ii. ;ON Congressman CruB s&oul "e is8uali'ie 'rom "eing electe as t&e rep o' t&e secon istrict o' #angaasinan 9el ,)atio$ i. CruB is eligi"le as a congressman an a natural "orn citiBen "ecause upon repatriation 3ta+ing an oat& o' allegiance to t&e repu"lic o' t&e #&ils an registering sai oat& in t&e :ocal registr!6/ &e recovere &is original nationalit!. ii. Dissent$ Natural "orn citiBens are t&ose citiBens o' t&e #&ils 'rom "irt& wit&out &aving to per'orm an! act or ac8uire or per'ect &is #&il citiBens&ip. Since &e &a to ta+e an oat&/ &e essentiall! &a to per'orm an act "e'ore ac8uiring citiBens&ip 8alles v. Comelec i. )osalin :opeB was "orn in Australia 'rom >ilipino 'at&er an Australian mot&er. ii. :opeB allege l! renounce >il citiBens&ip "! appl!ing 'or an alien certi'icate o' registration an immigrant cert o' resi ence an issuance o' Australian passport Issue$ ;ON )osalin :opeB is a natural "orn citiBen o' t&e #&ils even w&en s&e is a &ol er o' an Australian passport an &a alien certi'icate o' registration 3&ence eligi"le to run6 9el ,)atio$ i. 9ol ing an Australian passport an an alien cert o' registration oes not constitute an e''ective renunciation o' citiBens&ip an o not militate against &er claim o' >ilipino citiBens&ip ? at most merel! ual citiBens&ip not ual allegiance ii. (oreover/ 'iling o' cert o' can i ac! 'or pu"lic o''ice is enoug& to terminate status as persons wit& ual citiBens&ip 6ima&oro v. /itra i. Term o' o''ice prescri"e "! t&e Constitution ma! not "e e@ten e or s&ortene "! legislature ii. Tenure ? "ut t&e perio uring w&ic& an o''icer actuall! &ol s t&e o''ice 3tenure6 ma! "e a''ecte "! circumstances wit&in or "e!ong t&e power o' sai o''icer Farinas et al v. E<ecutive 'ecretar% i. Sec 1H o' )A 0..< repeals sec <4$ an! elective o''icial w&et&er national or local running 'or an!

6omino v. Commission on Elections i. Duan Domino 'ile a petition 'or certiorari "ecause o' &is is8uali'ication as a can i ate 'or rep o' t&e :one legislative istrict o' t&e province o' Sarangani Issues$ i. ;ON *u gment o' t&e (etropolitan Trial court o' RC eclaring petitioner as resi ent o' Sarangani is 'inal ii. ;ON Domino was a resi ent o' Sarangani 'or at least one !ear imme iatel! prece ing t&e (a! 11 100A election to 8uali'! as a can i ate iii. ;ON Comelec as *uris iction over t&e petition 'or is8uali'ication o' petitioner 9el ,)atio$ 9ol t&e negative 3i an ii6L it is wit&in t&e *uris iction o' comelec to etermine 'alse representations regar ing certi'icate o' can i ac! inclu ing resi ence 3Omni"us Election Co e6 )atio$ i. Voter7s registration an a ress in A!ala 9eig&ts/ RC ii. )an 'or 1r legislative istrict o' RC in 100= iii. #etitioner7s omicile o' origin was Can on Ilocos Sur/ "ut in 1001 ac8uire a omicile o' c&oice in RC iv. A person7s omicile once esta"lis&e is consi ere to continue an will not "e eeme lost until a new one is esta"lis&e $ animus manen i/ animus non reverten i a. Actual removal 'rom ol omicile ". Bona 'i e intention o' a"an oning 'ormer resi ence an esta"lis&ing a new one c. De'inite acts correspon ing to purpose ? permanent an 'i@e place o' a"o e v. :ease o' a &ouse in sarangani not enoug& vi. Even i' &e cancelle registration o' &ouse in RC/ it 'ell s&ort o' t&e 1 !ear re8uirement Co v. House Electoral +ri$unal i. Dose Ong Dr "orn 'rom a natural "orn >ilipina mot&er an a naturaliBe C&inese >at&er w&o esta"lis&e resi ence in :aoag ii. Dose Ong Dr ran 'or rep in t&e 5n istrict o' nort&ern samar iii. Article VI section 1 paragrap& 1 w&ic& ma+es t&ose citiBens electing >ilipino citiBens&ip prior to t&e 1041 constitution an a'ter 3"orn o' >il mot&ers6 natural "orn citiBens/ was inten e to correct an un'air position w&ic& iscriminate against >ilipino women iv. )etroactive e''ect$ curative nature Issue$ i. ;ON 9)ET eclaring t&at respon ent Dose ong Dr. is a natural "orn >ilipino citiBen/ t&e 9)ET acte wit& grave a"use o' iscretion ii. ;ON Dose Ong Dr. electe >ilipino citiBens&ip

ii. Issues$ i. ;ON Sec 1H o' )A 0..< violate t&e One su"*ect rule ii. ;ON Sec 1H o' t&e )A 0..< 3>air Election Act6 is constitutional inso'ar as it repeals Sec <4 3Accounta"ilit! o' #u"lic O''icers6 o' Batas #am"ansa Blg AA1 3Omni"us Election Co e6 iii. ;ON Sec 1H violates t&e E8ual #rotection Clause iv. ;ON t&e irregularities o' t&e law ren ers entire law nulli'ie 3tec&nicalities6 v. ;ON t&e e''ectivit! clause is e'ective 3ta+e e''ect upon approval6

o''ice t&an t&e one w&ic& &e is &ol ing in permanent capacit! e@cept 'or presi ent an vice presi ent s&all "e consi ere ipso 'acto resigne 'rom o''ice upon 'iling o' &is cert o' can i ac! Sec << relating to appointive o''icials not repeale

to t&e rule o' law e@cept reign o' c&aos an con'usion 'EC ?: I! C*'E )F 8*C*!C@ I! +HE 'E!*+E )R I! +HE HRA * 'PECI*L ELEC+I)! /*@ 7E C*LLE6 +) FILL '.CH 8*C*!C@ I! +HE /*!!ER PRE'CRI7E6 7@ L*, 7.+ +HE 'E!*+)R )R /E/7ER' )F +HE HR +H.' ELEC+E6 'H*LL 'ER8E )!L@ F)R .!EBPIRE6 +ER/

+olentino v. Comelec i. Teo'isto %uingona "ecame vice presi ent &ence a vacanc! in t&e senate ii. Special elections to "e &el wit& (a! 1H 5..1 regular elections$ Senatorial can i ate garnering 11t& &ig&est num"er o' votes s&all serve onl! 'or t&e une@pire term o' 'ormer senator %uingona. 9onasan won. 9el ,)atio$ iii. #etitioners 8uestion vali it! o' special elections i. Constitutional provisions relating to su"*ect matter "ecause o' lac+ o' call 'or suc& election an 'or an titles o' statutes s&oul not "e so narrowl! lac+ o' 'ormal notice to t&e pu"lic as to t&e o''ice construe as to cripple or impe e t&e power o' to "e 'ille an t&e manner "! w&ic& t&e winner in legislation. It7s su''icient t&at t&e title "e t&e special election is to "e etermine compre&ensive enoug& reasona"l! to inclu e Issues$ general o"*ect w&ic& a statute see+s to e''ect i. ;ON special election to 'ill a vacant t&reeC!ear wit&out e@pressing ever! etail term Senate seat was vali l! &el on ma! 1H ii. Over time/ congress ma! 'in it imperative to 5..1. repeal t&e law on its "elie' t&at t&e election 9el ,)atio$ process is t&ere"! en&ance an t&e paramount i. It was vali l! &el . Accor ing to )A no. <<H= o"*ective o' election laws ? 'air/ &onest/ an Section 5$ FQ#rovi e &owever/ t&at i' wit&in t&e or erl! election o' trul! eserving mem"ers o' sai perio / a general election is sc&e ule to "e congress &el / t&e special election s&all "e &el iii. E8ual protection clause in t&e constitution is not simultaneousl! wit& suc& general electionG a"solute "ut is su"*ect to reasona"le ii. In a general election/ w&ere t&e law 'i@es t&e ate classi'ication. I' groupings are c&aracteriBe "! o' t&e election/ t&e election is vali wit&out an! su"stantial istinctions/ one class ma! "e call "! t&e "o ! c&arge to a minister election. regulate i''erentl!. (oreover/ elective o''icials iii. )ig&t an ut! to &ol t&e election emanate 'rom occup! t&eir o''ice "! virtue o' t&e man ate o' t&e t&e statute. T&e law c&arges t&e voters wit& electorate wit& a e'inite termL On t&e ot&er &an / +nowle ge o' t&is statutor! notice an comelec7s appointive o''icials are "! virtue o' t&eir 'ailure to give a 7l notice i not negate t&e esignation/ an ma! &ol it in a permanent calling o' suc& special election/ muc& less capacit! an are entitle to securit! o' tenure/ so invali ate it. t&e latter is more open to a"use. iv. T&e test in etermining vali it! o' a special iv. Court can7t go "e&in t&e enrolle cop! o' t&e "ill election in relation to t&e 'ailure to give notice o' "ecause parliamentar! rules are merel! t&e special election is w&et&er t&e want o' notice proce ural an wit& t&eir o"servance t&e courts &as resulte in mislea ing a su''icient num"er o' &ave no concern. (ere 'ailure to con'orm to voters as woul c&ange t&e result o' special parliamentar! usage will not invali ate action elections ? petitioners i n7t prove suc& was t&e ta+en "! a eli"erative "o ! w&en re8uisite case num"er o' mem"ers &ave agree to a particular measure 'EC+I)! 1C: +HE '*L*RIE' )F 'E!*+)R' *!6 v. No "ecause FQ.unless it is ot&erwise provi e G /E/7ER' )F +HE H).'E )F REPRE'E!+*+I8E' 'H*LL 7E 6E+ER/I!E6 7@ L*,A !) I!CRE*'E I! Codilla v. 6e 8enecia '*I6 C)/PE!'*+I)! 'H*LL +*DE EFFEC+ .!+IL i. Co illa reall! won against :ocsin/ "ut t&e latter *F+ER +HE EBPIR*+I)! )F +HE F.LL +ER/ )F *LL still wants to &ol position +HE /E/7ER' )F +HE 'E/*+E *!6 +HE H).'E )F ii. #etition 'or man amus an 8uo warranto to REPRE'E!+*+I8E' *PPR)8I!G '.CH I!CRE*'E a minister oat& o' petitioner as ul!Celecte representative an register t&e name o' t&e i. #urpose is to place a legal "ar to t&e legislators7 petitioner in roll o' mem"ers in 9)/ an against !iel ing to temptation to increase t&eir salaries :ocsin 'or usurping an unlaw'ull! &ol ing sai ii. O''ice an necessar! travel allowance not part o' pu"lic o''ice on "asis o' voi proclamation salar! Issue$ ;ON Co illa s&oul "e proclaime winner 9el ,)atio$ 'EC+I)! 11: * 'E!*+)R )R /E/7ER )F +HE i. #etition grante H).'E )F REPRE'E!*+I8E' 'H*LLA I! *LL ii. )ule o' law eman s t&at its ecision "e o"e!e )FFE!'E' P.!I'H*7LE 7@ !)+ /)RE +H*! 'IB "! all o''icials o' t&e lan . T&ere is no alternative @E*R' I/PRI')!/E!+A 7E PRI8ILEGE6 FR)/ *RRE'+ ,HILE +HE C)!GRE'' I' I! 'E''I)!. !)

/E/7ER 'H*LL 7E 2.E'+I)!E6 !)R 7E HEL6 LI*7LE I! *!@ )+HER PL*CE F)R *!@ 'PEECH )R 6E7*+E I! +HE C)!GRE'' )R *!@ C)//I++EE +HERE)F

Issues$ ;ON Ca"ang"ang7s letter is a privilege communication 9el ,)atio$ i. No. :etter was an open letter to t&e presi ent o' t&e #&ils w&en congress was presuma"l! not in i. Un er 101= constitution/ privilege was onl! 'rom session an e'en ant case letter to "e civil arrest. Un er 1041 constitution/ a legislator is pu"lis&e in several newspapers o' general privilege 'rom arrest even 'or a criminal o''ense circulation. 9e was not per'orming &is o''icial ut! provi e t&at t&e o''ense was not punis&a"le "! a eit&er as a mem"er o' congress or as o''icer o' penalt! o' more t&an < !ears imprisonment an! committee t&ereo' ii. #rivilege onl! availa"le w&ile congress is in ii. #rivilege letter ? utterances ma e "! congressmen session since purpose is to protect legislator in t&e per'ormance o' t&eir o''icial 'unctions suc& against &arassment w&ic& will +eep &im awa! as speec&es elivere / statements ma e/ votes 'rom legislative sessions cast in t&e &alls o' congress/ w&ile t&e same is in session/ as well as "ills intro uce in congress/ Peo&le v. 5alos9os w&et&er t&e same is in session or not/ an ot&er i. Congressman Dalos*os now con'ine at t&e national acts per'orme "! congressmen/ eit&er in penitentiar! w&ile &is conviction on statutor! rape congress or outsi e t&e premises &ousing its on 5 counts an acts o' lasciviousness on < counts o''ices in t&e o''icial isc&arge o' t&eir uties as is pen ing appeal. mem"ers o' congress an o' congressional ii. #etition as+ing t&at &e "e allowe to 'ull! committees ul! aut&oriBe to per'orm 'unctions isc&arge uties o' a congressman inclu ing atten ance at legislative sessions an committee *ntonino v. 8alencia meetings 3man ate o' t&e sovereign will as i. Can i ate o' :# 'or governor o' Davao lost against primar! argument6 N#/ an Congressman Antonino 3&ea o' :#6 Issue$ ;ON mem"ers&ip in congress e@empt an accuse attri"ute loss to support given "! Valencia 3t&en 'rom statutes an rules w&ic& appl! to vali l! incarcerate sec o' pu"lic wor+s an communications6 to persons in general (aglana 3in epen ent :#6 w&ic& ivi e :# votes. 9el ,)atio$ ii. In pu"lic statements 8uote in metropolitan i. 9el in t&e negative. All top o''icials o' gov7t are newspapers &e sai &a not valencia sa"otage still su"*ect to t&e ma*est! o' t&e law. #rivilege &as :#/ can i ate woul 7ve won to "e grante "! law/ not in'erre 'rom uties o' a iii. Antonino 'ile a ministrative c&arges wit& Senate position. 9istor! o' t&e provision on immunit! 'rom Blue )i""on committee an a 'ormal re8uest to arrest s&ows t&at t&e privilege &as alwa!s "een investigate actions o' e'en ant as Sec o' #u"lic grante in a restrictive sense wor+s an communications in connection wit& ii. )ecalle t&at w&en Dalos*os7 arrest was issue / &e allege anomalous ac8uisitions o' supplies an 'le an eva e capture espite a call 'rom &is e8uipment ? c&arges carrie "! press 3Bulletin colleagues in t&e 9) an to surren er voluntaril! an News a!6 to aut&orities ? ironic iv. Valencia t&en issue a press release FQ'or certain iii. Allowing Dalos*os to atten congressional sessions sel'is& reasons/ Antonino &as ta+en a vantage o' an committee meetings 'or = a!s or more in a &is position as mem"er o' monetar! "oar an as wee+ will virtuall! ma+e &im a 'ree man wit& all senatorQG t&e privileges t&at go wit& &is position ? not onl! Issue$ ;ON press release 8uali'! as a privilege elevates &im to special class "ut ma+es a mov+er! communication o' t&e purpose 'o correction s!stem 9el ,)atio$ iv. Constitutional e8ual protection$ All persons i. B! virtue o' t&e e'amator! an li"elous nature similarl! situate s&all "e treate ali+e. Organs o' against t&e &onor/ integrit! an reputation o' gov7t s&all not s&ow partialit! Antonino/ malice in law was presume . ii. Onl! e'ensive li"el against Antonino7s li"el$ :etter SCO#E O> T9E #)IVI:E%E O> S#EEC9 sent "! plainti'' was privilege communication i. #rivilege o' speec& oes not protect assem"l! 3sent to Blue ri""on6L Fsa"otage an ou"le men against t&e isciplinar! aut&orit! o' t&e crossingG comment not tantamount to li"el congress "ut it is an a"solute protection against suits 'or li"el. SECTION 15$ A:: (E(BE)S O> T9E SENATE AND 9OUSE ii. Utterance must constitute legislative action. (ust O> )E#)ESENTATIVES S9A::/ U#ON ASSU(#TION O> "e part o' t&e eli"erative an communicative O>>ICE/ (A-E A >U:: DISC:OSU)E O> T9EI) >INANCIA: process "! w&ic& legislators participate in AND BUSINESS INTE)ESTS. T9ES S9A:: NOTI>S T9E committee or congressional procee ings in t&e 9OUSE CONCE)NED O> A #OTENTIA: CON>:ICT O> consi eration o' propose legislation or o' ot&er INTE)EST T9AT (AS A)ISE >)O( T9E >I:IN% O> A matters w&ic& t&e constitution &as place wit&in #)O#OSED :E%IS:ATION O> ;9IC9 T9ES A)E AUT9O)S. t&e *uris iction o' t&e congress SECTION 11$ NO SENATO) O) (E(BE) O> T9E 9OUSE O> 5imene3 v. Ca$ang$ang )E#)ESENTATIVES (AS 9O:D ANS OT9E) O>>ICE O) i. #etitioner 'ile against Ca"ang"ang 'or mone! E(#:OS(ENT IN T9E %OVE)N(ENT/ O) ANS "ecause o' amages ue to pu"lication o' an SUBDIVISION/ A%ENCS/ O) INST)U(ENTA:ITS T9E)EO>/ allege l! li"elous letter o' e'en ant INC:UDIN% %OVE)N(ENTCO;NED O) CONT)O::ED ii. De'en ant sai t&at letter in 8uestion is a CO)#O)ATIONS O) T9EI) SUBSIDIA)IES/ DU)IN% 9IS privilege communication TE)( ;IT9OUT >O)>EITIN% 9IS SEAT. NEIT9E) S9A:: 9E

BE A##OINTED TO ANS O>>ICE ;9IC9 (AS 9AVE BEEN C)EATED O) T9E E(O:U(ENTS T9E)EO> INC)EASED DU)IN% T9E TE)(S >O) ;9IC9 9E ;AS E:ECTED. Li$an v. Gordon i. #etition to eclare Sen. %or on as &aving 'or'eite &is seat in t&e senate Issue$ ;ON t&e o''ice o' t&e #N)C 3#&ilippine National )e Cross6 C&airman is a government o''ice or an o''ice in a governmentCowne or controlle corporation 'or t&e purposes o' t&e pro&i"ition in Sec 11 Article VI o' t&e constitution 9el ,)atio$ i. T&e #N)C is not governmentCowne "ut privatel! owne &ence sec 11 o' Article VI oes not appl!. T&e #N)C 3not controlle "! t&e gov7t6 is a private organiBation per'orming pu"lic 'unctionsL onorC 'un e voluntar!/ &umanitarian organiBation

tantamount to allowing &im to appear as counsel in irectl!

*velino v. Cuenco i. Tana a wante to ma+e &is privilege speec& a"out t&e c&arges against Senate #resi ent Avelino/ "ut t&e latter an &is 'ollowers +ept on ignoring &is motion an re8uest uring t&e session. Davi re8ueste 'or t&e session to "e a *ourne an Sani a registere &is opposition an suggeste it "e put to vote ii. Avelino wal+e out 'ollowe "! &is 'ollowers/ an t&e rest remaine an continue wit& session. )esolution <A an )esolution No. <4 ma+ing (ariano Cuenco t&e new acting presi ent o' t&e senate/ were approve . #etitioner 'ile a petition 'or 8uo warranto. Issues$ i. ;ON t&e court &as *uris iction over matter SECTION 1H$ NO SENATO) O) (E(BE) O> T9E 9OUSE O> ii. ;ON )esolutions <A an <4 were vali l! approve )E#)ESENTATIVES (AS #E)SONA::S A##EA) AS 3in t&e Frump senateG6 COUNSE: BE>O)E ANS COU)T O> DUSTICE O) BE>O)E 9el ,)atio$ T9E E:ECTO)A: T)IBUNA:S/ O) RUASICDUDICIA: AND i. No "ecause o' t&e separation o' powers an t&e OT9E) AD(INIST)ATIVE BODIES. NEIT9E) S9A:: 9E/ constitutional grant to t&e senate o' t&e power to DI)ECT:S O) INDI)ECT:S/ BE INTE)ESTED >INANCIA::S IN elect its own presi ent ANS CONT)ACT ;IT9/ O) IN ANS >)ANC9ISE O) S#ECIA: ii. Unanimit! in t&e view t&at t&e session un er #)IVI:E%E %)ANTED BS T9E %OVE)N(ENT/ O) ANS senator arranB 3acting c&air6 was a continuation o' SUBDIVISION/ A%ENCS O) INST)U(ENTA:ITS T9E)EO>/ t&e morning session an t&at a minorit! o' 1. INCUDIN% ANS %OVE)N(ENTCO;NED O) CONT)O::ED senators ma! not/ "! leaving t&e &all/ prevent t&e CO)#O)ATION O) ITS SUBSIDIA)S/ DU)IN% 9IS TE)( O> ot&er 15 senators 'rom passing a resolution t&at O>>ICE/ 9E S9A:: NOT INTE)VENE IN ANS (ATTE) met wit& t&eir unanimous en orsement BE>O)E ANS O>>ICE O> T9E %OVE)N(ENT >O) 9IS iii. Since Sen Con'esor was a"sent/ 15 senators #ECUNIA)S BENE>IT O) ;9E)E 9E (AS BE CA::ED U#ON constitute t&e ma*orit! FQeac& &ouse s&all TO ACT ON ACCOUNT O> 9IS O>>ICE constitute a 8uorumG L &ouse oes not mean all mem"ers. An even i' 15 i not constitute #ro&i"itions 8uorum/ t&e! coul 7ve or ere t&e arrest o' 1 an Cuenco woul still &ave won. 315C116 Pu%at v. 6e Gu3man 'antiago v. Guingona i. SEC Commissioner De %uBman an Dustice i. During election/ Sen. >ernan an Sen. Tata were >ernan eB were suppose to appear as counsel nominate to t&e position o' senate presi ent. B! 'or Acero. #u!at group o"*ecte "ecause Sec 11 a vote o' 5.C5/ >ernan won an Tata assume Article VIII o' 1041 consti sa!s t&at no assem"l! t&e role o' t&e minorit! lea er man coul appear as counsel "e'ore an! a min ii. :A-AS NUCD U(D# senators vote Sen %uingona "o !. >ernan eB i n7t continue. as t&e minorit! lea er/ an >ernan 'ormall! ii. >ernan eB &a purc&ase 1. s&ares o' stoc+ o' I#I recogniBe &im as t&e minorit! lea er 'or #5.. upon re8uest o' Acero to 8uali'! &im to iii. Santiago an Tata 'ile petition 'or 8uo warranto run 'or election as irector 3un er w&ic& aut&orit!6 against %uingona 'or iii. >ernan eB 'ile motion to intervene in SEC case unlaw'ull! &ol ing position alleging legal interest since &e owns 1. s&ares. Issues$ SEC grante . 9ence t&e petition 'or certiorari an i. ;ON t&e court &as *uris iction over t&e petition pro&i"ition wit& preliminar! in*unction ii. ;ON t&ere was an actual violation o' t&e Issue$ ;ON Assem"l!man >ernan eB as a t&en stoc+ constitution &ol er o' I#I ma! intervene in t&e SEC case wit&out iii. ;ON %uingona usurpe or unlaw'ull! &el position violating section 11 Art VIII o' t&e Constitution o' Senate minorit! lea er 9el ,)atio$ 9el ,)atio$ i. De %uBman &a ac8uire t&e 1. s&ares one a! i. T&e court &as *uris iction over petition "ecause "e'ore t&e sc&e ule &earing wit& t&e SEC *u icial power inclu es t&e ut! to etermine i' ii. Be'ore &e move to intervene/ &e &as signi'ie &is t&ere was a grave a"use o' iscretion amounting intention to appear as counsel 'or respon ent to lac+ or e@cess o' *uris iction on t&e part o' an! Acero "ut w&ic& was o"*ecte "! petitioner 3so "ranc& o' gov7t use intervention as legal groun s6 ii. T&ere was no actual violation o' t&e constitution iii. Appeare as counsel 'or E@celsior/ coC e'en ant o' "ecause t&e consti oesn7t prescri"e a proce ure Acero in t&e court o' 'irst instance on &ow minorit! lea ers s&oul "e electe / &ence iv. Because o' t&e 'acts an circumstances/ 'in t&at t&e court vests t&e power on t&e &ouse o' t&ere &as "een an in irect Fappearance as congress to etermine rules on t&e procee ing. iii. Since t&ere was no prescription on &ow to elect counsel "e'ore an a min "o !G circumvention minorit! lea er/ t&e allege illegalit! o' o' constitution. Allowing intervention woul "e %uingona7s &ol o' t&e position is groun less. No

grave a"use o' well.

iscretion &as "een 'oun e

as

Terms$ Usurpation ? unaut&oriBe ar"itrar! assumption an e@ercise o' power "! one wit&out color o' title or w&o is not entitle "! law t&ereto Issues$ Ruo warranto proce ing ? proper legal reme ! to i. ;ON Osmena7s parliamentar! immunit! was etermine rig&t or title to t&e conteste pu"lic o''ie an to violate oust &ol er 'rom its en*o!ment. ii. ;ON Osmena committe isor erl! "e&avior to #olitical 8uestion ? 8uestions w&ic& un er t&e consti/ are "e punis&e to "e eci e "! t&e people in t&eir sovereign capacit! or iii. ;ON 9ouse &a lost its power to 8uestion an in regar to w&ic& 'ull iscretionar! aut&orit! &as "een iscipline 'or atten ing to anot&er "usiness "e'ore elegate to t&e legislative or e@ec "ranc& approving 9ouse resol =0 iv. ;ON 9ouse &as no power to suspen mem"ers *rro%o et al v. 6e 8enecia un er constitution i. #etition 'or certiorari c&allenging vali it! o' ).A.. 9el ,)atio$ A5H. w&ic& amen s certain provisions o' t&e i. No. #arliamentar! immunit! guarantees t&e National Internal )evenue Co e "! imposing sin legislator complete 'ree om o' e@pression wit&out ta@es 3speci'ic ta@es6 on manu'acture an sale o' 'ear o' "eing ma e responsi"le in criminal or civil "eer an cigarettes. acts "e'ore courts or an! 'orum outsi e o' ii. #etitioners c&arge violation o' t&e rules o' t&e congress BUT it oes not protect &im 'rom &ouse w&ic& t&e! "elieve to "e constitutionall! responsi"ilit! "e'ore legislative "o ! w&en &is man ate so t&at t&eir violation is tantamount to wor s,con uct are consi ere isor erl! a violation o' t&e constitution ii. Assault upon t&e ignit! o' t&e o''ice o' t&e Issues$ presi ent w&ic& is t&e s!m"ol o' t&e #&il i. ;ON t&e court as *uris iction over rules o' t&e sovereignt! 9ouse iii. )ules a opte "! eli"erative "o ies are su"*ect ii. ;ON violation o' rules o' t&e 9ouse tantamount to to revocation/ mo i'ication/ or waiver at t&e a violation o' t&e constitution pleasure o' t&e "o ! a opting t&em iii. ;ON t&e law was illegall! passe "! congress "! iv. #arliamentar! rules are merel! proce ural/ an a mere approval o' motion in or er to prevent wit& t&eir o"servance/ t&e court &as no concern petitioner Arro!o 'rom 8uestioning presence o' 8uorum Paredes v. 'andigan$a%an 9el i. Be'ore #are es "ecame a congressman i. As t&e rules o' t&e &ouse are internal matters/ t&e 3governor6/ &e was c&arge o' violations against court &as no *uris iction "! virtue o' t&e anti gra't law. separation o' powers Issue$ ;ON it was constitutional 'or t&e San igan"a!an to ii. Internal con'lict wit&in t&e congress or senate is in impose a preventive suspension on #are es pursuant to no wa! violative o' t&e constitution "ecause suc& antiCgra't law rules are le't to t&e congress7 iscretion$ 9ouse 9el ,)atio$ Ses it is constitutional "ecause petitioner7s rules are merel! proce ural an t&e courts &ave invocation o' Sec 1< 316 Article < onl! applies to no concern. mis"e&avior as a (em"er o' t&e 9ouse o' representatives/ iii. Conse8uentl!/ mere 'ailure to con'orm to i''erent 'rom t&e suspension spo+en o' in Section 11 o' parliamentar! usage an proce ure will not )A1.10 3Anti gra't law6 w&ic& is more o' a preventive invali ate t&e action ta+en "! t&e eli"erative measure "o ! w&en t&e re8uisite num"er o' mem"ers &ave agree to a particular measure .nited 'tates v. Pons iv. T&e manner in w&ic& t&e committee report on 9 i. T&e e'en ant appellant Duan #ons et.al were No. 410A was "! no means a uni8ue one. It &as a c&arge wit& t&e crime o' illegal importation o' "asis in legal practice. Ruorums are onl! one opium. #onPs counsel allege an o''ere to prove w&en a signi'icant num"er o' issenting opinions t&at t&e last a! o' t&e special session o' t&e e@ist #&ilippine :egislature 'or 101H was t&e 5At& a! o' >e"ruar!L t&at Act No. 51A1/ un er w&ic& #ons 5. Internal Discipline must "e punis&e i' 'oun guilt!/ was not passe or approve on t&e 5At& o' >e"ruar! "ut on (arc& )smena v. Pendatun 1 o' t&at !earL an t&at/ t&ere'ore/ t&e same is null i. #etition 'or eclarator! relie'/ certiorari an an voi . pro&i"ition wit& preliminar! in*unction on t&e Issues$ groun o' in'ringement o' o' petitioner Osmena7s i. ;ON t&e court can ta+e notice o' t&e *ournals parliamentar! immunit! ii. ;ON legislative *ournals 3conclusive evi ence6 or ii. Osmena/ uring &is speec& to t&e presi ent/ e@traneous evi ence 3witness6 s&oul "e use c&arge t&e latter7s a ministration o' corruption 9el ,)atio$ an in*ustice 3FQ'ree t&ings t&e! use to get 'rom i. Cre i"ilit! 'oun in legislative *ournals t&e gov7t are now 'or sale at premium pricesG ii. To in8uire into t&e aut&enticit! o' t&e *ournals o' iii. Deeme as an assault upon t&e ignit! an #&il legislature woul violate letter an spirit o' prestige o' t&e o''ice o' t&e presi ent e@posing it to contempt an isrepute/ t&e &ouse o' rep

'orme a committee o' 1= mem"ers to investigate t&e case/ summon Osmena to su"stantiate an aut&oriBe su"poena to re8uire atten ance o' witnesses an pro uction o' papers.39ouse resolution =06 >ailure to o so$ suspen e 'rom o''ice 'or 1= mos.

organic laws L an inter'ere wit& legitimate powers an 'unctions o' :egislature Casco P(ili&&ine C(emical Co. v. Gimene3 Issue$ ;ON ;ON Congresswoman Coseteng is 8uali'ie to sit in t&e Commission on Appointments as a representative o' t&e (inorit! "ecause s&e &as t&e support o' 0 ot&er congressmen an congresswomen o' t&e minorit! an 'ormal e&! e are e@empt "! t&e law 'rom pa!ment o' t&e a'oresai margin 'ee 9el ,)atio$ i. No t&e! are not "ecause Sec5 o' )A no. 5<.0 e@empts/ among ot&ers/ urea 'ormal e&! e/ t&e s!nt&etic resin 3use as an a &esive 'or pl!woo 6 o' urea an 'ormal e&! e t&e 'inis&e pro uct an not t&e raw materials. ii. :aw is conclusive upon t&e courts as regar s to tenor an measure passe "! congress an approve "! presi ent iii. )eme ! "! amen ment or curative legislation not "! *u icial ecree.

'ection 1E: Electoral +ri$une Eac( (ouse $e com&osed of electoral tri$unal ;to $e sole 9udge of contests on electionA returnsA and >ualification of mem$ers=. Electoral tri$unal will (ave ? mem$ers ;" 9ustices designated $% c(ief 9ustice and : senators mem$ers of (ouse of re&s *' +HE C*'E /*@ 7E= c(osen t(roug( &ro&ortional re& from &olitical &arties and &art% list s%stem. 'enior 9ustice is t(e c(airman

*ngara v. Electoral Commission Issue$ ;ON t&e Electoral Commission acte wit&out or in e@cess o' its *uris iction in a opting its resolution o' Dec 0 101= an in assuming to ta+e cogniBance o' t&e protest 'ile against t&e election o' &erein petitioner espite t&e previous con'irmation "! t&e National Assem"l! 9el ,)atio$ i. Electoral commission acte wit&in its *uris iction "ecause section 14 o' Article VI rea s$ F ..Electoral tri"unal as t&e sole *u ge o' all contests )E:ATIN% TO t&e election/ returns/ an 8uali'icationsQ.G ii. B! tracing t&e origin an &istor! o' t&e Electoral commission/ it can "e seen t&at espite t&e *storga v. 8illegas vigorous opposition o' some mem"ers 3)o@as v. ventura :a"ra or pela!o cinco conversation6/ t&e i. A"out passage o' 9ouse "ill 05<< 3"ecame ).A original intention o' t&e convention was H.<=6$ An act e'ining t&e powers/ rig&ts an e''ectuate "! t&e St!le Committee t&roug& uties o' t&e vice ma!or o' t&e cit! o' manila #resi ent )ecto$ Inserte Fall contests relating toG ii. Be'ore t&e "ill7s passage/ Senator )o@as ma e "etween F*u ge o'G an Ft&e electionG minor amen ments "e'ore approval 3presi ent pro tempore instea o' cit! engineer to succee *$$as et al. v. 'enate vicema!or6. During "ill7s secon rea ing/ ma*or i. A""as 'ile an election contest "e'ore t&e Senate amen ments "! Senator Tolentino were ma e. against 55 can i ates o' t&e :ABAN coalition T&ose ma*or amen ments were approve "! t&e ii. #etitioners sai t&at t&e < senators inclu e in t&e senate. T&e minor amen ments i n7t appear in Electoral Commission s&oul "e is8uali'ie 'rom t&e *ournal o' senate procee ings t&e &earing an resolution o' t&e sai SET case iii. ;&en t&e "ill was passe wit& amen ments/ t&e "ecause all are intereste parties amen ments inclu e were t&ose ma e "! )o@as. iii. A""as proposal$ Tri"unal7s rules 3sec5H6$ i' more Senators signe . #resi ent signe . t&an H mem"ers are is8uali'ie / remaining s&all iv. Tolentino issue press statement t&at wrong 'orm a 8uorum i' not less t&an 1 inclu ing 1 *u ge. version was passe . Senate presi ent consi ers T&is woul mean onl! t&e 1 *u ges woul remain &is signature on enrolle "ill invali an o' no in t&e senate electoral commission e''ect. #resi ent ta+es "ac+ &is signature too v. Villegas issue circulars to isregar provisions o' Issue$ ;ON A""as7 proposal is vali 9el Act no H.<=. Astorga t&en 'ile a petition 'or i. It is not vali "ecause t&e constitution inten e man amus in*uction an ,or pro&i"ition wit& t&at "ot& *u icial an legislative components preliminar! man ator! an pro&i"itor! in*uction to commonl! s&are t&e ut! an aut&orit! o' compel respon ents to compl! wit& )A H.<= eci ing all contests relating to election returns Issue$ ;ON 9ouse "ill no. 05<< was passe an enacte an 8uali'ications o' senators. as a law ii. T&e 'act t&at t&e ratio o' legislative to *u icial 9el ,)atio$ components is 5$1 means t&at t&e legislative i. No "ecause t&e enrolle "ill t&eor! 3sa!s t&at component cannot "e totall! e@clu e 'rom statutes an resolutions certi'ie "! *ournals/ participation in t&e resolution o' electoral contests signature o' presi ing o''icers an secs/ "e wit&out oing violence to spirit an intent o' t&e consi ere conclusive proo' o' provisions an ue enactment6 is "ase mainl! on t&e respect ue to constitution Tri"unal cannot legall! 'unction coe8ual an in epen ent epartments w&ic& wit&out legislative component re8uire t&e *u icial ept to accept as &aving iii. ;&et&er su"stitutes are resorte to or not passe congress all "ills aut&enticate in t&e overri ing consi eration is t&at t&e tri"unal "e not manner state . prevente 'rom isc&arging a ut! w&ic& it alone ii. T&ere'ore/ "! virtue o' t&e senate presi ent an &as t&e power to per'orm presi ent wit& rawing t&eir signatures/ an since &ouse"ill 05<< signe "! c&ie' e@ec is not t&e 7ondoc v. Pineda same te@t passe "! "ot& &ouses o' congress/ t&e i. In t&e local an congressional elections &el "ill is not vali . "etween #ine a 3:a"an ng Demo+rati+ong ONote$ Court can loo+ into *ournals "ecause it7s merel! #ilipino6 an Bon oc 3Nacionalista part!6/ #ine a tas+e to in8uire i' "ill passe an signe "! "ot& won. Bon oc 'ile a protest in t&e 9ouse o' )ep &ouses are t&e same. Electoral tri"unal

ii. iii. iv.

v. vi.

vii. viii.

i@. Issue$ i.

A'ter reviewing t&e "allots/ it was 'oun out t&at Bon oc garnere 1.4 more votes t&an #ine a 1 *ustices/ Cerilles an Congressman Camasura vote to proclaim Bon oc t&e winner o' contest. Camasura was a mem"er o' t&e :D# part!. 9e tol &is c&ie'/ co*uanco..Camasura was e@pelle 'rom Davao el sur :D# c&apter 'or allege l! &elping to organiBe parti o #ilipino o' an ing co*uanco an encourage :D# mem"ers to *oin it unet&ical immoral an complete "etra!al to part! 9ouse o' )ep eci e to wit& raw t&e nomination an rescin election o' Congressman Camasura "ecause o' t&e a"oveCmentione reason Because t&e vote 3'or Bon oc7s proclamation as winner6 was =CH/ an camasura was part o' t&e =/ t&e promulgation o' t&e ecision regar ing Bon oc case was a"orte . 9ouse o' rep plan to replace camasura wit& #alacol 1 *ustices 39errera/ CruB/ >eliciano6 as+e to "e relieve 'rom mem"ers&ip in t&e tri"unal "ecause t&e events un ermine t&e in epen ence o' t&e Tri"unal. Congressmen A8uino/ #once e leon/ %arcia *r./ Calingasan mani'est similar intention. Bon oc 'ile petition 'or certiorari/ pro&i"ition an man amus

#etitioner %uerero 'ile against Comelec 'or grave a"use o' iscretion on its part an 'ailure to o its constitutional ut! to up&ol an en'orce laws in elections Issue$ ;ON Comelec committe grave a"use o' iscretion 'or sa!ing t&at t&e case is in t&e *uris iction o' t&e 9)ET 9el ,)atio$ i. No it i not "ecause since respon ent >arinas &a alrea ! ta+en &is oat& an assume o''ice as a mem"er o' t&e congress/ comelec &as alrea ! lost its *uris iction. ii. Comelec is onl! tas+e to eclare vali or invali cert o' can i ac!. Once can i ate &as "een eclare a winner/ contests a"out it is un er 9)ET7s *uris iction avoi s uplicit! an respects *uris iction iii. Ruali'ications oes not mean constitutional 8uali'ications$ s&oul not ma+e own interpretations o' re8uirements provi e Garcia et al v. HRE+ i. )egistere voters o' 1r istrict o' manila 'ile a 8uo warranto petition 'or t&e is8uali'ication o' 9arr! Angping in &ol ing pu"lic o''ice "ecause &e7s not a natural "orn citiBen o' t&e #&ils ii. Upon 'iling petition/ petitioners pai =... 'iling 'ee/ "ut was una"le to pa! t&e ot&er =... cas& eposit. Upon notice/ t&e! pai t&e =... cas& eposit/ "ut t&eir motion 'or recon was enie "ecause o' rule15 o' 100A 9)ET rules w&ic& re8uire =... cas& eposit in a ition to 'iling 'ee 3too late6 Issue$ ;ON 9)ET committe a grave a"use o' iscretion in appl!ing its rules strictl! an in ismissing t&e petition 'or 8uo warranto. 9el ,)atio$ i. T&e 9)ET i not commit a grave a"use o' iscretion "ecause 9)ET rules o' proce ure must "e ta+en seriousl! i' t&e! are to attain t&eir o"*ective$ spee ! an or erl! etermination o' t&e true will o' t&e electorate ii. Imperative *ustice re8uires t&e proper o"servance o' tec&nicalities precisel! esigne to ensure its proper an swi't ispensation Pimentel et al v. HRE+ Issues$ i. ;ON t&e present composition o' t&e &ouse electoral tri"unal violates t&e constitutional re8uirements o' proportional representation "ecause t&ere are no part! list representatives in t&e 9)ET ii. ;ON t&e present mem"ers&ip o' t&e &ouse in t&e commission on appointments violates t&e constitutional re8uirement o' proportional representation "ecause t&ere are no part! list representatives in t&e CA iii. ;ON t&e re'usal o' t&e 9)ET an CA to reconstitute t&emselves to inclu e part! list representatives constitutes grave a"use o' iscretion 9el ,)atio$ i. No t&e present composition o' 9)ET oes not violate consti re8uirements "ecause un er section 14 article VI o' t&e consti/ eac& mem"er o' congress e@ercises t&e power to c&oose wit&in constitutionall! e'ine limits/ w&o among t&eir mem"ers woul occup! t&e allotte < seats in t&e

iii.

;ON t&e 9ouse o' )eps can c&ange t&e part!7s representation w&ic& woul c&ange t&e ecision 'reel! ma e "! t&e electoral tri"une regar ing an election contest ii. ;ON it was constitutional 'or t&e 9) to wit& raw nomination an rescin election o' Camasura iii. ;ON term in electoral tri"ute coe@tensive wit& correspon ing legislative term 9el ,)atio$ i. T&e 9) committe a grave a"use o' iscretion/ in*ustice an violation o' t&e constitution. T&e purpose o' t&e electoral tri"une was to provi e an in epen ent an impartial tri"unal 'or t&e etermination o' contests to legislative o''ice/ evoi o' partisan consi eration an to trans'er to t&at tri"unal all t&e powers previousl! e@ercise "! t&e legislative wit& regar to election contests. ii. Electoral tri"unal is a nonCpolitical "o ! in a sea o' politicians. T&e *u ges must isc&arge 'unctions etac&e an in epen ent 'rom t&e political part! t&e! "elong to. 9) violate Camasura7s rig&t to securit! o' tenure "ecause &e cannot "e terminate e@cept 'or a DUST CAUSE. Dislo!alt! to part! an "reac& o' part! iscipline are not vali groun s 'or a mem"er7s e@pulsion in t&e tri"unal. iii. Electoral tri"une is not coe@tensive wit& correspon ing legis term "ecause i' congressman c&anges part!/ t&e consti man ate a"out representation "ase on pol a''iliation is nulli'ie iv. Supreme court$ )einstate Camasura in Electoral tri"unal an Bon oc eclare winner o' t&e election. Guerrero v. Comelec i. )uiB 'ile a petition to is8uali'! >arinas as a can i ate 'or t&e position o' congressman. Comelec ismisse t&e case "ecause it &a alrea ! lost its *uris iction in t&e case ii. >arinas e'ense$ 8uali'ications onl! re'erre to t&ose 8uali'ications given in t&e constitution

ii.

iii.

iv.

electoral tri"unal 3electe "ase on proportional representation6 Un er sec 14 an 1A/ article VI/ part! list reps must 'irst s&ow to t&e &ouse t&at t&e! possess t&e re8uire numerical strengt& to "e entitle to seats in t&e 9)ET an CA. Onl! i' &ouse 'ails to compl! wit& irective o' consti on proportional representation can petitioners see+ recourse to court un er power o' *u icial review. No "ecause it appears 'rom t&e availa"le 'acts t&at t&e part! list groups in t&e &ouse at t&at time simpl! re'raine 'rom participating in t&e election process. T&e! i n7t even esignate t&eir nominees even up to t&e time t&e! 'ile t&is petition. #rimar! recourse o' t&e part!Clist reps lies wit& &ouse o' rep. court can7t inter'ere 3separation o' powers6 )e8uirements 'or court to entertain *u icial 8uestions$ a. Actual controvers! ". #erson raising t&e consti issue must &ave personal an su"stantial interest in t&e resolution o' controvers! 3locus stan i6 petitioners on7t 'ul'ill t&is re8uirement c. Controvers! must "e raise at earliest reasona"le opportunit! . )esolution o' t&e constitutional issue in ispensa"le to t&e 'inal etermination o' controvers!

v. vi. 9el i.

ii.

iii. iv.

v. vi.

8in3ons#C(ato v. Comelec Issue$ ;ON Comelec committe grave a"use o' iscretion w&en it assaile a resolution &ol ing t&at it &a lost its *uris iction upon respon ent Unico7s proclamation an oat& ta+ing as a (em"er o' t&e 9) 9el ,)atio$ i. No it i n7t "ecause once a winning can i ate &as "een proclaime / ta+en &is oat&/ an assume o''ice as a mem"er o' t&e 9)/ t&e comelec7s *uris iction en s/ an t&e 9)ET7s own *uris iction "egins. ii. Avoi s uplicit! o' procee ings an a clas& o' *uris iction "etween constitutional "o ies iii. I' t&e court ta+es cogniBance o' case$ usurp constitutionall! man ate 'unctions o' t&e 9)ET iv. #etition 'or certiorari onl! i'$ a. Tri"unal/ "oar / o''icer e@ercising *u icial or 8uasiC*u icial 'unctions &as acte wit& grave a"use o' iscretion amounting to lac+ or e@cess o' *uris iction ". T&ere is no appeal or an! plain spee ! an a e8uate reme ! in t&e or inar! course o' law to annul or mo i'! t&e procee ing. Lim-aic(ong v. Comelec Issues$ i. ;ON t&e proclamation o' :im+aic&ong "! t&e #rovincial Boar o' Canvassers o' Negros Oriental is vali ii. ;ON sai proclamation iveste t&e Comelec o' *uris iction to resolve t&e issue o' :im+aic&ong7s citiBens&ip iii. ;ON t&e 9)ET s&all resume *uris iction/ in lieu o' t&e comelec/ over t&e issue o' :im+aic&ong7s citiBens&ip iv. ;ON t&e Comelec 5n ivision correctl! rule t&at :im+aic&ong is is8uali'ie 'rom running as a

(em"er o' t&e 9ouse o' representatives on t&e groun t&at s&e is not a natural "orn citiBen ;ON t&e Comelec7s is8uali'ication o' :im+aic&ong is 'inal an e@ecutor! ;ON t&e spea+er o' t&e 9) ma! "e compelle to pro&i"it :im+aic&ong 'rom assuming &er uties as a mem"er o' t&e &ouse o' representatives ,)atio$ T&e proclamation was vali "ecause t&e :im+aic&ong7s 'iling o' t&e motion 'or reconsi eration e''ectivel! suspen e t&e e@ecution o' t&e ma! 14 5..4 Doint resolution 3w&ic& woul suspen proclamation6 No it i not "ecause once a winning can i ate &as "een proclaime / ta+en &is oat&/ an assume o''ice as a mem"er o' t&e &ouse o' representatives/ t&e comelec7s *uris iction en s an t&e 9)ET7s own "egins. 3even t&ose matters pen ing un er comelec "e'ore proclamation6 See ii Base on OS% recor s o' naturaliBation procee ing/ since :im+aic&ong7s a wasn7t a"le to ac8uire #&il citiBens&ip t&roug& prescri"e naturaliBation/ :im+aic&ong remains a C&inese national an is is8uali'ie to run as can i ate an "e electe as a mem"er o' t&e 9). 9owever t&e! cannot resolve matterL outsi e o' t&eir *uris iction alrea ! See iv No "ecause De Venecia argue t&at &e7s onl! &onoring t&e proclamation o' :im+aic&ong "ecause it &a t&e &allmar+s o' regularit! an &e &a no power to e@clu e an! mem"er o' t&e 9) motu proprio until t&e proclamation is cancele / revo+e or nulli'ie 3against ue process o' law6. 9is recognition as a mem"er o' t&e 9) is a ministerial ut!.

6a3a v. 'ingson i. During congressional elections/ seats were apportione in t&e commission on appointments. 9owever/ :D# was reorganiBe . 5H mem"ers o' t&e :i"eral part! 'ormall! resigne an trans'erre to :D# swelling its num"er to 1=0/ an :# re uce to 14. ii. C&am"er electe a new set o' representatives an petitioner was remove / an was replace "! Singson. #etitioner c&allenge &is removal 'rom t&e Commission on Appointments an t&e assumption o' &is seat "! t&e respon ents Issue$ i. ;ON t&e c&ange in t&e representation o' t&e CA was constitutional ii. ;ON t&e removal o' t&e petitioner 'rom t&e Commission on Appointments was constitutional iii. ;ON t&e reorganiBation is "ase on a permanent political realignment 3since :D# is not registere 6 9el ,)atio$ i. )esolve t&e issue in 'avor o' t&e aut&orit! o' t&e 9) to c&ange its representation in t&e CA to re'lect at an! time t&e c&anges t&at ma! transpire in t&e political alignments o' its mem"ers&ip ii. Ses it was constitutional "ecause t&e constitution man ates proportional representation in t&e CA an wit& t&e increase num"er o' t&e :D# part! to 1=0 an t&e conse8uent ecrease o' :# to 14/ t&e wit& rawal o' 1 seat is constitutional

iii.

T&e Cunanan v. Tan case cannot "e applie v. It is not man ator! to elect 15 senators to t&e "ecause as oppose to t&e 'ormer/ t&e part! it Commission on Appointments. ;&at t&e 'orme 3Allie (a*orit!6 was onl! temporar!. T&e constitution re8uires is t&at t&ere "e at least a creation o' t&e :D# constituting t&e "ul+ o' t&e ma*orit! o' t&e entire mem"ers&ip 31. mem"ers/ 'ormer #D#C:a"an an to w&ic& no less t&an 5H at least H come 'rom eit&er &ouse6 li"eral congressmen &ave trans'erre was a permanent c&ange. :D#/ asi e 'rom t&e 'act t&at SEC. 10 ? 9)ET an CA constitute wit&in 1. a!s its petition 'or registration as a political part! &as "een grante / &as "een in e@istence 'or more t&an SEC. 5. ? )ecor s an Boo+s o' Accounts o' Congress a !ear now/ &as 1=4 mem"ers in t&e 9) an < mem"ers in t&e senate. SEC 51 ? In8uiries in ai o' legislation 1. :egislative Investigations

Coseteng v. /itra Issue$ ;ON Congresswoman Coseteng is 8uali'ie to sit in t&e Commission on Appointments as a representative o' t&e (inorit! "ecause s&e &as t&e support o' 0 ot&er congressmen an congresswomen o' t&e minorit! 9el ,)atio$ T&e en orsements o' t&e 0 congressmen in 'avor o' t&e petitioner7s election are inconse8uential "ecause t&e! are not mem"ers o' &er part! an t&e! signe i entical en orsements in 'avor o' &er rival/ VeranoCSap

7eng3onA 5r. v. 'enate 7lue Ri$$on Committee i. T&ere was an allege sale o' t&e e8uit! o' Ben*amin )omual eB to t&e :opa group 3)icar o :opa is presi ent a8uino7s "rot&er in law6 in 1< or 10 corporations wit&out #C%% approval 3presi ential commission on goo governance6 ii. #C%%$ Complaint 'ile in t&e San igan"a!an$ T&e )omual eB couple/ acting "! t&emselves or in concert wit& t&e (arcos couple/ engage in C. Guingona 5r. v. Gon3ales evices/ sc&emes/ an strategems to un*ustl! i. Base on t&e national elections/ eac& part! gets a enric& t&emselves at t&e e@pense o' t&e >il people proportional mem"ers&ip t&at inclu es a 'ractional iii. Sen Enrile "roug&t case up in &is privilege speec&$ &al' 3:D#$4.=/ N#C$5.=/ :A-ASCNUCD$1.=/ :#C#D#C a. Sec = o' )A 1.10 3Anti %ra't an Corrupt :ABAN$.=6 #ractices Act6$ It s&all "e unlaw'ul 'or ii. It was eci e t&at seat "e given to Senator spouse or an! relative o' t&e #res o' t&e Tana a o' :# an Sen )omulo o' :D#. %uingona #&ils/ V#/ #res o' t&e senate/ Spea+er o' an Osmena o"*ecte an 'ile t&is petition 'or t&e 9)/ to intervene irectl! or in irectl! pro&i"ition in an! "usiness/ transaction/ contract/ or Issue$ ;ON t&e election o' Senators Al"erto )omulo an application wit& t&e gov7tQ.G ;ig"erto E. Tana a as mem"ers o' t&e Commission on iv. Blue )i""on committee con ucte investigation$ Appointments is in accor ance wit& t&e provision o' Sec :opa an BengBon re'use to testi'!. 1A Article VI o' t&e constitution v. 9ence t&is petition to re8uest a temporar! 9el ,)atio$ restraining or er 3T)O6 against t&e respon ent i. T&e election violates sec 1A Art VI o' t&e Issue$ ;ON t&e Senate Blue )i""on Committee can constitution "ecause it is not in compliance wit& con uct an in8uir! in ai o' legislation/ an re8uire t&e re8uirement t&at in t&e CA/ 15 senators s&all petitioners to testi'! an pro uce evi ence regar ing "e electe on t&e "asis o' &ro&ortional allege sale o' t&e e8uit! o' Ben*amin F-o+o!G )omual eB re&resentation o' t&e political parties to t&e :opa group in 1< or 10 corporations represente t&erein 9el ,)atio$ ii. In granting t&e :D# an t&e :# part! an a itional i. No t&e! cannot. seat "! converting t&eir 'ractional &al' to a w&ole a. It seems t&at t&e in8uir! was re8ueste "! mem"ers&ip o' 1 senator/ one ot&er part!7s Senator Enrile in or er to vin icate &is 'ractional mem"ers&ip was re uce $ less t&an reputation as a (em"er o' t&e Senate o' t&eir proportional representation in t&e senate t&e #&ils/ consi ering t&e claim o' (r. iii. In Coseteng v. (itra$ t&ere s&oul "e at least 5 :opa t&at Enrile7s c&arges t&at :opa &a senators in t&e political part! to &ave a ta+en over t&e >((C %roup o' Companies representative in t&e CAL Invocation o' Senator are "aseless an malicious Tana a o' t&e ruling on Enrile an Tana a Sr. ". T&e purpose o' t&e in8uir! to "e cannot "e applie "ecause con ucte "! respon ent was to 'in out a. Tana a$ :one opposition t&en 351 all 'rom w&et&er or not t&e relatives o' #resi ent N# &im 'rom CitiBen7s part!6 I' more t&an 5 A8uino/ particularl! (r. :opa/ &a violate parties/ part! wit& a single senator can7t t&e law in connection wit& t&e allege sale claim a seat in CA o' 1< or 10 companies. No inten e ". Senator Enrile$ In Enrile7s case/ t&e! were legislation is involve 5 along wit& Estra a electe in t&e c. Alt&oug& t&e power o' in8uir! is "roa / it opposition part!. T&e opposition was is not unlimite . T&ere is no general entitle to 1 'ull mem"er &ence Enrile was aut&orit! to e@pose private a''airs o' legall! nominate an electe . in ivi uals wit&out *usti'ication in terms o' iv. #rovision in sec 1A is man ator! in c&aracter an t&e 'unctions o' congress oes not leave iscretion to ma*orit! part! in t&e . (oreover/ "e'ore t&e investigation/ t&e senate ot&erwise part! wit& ma*orit! rep in senate complaint a"out same matter &as alrea ! or &ouse o' rep will con'er it power to impose its "een 'ile in t&e San igan"a!an. To allow will on t&e minorit! 3sec 1A to "alance power6 t&e respon ent to continue will not onl! pose possi"ilit! o' con'licting *u gments

Issues$ i. ;ON t&e Senate &as *uris iction to procee wit& its in8uir! in ai o' legislation pursuant to )esol No. 1<< w&en t&ere are alrea ! cases pen ing in court involving t&e same issues su"*ect o' t&e legislative in8uir! ii. ;ON petitioners7 "eing &el in contempt was wit&out legal "asis 'a$io v. Gordon 9el ,)atio$ i. Senator (iriam Santiago intro uce #&il Senate i. Ses t&e! still &ave *uris iction to procee wit& its )esol No. H==$ Directing an in8uir! in ai o' in8uir! in ai o' legislation. legislation on anomalous losses incurre "! #&il a. T&e ruling in BengBon Dr. v. Senate Blue Overseas Telecommunications Corporation )i""on Committee cannot "e invo+e 3#OTC6/ #&ilippine Communications Satellite "ecause t&eir onl! similarit! is t&at t&ere Corporation 3#9I:CO(SAT6/ an #9I:CO(SAT are alrea ! pen ing cases in court 9ol ings Corporation 3#9C6 ue to allege involving t&e same su"*ect o' t&e leg improprieties in t&eir operations "! t&eir Boar o' in8uir!. 9owever/ as oppose to BengBon Directors case w&ose inten e in8uir! was not in ii. Senator %or on issue an invitation/ later on a ai o' legislation 3merel! calle upon su"poena re8uiring C&airman Sa"io o' #C%%/ senate to loo+ into possi"le violations6/ in Commissionrs A"ce e/ Conti/ Davier/ an Nario to t&e case at "ar/ t&e in8uir! is e@plicit on appear in a pu"lic &earing an testi'! a"out )esol &ow its intention is in ai o' legislation$ H==. Not compl!ing t&rice/ %or on issue an or er Investigate into t&e allege l! ina e8uate re8uiring to s&ow cause w&! t&e! s&oul not "e e@isting laws an regulation un er t&e cite in contempt Securities regulation co e to prevent t&e iii. Sa"io7s reason$ Sec H3"6 o' E.O. No. 1$ No mem"er sale o' unregistere rules inten e to or sta'' o' t&e Commission s&all "e re8uire to protect pu"lic 'rom 'rau testi'!Q..in an! *u icial legis or a min procee ing/ ". (ere 'iling o' a criminal or a min Qwit&in its o''icial cogniBanceG complaint s&oul not automaticall! "ar Issue$ ;ON Sec H 3"6 o' E.O no. 1 is repeale "! t&e 10A4 con uct o' legislative investigation/ constitution/ article VI sec 51 ot&erwise it7ll "e eas! to su"vert inten e 9el ,)atio$ leg in8uir!. i. Ses it is. A mere provision o' law cannot pose a c. T&e power o' in8uir! is essential to limitation to t&e "roa power o' Congress in t&e legislative 'unction. To legislate wisel! an a"sence o' an! constitutional "asis. e''ectivel!/ in'o regar ing con itions ii. T&e 10A4 constitution recogniBes t&e power o' w&ic& legislation is inten e to c&ange is investigation not *ust o' Congress/ "ut also o' Fan! nee e . o' its committeeG. T&is means t&at t&e ii. No it was not wit&out legal "asis mec&anisms w&ic& t&e &ouses can ta+e in or er to a. #etitioners insist t&at t&e in8uir! e''ectivel! per'orm its investigative 'unction are con ucte "! respon ent was in Fai o' also availa"le to t&e committees. collectionG 3t&at Att! Baco"o *ust soug&t iii. (oreover/ t&e Congress7 power o' in8uir! &as to recover investments 'rom SCB #&ils6. gaine more soli e@istence an e@pansive T&is isn7t true "ecause &e i n7t 'ile a construal/ "roa enoug& to cover o''icials o' t&e complaint to recover &is investment "ut e@ecutive "ranc&. merel! as+e t&e senate to con uct an iv. Now&ere in t&e constitution is an! provision in8uir! regar ing t&e SCB7s illegal granting e@emption to Sec H 3"6 o' E.O no. 1. T&e activities. congress7 power o' in8uir!/ "eing "roa / ". Outrage "! petitioners7 imputation t&at it encompasses ever!t&ing t&at concerns t&e was con ucting investigation Fin ai o' a ministration o' e@isting laws as well as propose collection/ respon ents &el petitioners or possi"l! nee e statutes. It even e@ten s to an t&eir counsel Att! %eronimo/ in government agencies create "! Congress an contempt an etaine t&em 'or < &ours. o''icers w&ose positions are wit&in t&e power o' c. T&e principle t&at Congress or an! o' its congress to regulate or even a"olis&$ #C%% "o ies &as t&e power to punis& "elongs to t&is class iso"e ient witnesses is 'oun e upon reason an polic!. :egislative "o ! cannot 'tandard C(artered 7an- v. 'enate Committee o"tain +nowle ge an in'o i' it cannot i. Senator Enrile elivere a privilege speec& urging re8uire an compel isclosure o' suc& senate to imme iatel! con uct an in8uir! in ai o' +nowle ge/ an punis& e'iance o' its legislation "ase on t&e letter "! Att! Baco"o/ power an aut&orit!. enouncing SCBC#&ilippines 'or selling . Congress7 power to punis& contempt unregistere 'oreign securities in violation o' "ase on t&e principle o' sel' preservation$ Securities )egulation Co e sui generis ? attac&es not to isc&arge o' ii. #etitioners argue t&at respon ents &as no legislative 'unctions perse "ut to *uris iction to con uct in8uir! "ecause o' pen ing

"ut i' t&e committees7 *u gment are ma e 'irst/ t&e *u gment o' t&e San igan"a!an will "e in'luence . E encroac&ment into t&e e@clusive omain o' *u icial *uris iction. e. #etitioners7 rig&ts to ue process must also "e respecte ODissenting$ T&e court &as no power to secon guess t&e motives "e&in an act o' t&e 9ouse o' Congress

cases in ot&er courts a"out same su"*ect$ &ence t&is petition to see+ issuance o' temporar! restraining or er 3T)O6 against respon ents

legislation to protect rig&ts an interests o' o''icers an mem"ers o' A># 3BengBon e. ruling can7t "e applie 6 c. (oreover BengBon ruling cannot "e applie "ecause in t&e 'ormer/ t&e case was alrea ! pen ing un er t&e san igan"a!an 3san igan"a!an ac8uire case *uris iction alrea !6 in t&e case at "ar/ t&e complaint is still pen ing in t&e 'enate 7lue Ri$$on v. 5udge /a9aducon o''ice o' t&e om"u sman w&en su"poena i. Senator Ople irecte Committee on National was serve / t&ere'ore no court &a De'ense an Securit! to con uct an in8uir! in ai ac8uire *uris iction over t&e matter. o' legislation into t&e c&arges o' t&en e'ense ii. Ses respon ent *u ge erre in convicting #imentel secretar! (erca o t&at a group o' retire militar! 3'or ma+ing erogator! remar+s in t&e petition o''icers were organiBing a coup 7etat to prevent itsel' w&ic& a''ecte t&e &onor an integrit! o' t&e a min 'rom pro"ing into allege 'un irregularities respon ent *u ge an egra e t&e a min o' in t&e A># *ustice6 ii. Senator Sotto III also 'ile a resolution to irect an a. F%ross ignorance o' t&e rules o' law an in8uir! in ai o' legis on t&e allege proce ureG is merel! a escription o' mismanagement o' t&e 'un s an investment normal usage in petitions w&ere acts o' port'olio o' t&e Arme 'orces retirement an lower courts are c&allenge "e'ore &ig&er separation "ene'its s!stem 3A>#C)SBS6 *u icial "o ies. iii. Bot& re'erre to Senate Blue )i""on Committee ". #imentel i not cause t&e pu"lication in iv. During pu"lic &earings con ucte / it appeare t&e #&ilippine star o' t&e 'act o' 'iling o' t&at t&e A>#C)SBS purc&ase a lot in %en San t&e petition 'or certiorari "! t&e committee esignate as :ot U/ ()11<./ 'or 1./ =..p&p per an t&e repro uction o' e@cerpts t&ereo'$ s8m 'rom Att! >laviano/ "ut ee o' sale 'ile wit& 'ree om o' t&e press register o' ee s in icate t&at purc& price was c. Du ge (a*a ucon7s allegation t&at onl! 1/...p&p per s8m. petitioner ma e it appear t&at an a min v. Committee cause service o' a su"poena to Att!. complaint was 'ile against &im is wit&out >laviano irecting &im to appear an testi'!. 9e "asis$ no 'ormal a min complaint was re'use to appear at t&e &earing/ an even 'ile a institute separatel! ot&er t&an petition petition 'or pro&i"ition an preliminar! in*unction 'or certiorari wit& pra!er 'or T)O wit& )TC o' %enSan "ranc& . #unis& 'or contempt s&oul "e e@ercise 51. 'or purposes t&at are impersonal/ "ecause vi. )TC issue a T)O to cease an esist 'rom t&at power is inten e as a sa'eguar not procee ing wit& in8uir! an 'rom issuing 'or *u ges as persons "ut 'or t&e 'unctions su"poena t&e! e@ercise. vii. Committee 'ile a motion to ismiss on t&e 1. E@ecutive #rivilege groun s o' lac+ o' *uris iction an 'ailure to state a vali cause o' action. viii. Trial court enie petitioner7s motion to ismiss. 9ence t&is petition 'or certiorari/ pro&i"ition/ 'enate v. Ermita man amus an preliminar! in*unction. i. Committee o' t&e senate issue invitations to Issues$ various o''icials o' t&e E@ec ept 'or t&em to i. ;ON Du ge (a*a ucon committe grave a"use o' appear in a pu"lic &earing on t&e Nort& )ail iscretion an ,or acte wit&out or in e@cess o' #ro*ect spar+e "! privilege speec& o' Sen Enrile *uris iction in en!ing respon ent7s petition to ii. Senate Committee on national De'ense an ismiss petition 'or pro&i"ition an preliminar! Securit! also issue invites to o''icials o' t&e A># in*unction 'ile "! Att!. >laviano 'or t&em to atten as resource persons in a pu"lic ii. ;ON respon ent *u ge erre in convicting &earing on t&e ''$ petitioner #imentel o' in irect contempt o' court a. #imentel$ FBun!e &as provi e Smo+ing 9el ,)atio$ gun or &as opene a can o' worms t&at i. Ses &e i . s&ow massive electoral 'rau in t&e a. Courts &ave no *uris iction to restrain #resi ential Election 5..=G congress 'rom per'orming its ". Estra a$ FT&e #&ils as t&e wireCtapping constitutionall! veste 'unction to con uct capital o' t&e worl G investigations in ai o' legislation/ c. BiaBon$ FClear an present DangerG 'ollowing t&e principle o' separation o' . (a rigal$ )esolution irecting t&e powers. committee on national e'ense an sec to ". :egislative in8uir! i not eal wit& t&e con uct an in8uir! in ai o' legislation an issuance o' t&e patent an title to :ot U/ in t&e national interest on role o' militar! ()C11<.D in t&e name o' A>#C)SBS w&ic& in t&e soCcalle F%loriagate scan alG is un er court7s *uris iction. In8uir! was e. BiaBon$ )esolution irecting committee on a"out t&e anomal! in t&e purc&ase national e'ense an securit! to con uct t&ereo'/ at t&e reporte misuse an an in8uir! in ai o' legislation on t&e wireC mismanagement o' t&e A>#C)SBS 'un s/ tapping o' t&e presi ent o' t&e #&ils wit& t&e intention o' enacting appropriate

sovereign c&aracter o' legislature as one o' t&e 1 "ranc&es #etitioners7 imputation t&at t&e investigation was in ai o' collection is a irect c&allenge against aut&orit! o' Senate committee as it ascri"es ill motive to t&e latter ? *usti'ie contempt situation against petitioners

iii. iv.

v.

:etter to Drilon 'rom E@ec Sec E uar o Ermita re8uesting postponement to a''or o''icials time to prepare. Drilon i n7t agree. Cortes/ presi ent o' Nort& :uBon )ailwa!s Corp sent letter to rilon re8uesting t&at t&e &earing on Nort&rail pro* "e postpone until a cop! o' t&e report o' U# law center on contract agreements &a "een secure #resi ent %(A issue E.O H<H$ Ensuring O"servance o' t&e A &erence to t&e rule on e@ecutive privilege an respect 'or t&e rig&ts o' pu"lic o''icials appearing in legislative in8uiries in ai o' legislation un er t&e constitution an 'or ot&er purposes$

1 +in s o' consi erations$ a. State secrets privilege ? isclosure mig&t su"vert crucial militar! or iplomatic o"* ". In'ormer7s privilege ? not to isclosure i entit! o' in'ormant c. %eneric privilege ? internal eli"erations wit& opinions/ recommen ations/ an eli"s comprising part o' a process "! w&ic& gov7tal ecisions an policies are 'ormulate Ruestion &our ? perio o' con'rontation initiate "! parliament to &ol prime minister accounta"le 'or t&eir acts an t&e operation o' t&e gov7t correspon ing to w&at is +nown in Britain as 8uestion perio

Issues$ !eri v. 'enate Committee ;ON EO H<H is constitutional i. #etitioner appeare "e'ore respon ent i. ;ON t&e EO H<H contravenes wit& t&e power o' committees an testi'ie on matters concerning in8uir! veste in Congress t&e National Broa "an #ro*ect 3NBN #ro*ect6/ ii. ;ON EO H<H violates t&e rig&t o' people to in'o on w&ic& was awar e "! DOTC to 2&ong Uing matters o' pu"lic concern Telecommunications 32TE6. iii. ;ON respon ents &ave committe grave a"use o' ii. #etitioner isclose t&at Comelec C&airman iscretion w&en implemente EO H<H prior to its A"alos o''ere &im #5.. million in e@c&ange 'or pu"lication in a newspaper o' gen circulation &is approval o' t&e NBN pro* 9el ,)atio$ iii. 9e in'orme #%(A o' t&e "ri"er! attempt an s&e i. T&e oversig&t 'unction in sec55 is i''erent 'rom tol &im not to accept "ri"e t&e in8uir! in ai o' legislation in sec51. T&e latter iv. ;&en petitioner was pro"e 'urt&er on #%(A an is man ator! in c&aracter an appearance in t&e petitioner7s iscussions relating to t&e NBN w&ic& is not iscretionar!. (oreover/ alt&oug& pro*ect/ petitioner re'use to ans an invo+e sec51 also respects e@ecutive privilege/ e@ecutive Fe@ecutive privilegeG 9e re'use to ans$ privilege ma! not "e invo+e *ust "ecause t&e! a. ;ON #%(A 'ollowe up on NBN pro* are epartment &ea s 3&as to &ave a vali claim ". ;ON s&e irecte &im to prioritiBe it o' privilege6 T&e privilege is invo+e not in relation c. ;ON s&e irecte &im to approve it to speci'ic categories o' people "ut to speci'ic v. )espon ent committees persiste in +nowing categories o' in'ormation. 3in t&e conversation/ answers "! re8uiring &im to appear an testi'! sec51 an 55 are i''erentiate "! avi e again. #etitioner i n7t appear. )espon ent maam"og an guingona6 ? :etter oes not committees eclare &im in contempt an e@plicitl! invo+e e@ecutive privilege,mention &ow irecte &is arrest an etention in'o 'alls un er recogniBe groun s vi. 9ence &is petition 'or certiorari ii. Necessit! to +eep in'o con'i ential must outweig& Issues$ t&e pu"lic interest. To t&e e@tent t&at i. ;ON t&ere is a recogniBe presumptive investigations in ai o' legislation are generall! presi ential communications privilege in our legal con ucte in pu"lic/ an! e@ecutive issuance s!stem ten ing to un ul! limit isclosures o' in'o ii. ;ON t&ere is a 'actual or legal "asis to &ol t&at necessaril! eprives t&e people o' in'o w&ic&/ t&e communications elicite "! t&e t&ree "eing presume to "e in ai o' legislation/ is 8uestions are covere "! e@ecutive privilege presume to "e a matter o' pu"lic concern. iii. ;ON respon ent Committees &ave s&own t&at t&e CitiBens eprive o' in'o w&ic& t&e! can use in communications elicite "! t&e 1 8uestions are 'ormulating own opinions on t&e matter "e'ore critical to t&e e@ercise o' t&eir 'unctions congress 3opinions w&ic& t&e! can communicate iv. ;ON respon ent committees committe grave to t&eir reps6. Open ialogue on political a"use o' iscretion in issuing t&e contempt or er iscussions can "e e''ective onl! to t&e e@tent 9el ,)atio$ t&at citiBenr! is in'orme an is a"le to 'ormulate i. Ses t&ere is. T&ere are certain t!pes o' in'o t&at will intelligentl! t&e gov7t ma! wit&&ol 'rom t&e pu"lic. T&e rig&t iii. ;&ile EO H<H onl! applies to o''icials o' t&e e@ec to in'o oes not e@ten to matters recogniBe as "ranc&/ it oes not 'ollow t&at t&e same is e@empt Fprivilege in'ormationG 3#resi ential 'rom t&e nee 'or pu"lication. 3especiall! w&en conversations/ correspon ences/ an iscussions t&e su"*ect o' suc& a law,statute is a matter o' in close C oor ca"inet meetingsG. Alt&oug& pu"lic interest6 respon ents argue t&at a "lan+et aut&oriBation o' Terms$ suc& privilege can "e a"use / t&e constitutional E@ecutive privilege ? power o' gov7t to wit&&ol in'o 'rom in'irmit! is not 'oun in t&is case "ecause it was t&e pu"lic/ t&e courts/ an t&e congress 3s&wartB6L rig&t o' t&e presi ent &ersel' t&roug& t&e e@ecutive t&e presi ent an &ig& level e@ecutive "ranc& o''icers to secretar! Ermita w&o invo+e e@ecutive privilege wit&&ol in'o 'rom congress/ courts/ an ultimatel! t&e on a speci'ic matter involving an e@ecutive pu"lic3roBell6L T&e privilege "ase on separation o' agreement "etween t&e #&ils an C&ina. powers/ e@empts t&e e@ec 'rom isclosure re8uirements ii. Ses t&ere is$ applica"le to t&e or inar! citiBen or organiBation w&ere a. )espon ents argue t&at t&ere7s none suc& e@emption is necessar! to t&e isc&arge o' &ig&l! "ecause t&e power to enter into an impt e@ec responsi"ilities 3"lac+6 e@ecutive agreement is a 8uintessential

iii.

iv.

an nonC elega"le presi ential power. An t&e 'act t&at t&e presi ent &as to secure prior concurrence o' t&e (onetar! "oar w&ic& woul report it to t&e senate "e'ore contracting/ oes not iminis& t&e e@ecutive nature o' t&e power. Separation o' powers oes not mean a"solute autonom!. T&ere is t&e corollar! octrine o' c&ec+s an "alances care'ull! cali"rate "! t&e constitution to temper t&e t&ree "ranc&es. ". )espon ents sa! t&at t&e octrine o' operational pro@imit! ma! "e misconstrue to e@pan scope o' presi ential communications privilege to communications "etween t&ose w&o are operationall! pro@imate "ut w&o ma! &ave no irect communications wit& &er. 9owever/ in t&is case/ petitioner is a mem"er o' t&e ca"inet/ t&us properl! wit&in t&e term o' Fa visorG o' t&e presi ent. In 'act/ &er alterCego an a mem"er o' &er o''icial 'amil!. c. )espon ents sa! t&at t&e presi ent7s claim o' e@ec privilege is merel! "ase on a generaliBe interest in con'i entialit! an go against constitutional provisions regar ing gov7t transparenc!/ accounta"ilit!/ an isclosure o' in'o. 9owever/ it s&oul "e note t&at t&e presi ential communications privilege are relate to iplomatic an economic relations wit& anot&er sovereign nation/ an it is impossi"le to provi e an! 'urt&er etails o' t&ese conversations wit&out isclosing t&e ver! t&ing t&e privilege is esigne to protect. Disclosure coul a versel! a''ect t&e #&ilippines7 iplomatic an economic relations wit& C&ina. (oreover/ up&ol ing e@ec privilege wit& respect to t&e 1 8uestions/ i not in an! wa! cur" pu"lic7s rig&t to in'o nor iminis& importance o' pu"lic accounta"ilit! an transparenc! Accor ing to t&e respon ents t&e answers to t&e 1 8uestions are nee e in isc&arge o' t&eir legislative 'unctions to consi er t&e 1 pen ing senate "ills/ an to cur" gra't an corruption. 9owever t&ese are general assertions as t&e! 'ail to emonstrate &ow t&e communications elicite "! t&e 1 8uestions are critical to ena"le t&em to cra't legislation. (oreover/ uring t&e oral argument "e'ore t&e court/ t&e respon ent committees implie l! a mitte t&at t&e senate coul still come up wit& legislations even wit&out t&e answers to t&e 1 8uestions Ses respon ent committees committe grave a"use o' iscretion in issuing contempt or er. ;itnesses &ave t&eir constitutional rig&ts to ue process. T&e! s&oul "e a e8uatel! in'orme w&at matters are to "e covere "! t&e in8uir!. It will also allow t&em to prepare t&e pertinent in'o an ocs. T&e petitioner7s re8uest to "e 'urnis&e an a vance cop! o' 8uestions is a reasona"le eman t&at s&oul 7ve "een grante . Un'ortunatel!/ t&e su"poena ma e no speci'ic re'erence to an! senate "ill nor in'orm t&e petitioner o' t&e 8uestions. It merel! comman e

&im to testi'! on w&at &e +nows relative to su"*ect matter un er in8uir! SEC 51 SEC 5H SEC 5= 1. )i ers V Garcia v. /ata i. #etition 'or certiorari to review ecision o' court o' 'irst instance eclaring par11 as unconstitutional Issue$ ;ON par 11 o' t&e FSpecial #rovisions 'or t&e A>#G is unconstitutional t&ere'ore invali an inoperative 9el ,)atio$ i. #etition enie . Ses it is unconstitutional "ecause par 11/ w&ose 'irst clause states t&at FA'ter t&e approval o' t&is actQ.no reserve o''icer o' t&e A># ma! "e calle to tour o' active ut!Q uring an! perio o' = consecutive !rsG 'ails to isclose its relevance or relation to an! appropriation item t&erein/ or to t&e appropriation act as a w&ole ii. It was a ri er to t&e general appropriation act/ a new an completel! unrelate provision attac&e to 5. Trans'er o' 'un s 6emetria v. *l$a i. #etition 'or pro&i"ition wit& pra!er 'or a writ o' preliminar! in*unction against #resi ential Dec. 1144 Issue$ ;ON t&e trans'er o' pu"lic 'un s in t&e Bu get )e'orm Decree o' 1044 3#resi ential Decree No. 11446 is constitutional 9el ,)atio$ i. #etition grante . #resi ential ecree is unconstitutional. ii. #ar 1 o' sec HH o' #resi ential ecree states t&at t&e presi ent s&all &ave t&e aut&orit! to trans'er an! 'un s appropriate to i'' eptsQ..to an! program/ pro*QG iii. Sec 1< Article VIII o' consti states t&at FNo law s&all "e passe aut&oriBing an! trans'er o' appropriationsQG Onl! allowe to augment an item an suc& trans'er ma e onl! w&en t&ere are savings 'rom anot&er item in t&e appropriation o' t&e gov7t "ranc& or consti "o !. #resi ential ecree allows in iscriminate trans'er iv. T#resi ential ecree opens 'loo gates 'or enactment o' un'un e appropriations/ results in uncontrolle e@ec e@pen itures/ entrenc&es por+ "arrel s!stem as ruling part!$ e@pan s pu"lic mone! not on "asis o' ev7t priorities "ut on political an personal e@pe ienc! SEC 5< i. Su"*ect an title o' "ills +io v. 8ideogram Regulator% 7oard Issue$ ;ON #resi ential ecree 10A4 FAn Act creating t&e vi eogram regulating "oar G is constitutional as it violates t&e one su"*ectCone title rule. 9el ,)atio$ i. #resi ential ecree is constitutional an oes not go against t&e one su"*ectCone title rule. It is not necessar! t&at t&e title e@press eac& an ever!

ii.

en t&at t&e statute wis&es to accomplis&. T&e re8uirement is satis'ie i' all t&e parts o' t&e statute are relate an are germane to t&e su"*ect matter e@presse in t&e title/ or as long as t&e! are not inconsistent wit& or 'oreign to t&e gen su"*ect an title. T&e provision regar ing ta@ on sale/ lease/ or isposition o' vi eograms 31.J ta@E=.J province/ =.J municipalit!6 is allie an germane to an is reasona"l! necessar! 'or t&e accomplis&ment o'/ t&e gen o"* o' t&e ecree w&ic& is t&e regulation o' t&e vi eo in ustr! t&roug& t&e vi eogram regulator! "oar as e@presse in t&e title

iii.

iv.

merit/ since t&e s!stem o' income ta@ation &as "een t&e prevailing rule even "e'ore t&is )A. (oreover/ e8ual protection concept merel! re8uires t&at all su"*ects or o"*ects o' ta@ation/ similarl! situate / are to "e treate ali+e in privileges an lia"ilities. >air classi'ication uni'ormit!$ a. Stan ar s use are su"stantial not ar"itrar! ". CategoriBation is germane to ac&ieve legislative purpose c. :aw applies/ all t&ings "eing e8ual/ to "ot& present an 'uture con itions . Classi'ication applies e8uall! well to all t&ose "elonging to same class

P(il. 5udges *ssFn v. Prado Issue$ ;ON sec 1= o' )A No. 41=H FAn act creating t&e #&ilippine postal corporation/ e'ining its power/ 'unctions an responsi"ilities/ #rovi ing 'or regulation o' t&e in ustr! an 'or ot&er purposes connecte t&erewit&G is constitutional in t&at$ i. Violates oneCsu"*ConeCrule an oes not e@press its purpose ii. Di not pass re8uire rea ings in "ot& &ouses iii. Discriminator! an encroac&es on in epen ence o' *u iciar! 3)epealing clause removes 'ran+ing privilege o' t&e *u iciar! wit& a 'ew e@ceptions6 9el ,)atio$ i. No it oes not. It &as "een &el t&at i' t&e title 'airl! in icates t&e general su"*ect/ an reasona"l! covers all provisions o' t&e act/ an is not calculate to mislea t&e legislature or t&e people/ t&ere is su''icient compliance wit& t&e constitutional re8uirement ii. No merit. Un er t&e octrine o' separation o' powers/ t&e court ma! not in8uire "e!on t&e certi'ication o' t&e approval o' a "ill 'rom t&e presi ing o''icers o' congress. T&e enrolle "ill is conclusive upon t&e *u iciar! 3e@cept in matters t&at &ave to "e entere in t&e *ournals li+e t&e !eas an na!s on t&e 'inal rea ing o' "ill6 T&e *ournals are t&emselves also "in ing on t&e SC, iii. Ses it is. T&e repealing clause is iscriminator! an enies t&e Du iciar! e8ual protection o' t&e laws guarantee 'or all persons or t&ings similarl! situate . T&e istinction ma e is not "ase on su"stantial istinctions t&at ma+e real i''s "etween t&e Du iciar! an t&e grantees o' 'ran+ing privilege$ matter o' ar"itrariness +an v. 6el Rosario Issues$ ;ON )A 4H0< 3Simpli'ie Net Income Ta@ Sc&eme or SNIT6 is constitutional i. ;ON SNIT violates t&e one titleCone su"*ect rule ii. ;ON SNIT violates e8ual protection clause 9el ,)atio )A 4H0< is constitutional i. T&e o"*ectives o' t&e one su"*ectCone title rule are met. 3a. prevent logCrolling legislation ". avoi surprises an 'rau c. 'airl! apprise people t&roug& pu"lications6 ii. #etitioners sa! t&at t&e )A esecrates consti re8uirement t&at ta@ation s&oul "e uni'orm an e8uita"le as t&e law woul now ta@ single proprietors&ips an pro'essionals i''erentl! 'rom &ow it ta@es corporations an partners&ips. No

+olentino v. 'ecretar% of Finance Issues$ ;ON )A 441< FE@pan e Value A e Ta@ :awG is constitutional >ormal,#roce ural Issues$ i. On t&e groun t&at )A 441< i not e@clusivel! originate 'rom t&e 9) 39 "ill was onl! consi ere an )A 441< is onl! a consoli ation o' 9 "ill 11104 an S "ill1<1.6 ii. On t&e groun t&at )A 441< i not pass t&roug& 1 rea ings iii. On t&e groun t&at )A441< was su"stantiall! c&ange "! Con'erence Committee iv. On t&e vali it! o' enrolle cop! o' t&e "ill v. On t&e groun t&at )A 441< violates t&e one titleC one su"*ect rule Su"stantive Issues$ i. On t&e groun t&at )A 441< is regressive 3it will &it t&e poor an mi le income group &ar er t&an it will t&e ric&6 ii. On t&e groun t&at )A 441< violates e8ual protection clause iii. On t&e groun t&at )A 441< violates Contract Clause 9el ,)atio$ #etitions ismisse . >ormal,#roce ural Issues$ i. It is not t&e law "ut t&e revenue "ill w&ic& is re8uire "! t&e Constitution to originate e@clusivel! in t&e 9). To insist t&at t&is applies to t&e revenue statute an not *ust t&e "ill woul "e to violate t&e coe8ualit! o' legislative power o' t&e two &ouses o' congress. ;&at t&e consti simpl! means is t&at t&e initiative 'or 'iling revenue/ tari''/ etcL must come 'rom t&e 9) 3more sensitive to local pro"lems an nee s6 ii. T&e presi ent &as certi'ie S. No. 1<1. 3senate7s version6 as urgent &ence t&e secon an t&ir rea ing were one on t&e same a!. T&e unless clause regar ing #resi ent7s certi'ication not onl! re'ers to printing an istri"ution prior to its enactment/ "ut also to re8uirement o' 1 rea ings on separate a!s iii. T&e &ouse rules 3De''erson7s manual as a supplement6 was mo i'ie "! t&e legislative practice w&ere it7s a common place in congress t&at con'erence committee reports inclu e new matters/ w&ic& t&oug& germane/ &ave not "een committe to committee. Suc& action was necessitate "! t&e 'act t&at t&e 5 versions 3necessar! "ecause o' i''icult provision to en'orce concerning 5 i'' versions 'rom senate

an 9)6 E amen ment in t&e nature o' a su"stitute 31r version6 iv. Enrolle cop! o' a "ill is conclusive not onl! o' its provisions "ut also o' its ue enactment. To isregar t&e enrolle "ill rule in suc& cases woul "e to isregar t&e respect ue to t&e ot&er epts. o' gov7t v. No it oes not since t&e title states t&at t&e purpose o' t&e statute is to e@pan t&e VAT s!stem/ an one wa! o' oing t&is is to wi en its "ase "! wit& rawing some o' t&e e@emptions grante "e'ore. 3o.w it7 "e a complete in e@ o' its content6 Su"stantive Issues$ i. It is on t&e contrar! e8uita"le "ecause it istri"utes t&e ta@ "ur en to as man! goo s an services as possi"le particularl! t&ose w&ic& are wit&in t&e reac& o' t&e &ig&er income groups. a. )eal properties &el 'or sale or 'or lease ". )ig&t or privilege to use in ustrial commercial or scienti'ic e8uipment/ &otels restaurants/ etc c. Small "usinesses wit& annual gross sales less t&an =../...p&p are e@empte . NEDA stu !$ a itional e@pen iture o' lowest income class is #1.1 31.H0J a !ear6 w&ile 'or 'amil! earning =../... or more$ #A1H. 35.5J6 e. Ot&er allegations o not &ave an! evi ence,"asis i. C&am"er o' )eal estate an Buil ers Association ? re uce mar+ up o' mem"ers to A=C0.J ii. #&ilippine #ress Institute ? rive some o' mem"ers out o' circulation "ecause pro'its will not "e enoug& to pa! ta@ lia"ilit! ii. No it7s not against t&e e8ual protection clause. T&e legislature is not re8uire to a &ere to a polic! o' Fall or noneG in c&oosing t&e su"*ect o' ta@ation iii. No it oes not go against it. Not onl! are e@isting laws rea into contracts in or er to 'ic o"ligation "etween parties/ "ut t&e reservation o' essential attri"utes o' sovereign power is also rea into contracts as a "asic postulate o' legal or er. SEC 54 1. :egislation 5. Item Veto Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of +a< *&&eals i. CI) v. (anila 9otel CorpL Court o' Ta@ appeals$ eclare collection o' caterer7s ta@ un er Sec 101 A o' )A <11. illegal "ecause sec H5 o' 9ouse "ill 14A10 w&ic& carries t&at proviso was vetoe "! (arcos a. In t&is case/ private respon ent was (anila %ol' N Countr! Clu" Inc. w&ic& claims t&at t&e assessment 3percentage ta@,caterer7s ta@6 is wit&out "asis since secH5 was vetoe "! t&e presi ent ". CTA &el in 'avor o' (anila &otel Corp ii. 9ence t&is new trial$ CI) v. Court o' Ta@ Appeals

Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ential veto on sec H5 o' 9ouse"ill 1410 3)A <11.6 re'erre to t&e entire section or merel! to an item 3t&e imposition o' 5.J ta@ on gross receipts o' operators or proprietors o' restaurants/ re'res&ments/ parlors/ "ars/ an ot&er eating places w&ic& are maintaine wit&in t&e premises or compoun o' a &otel/ motel/ or rest&ouses6 9el ,)atio$ i. Sec H5 was not entirel! vetoe "ut merel! t&e wor s F&otels/ motels/ rest&ousesG on t&e groun t&at it mig&t restrain t&e ev7t o' &otels w&ic& is essential to t&e tourism in ustr! 3also ue to t&e general reason t&at t&is sort o' ta@ is passe on to t&e consuming pu"lic6 ii. To interpret veto message ot&erwise woul result in t&e e@emption o' entities alrea ! su"*ect to ta@ 3caterer7s ta@6. ;&ile t&e presi ent ma! veto an! item or items in a revenue "ill/ t&e consti oes not give &im t&e power to repeal an e@isting ta@. iii. An item in a revenue "ill oes not re'er to an entire section imposing a particular +in o' ta@ "ut rat&er to t&e su"* o' t&e ta@ an t&e ta@ rate. Ot&erwise/ t&e evil soug&t to "e avoi e 3approving section at t&e e@pense o' w&at &e oesn7t agree wit& or veto entire section at t&e e@pense o' 'oregoing t&e collection o' t&e +in o' ta@ altoget&er6 t&roug& t&is provision will "e ren ere 'utile. Gon3ales v. /acaraig i. Congress passe 9B No. 101A<$ %eneral Appropriations Bill 'or 'iscal !ear 10A0 ii. 4 special provisions an sec== vetoe "! presi ent a. Sec == 3>S A06 w&ic& was su"stantiall! similar to Sec 1< 3>S 0.6 E i''erence$ in >S A0/ use o' savings 3sec 156 separate 'rom vetoe ==L in >S 0./ t&e!7re com"ine in sec 1< ". Basicall! tal+s a"out t&e pro&i"ition against t&e restoration or increase o' recommen e appropriations isapprove an ,or re uce "! congress iii. 9ence t&e petition 'or pro&i"ition,man amus wit& in*unction an restraining or er assailing constitutionalit! o' veto Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ent e@cee e t&e itemCveto power accor e "! t&e constitution, ;ON t&e presi ent &as t&e power to veto provisions o' an Appropriations Bill 9el ,)atio$ T&e constitutionalit! o' t&e assaile presi ential veto is up&el . i. T&e restrictive interpretation o' t&e petitioners t&at t&e presi ent ma! not veto a provision wit&out vetoing t&e entire "ill not onl! isregar s t&e "asic principle t&at a istinct an severa"le part o' a "ill ma! "e t&e su"*ect o' a separate veto "ut also overloo+s t&e constitutional man ate t&at an% &rovision in t(e general a&&ro&riations $ill s(all relate s&ecificall% to some &articular a&&ro&riation t(erein and t(at an% suc( &rovision s(all $e limited in its o&eration to t(e a&&ro&riation to w(ic( it relates. ii. Inappropriate provisions a. Assuming t&at provisions are "e!on t&e power to veto/ Sec == 3>S A06 an Sec 1<

iii.

iv. v.

vi.

3>S 0.6 are not provisions in t(e $udgetar% sense of t(e term. ". T&e vetoe sections are more o' an e@pression o' Congressional polic! in respect o' augmentation 'rom savings rat&er t&an a "u getar! appropriation T&e legislature cannot "! location o' a "ill give it immunit! 'rom e@ecutive veto. Nor can it circumvent veto power over su"stantive legis "! art'ull! ra'ting general law measures so t&at t&e! appear to "e con itions or limitations on an item o' appropriation. a. Ot&erwise t&e legis will "e permitte to impair constitutional responsi"ilities an 'unctions o' a coCe8ual "ranc& o' gov7t in contravention o' separation o' powers octrine in t&e interest o' e@pe ienc! an e''icienc!$ Ina"ilit! o' t&e presi ent/ senate pres/ spea+er o' t&e &ouse/ c&ie' *ustice o' SC to augment an! item o' appropriations even in cases o' calamit! or in t&e event o' urgent nee to accelerate t&e implementation o' essential pu"lic services an in'rastructures :egislative control cannot "e e@ercise in suc& a manner as to encum"er t&e general appropriation "ill wit& vetoCproo' Flogrolling measureG 3ri ers6 Inappropriate con itions a. Alt&oug& it is true t&at e@ecutive is not allowe to veto a con ition or proviso o' an appropriation w&ile allowing t&e appropriation itsel' to stan / t&e restrictions or con itions must e<(i$it a connection wit( mone% items in a $udgetar% sense in t(e sc(edule of e<&enditures: +est is one of a&&ro&riateness. Teste "! t&ese critieria/ sec == an 1< must "e &el as inappropriate con itions. ". Art'ull! cra'te to appear as true con itions or limitations w&en in actualit! t&e! are general law measures more appropriate 'or su"stantive t&ere'ore separate legislation$ more o' a su"stantive e@pression o' a legislative o"*ective to restrict power o' augmentation grante to t&e presi ent an ot&er +e! o''icials I' t&e legislature "elieve t&at veto was unconstitutional/ t&e! s&oul 7ve resorte to t&e 5,1 votation to overri e veto

". ii.

allotte to t&em an to realign t&eir respective operating "u gets Signe "ill into law an vetoe some provisions

H cases 'ile c&allenging t&e constitutionalit! o' t&e presi ential vetoes an provisions o' %AB o' 100H 1. P(ili&&ine Constitution *ssociation ;P(ilconsa=: writ of &ro(i$ition a. On passe $ a. CD> 3countr!wi e ev7t 'un 6 'un o' 54/044/.../... to "e use in in'rastructiures/ Qto 8uali'ie "eni'iciariesG to propose an i enti'! pro* is an encroac&ment to e@ecutive power ". )ealignment o' allocation 'or operating e@pense "! a mem"er o' congress onl! congress as a w&ole is allowe c. Appropriation 'or e"t service 3A< "illion 'or e"t service an 14 "illion onl! 'or e ucation6 s&oul "e more 'or e uc ". #resi ential veto a. #resi ent vetoe special provision on e"t service appropriation 3use o' 'un $ 'un use to pa! principal an interest o' 'oreign e"tQG can7t veto a provision wit&out vetoing entire appropriation "ill 3A<"illion appropriation allowe "! presi ent ? VETO U#9E:D 3onl! t&e Fsu"* to t&e approval o' t&e pres wit& t&e concurrence o' congressG "ecause inappropriate "ut VETO VOID 'or FQprincipal an interest..G 2. 1: senators led $% 'en. Pres. *ngaraA 'en. Gon3alesA 'en. Roco: certiorariA &ro(i$itionA mandamus a. On passe $ a. Constitutionalit! o' t&e con itions impose "! t&e presi ent in %AB o' 100H i. Supreme court/ Commission on au it/ Om"u sman/ Commission on 9uman rig&ts ? augmentation an use o' savings in t&e appropriation o' t&e respective o''ices 3#res$ constitution$ no pu"lic o''icer s&all receive a 7l compensation unless aut&oriBe "! law6 petitioners sa! presi ent violates in epen ence an autonom! o' t&e o''ices ? VETO U#9E:D "ecause provisions against t&e constitution ii. CitiBen Arme >orces %eograp&ical units

P(ilconsa v. Enri>ue3 Issues$ ;ON t&e vetoe provisions o' t&e presi ent is constitutional 9el ,)atio$ i. %AB o' 100H a. #asse an approve "! congress 1. impose con itions an limitations on certain items o' appropriations in t&e propose "u get previousl! su"mitte "! t&e presi ent 5. Also aut&oriBe mem"ers o' congress to propose an i enti'! pro*ects in t&e por+ "arrels

iii.

State Universities an Colleges OSUCs$ Ovetoe use o' agenc! income an t&e creation/ operation/ maintenance o' revolving 'un s3alrea ! part o' National e@pen iture program6

iv.

#resi ential veto a. #resi ent vetoe special provision on e"t service appropriation 3use o' 'un $ 'un use to pa! principal an interest o' 'oreign e"tQG 3not t&e ans "ut innovative pro*6 can7t veto a provision wit&out vetoing entire appropriation "ill 3A<"illion appropriation allowe "! presi ent6 ? VETO U#9E:D on FQ su"*ect to approval o' t&e presi ent an QG "ecause inappropriate provision "ut VETO VOID 'or FQprincipal an interest..G ". 'en. Romulo G 'en +anada: &ro(i$ition and mandamus a. On #asse a. Con itions impose "! t&e presi ent in t&e implementation o' certain appropriations 'or$ i. CA>%U7s pa!ment an separation "ene'it C sai su"*ect to presi ential approval ? VETO U#9E:D "ecause o' inappropriate provision 3impoun ing$ appropriations "ill not t&e rig&t ve&icle6 ii. D#;9 ? a min an eng O9 su"*ect to a min gui elines iii. National 9ousing Aut&orit! 3N9A6 ? appropriation is"urse in accor ance wit& &ousing program o' gov7t ". #resi ential veto a. H provisions on A># an D#;9 in t&e %AB o' 100H i. 4.J a min an 1.J contract ratio 'or roa maintenance 3not 'le@i"le enoug&6 ? VETO VOID "ecause it7s not an inappropriate provision relate to appropriation ii. On purc&ase o' me icines "! A>#$ stan ar 'ormular! 3transition perio nee e 6 ? VETO VOID "ecause it7s relate to appropriation item on purc&ase o' me s "! A># iii. On prior approval o' congress 'or purc&ase o' militar! e8uipment3 against consti

".

man ate o' contractual o"ligation o' A># mo erniBation 'un 6 ? VETO U#9E:D "ecause it7s an inappropriate provision an against contractual o"ligation On use o' savings to augment A># pension 'un s 3s&oul "e covere "! irect appropriations ma e "! law6 ? VETO U#9E:D "ecause provision is unconstitutional an against sec 5= an 50

1. 'ame as ": wit( tem&orar% restraining order 9el ,)atio$ DIS(ISSED wit& e@ceptions 3provisions on e"t service/ no. 5 o' D#;9/ no. 15 o' me icines 'or A>#6 Court ismisse all petitions t&at c&allenge t&e vali it! o' t&e presi ential vetoes t&at were vetoe properl!. T&is means t&at t&ose Finappropriate provisionsG an items t&at were vetoe were rig&tl! one. On t&e ot&er &an / t&ose t&at t&e Court grante were not properl! vetoe 'or t&e reason t&at t&e part t&e presi ent vetoe is intimatel! connecte to t&e entire provision. )emoving suc& item woul entail removing t&e provision altoget&er VETO UNCONSTITUTIONA:$ i. On e"t service$ F..principal an interest to "e use 'or pa!ment 'or 'oreign an omestic e"tQG an pro&i"iting use o' 'un s to pa! 'or lia"ilities o' t&e Central Ban+ Boar o' :i8ui ators ii. D#;9$ >un 'or t&e maintenance o' roa s an "ri ges$ 1.J to "e contracte out iii. A>#$ #urc&ase o' me icines SEC 5A +(e &ower to ta< S&oul "e 'or pu"lic purpose Concept o' Uni'ormit! o All uties/ imposts/ an e@ercises s&all "e uni'orm t&roug&out t&e US 3#&ils$ applies to ta@ation in general vs. US w&ic& applies to in irect ta@es6 o A ta@ is uni'orm wit&in t&e Constitutional re8uirement w&en it operates wit& t&e same 'orce an e''ect in ever! place w&ere t&e su"*ect o' it is 'oun o Un er e8ual protection clause A ta@ s!stem is progressive w&en o t&e rate increases as t&e ta@ "ase increases 3more e8uita"le istri"ution o' wealt& #urposes 1. To raise revenue 5. Instrument o' national an social polic! ? power to estro! 3e@termination o' un esira"le activities an enterprises6 1. Tool 'or regulation 3o' propert! etc6 H. T&e power to +eep alive ? protectionism 3imposition o' tari''s6 Geroc(i v. 6e&artment of Energ%

#u"lic &earing set to give intereste parties a c&ance to "e &ear ? in line wit& Tari'' an Customs Co e iv. EO H4= issue w&ic& re uce 0J to =J e@cept in cases o' cru e oil an oil pro s ii. v. EO H4A w&ic& levie an a itional special ut! o' #.0= per litter or #1=1..= per "arrel o' importe cru e oil an #1 per liter o' importe oil pro s vi. Assails vali it!,constitutionalit! o' EO H4= an H4A w&ic& violate Seec 5H Article VI 3all revenue or tari'' "ills////originate e@clusivel! in t&e 9)..G6 Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ent can issue EO H4= an H4A w&ic& are in t&e nature o' revenueCgenerating measures 9el ,)atio$ Ses s&e can enact t&em. i. Sec 5A 356 Article VI ? FT&e congress ma! "! law aut&oriBe t&e presi ent to 'i@Qsu"* to suc& Issues$ limitations an restrictionsQtari'' rates/ import ;ON Sec 1H o' )A 011< FElectric #ower In ustr! )e'orm e@port 8uotas....or imposts wit&in t&e 'ramewor+ Act o' 5..1G is constitutional o' t&e national ev7t program o' t&e gov7tG i. ;ON t&e universal c&arge impose un er Sec 1H ii. Tari'' an Customs Co e o' t&e #&ils 3sec 1.H an o' t&e E#I)A is a ta@ H.16 9el ,)atio$ a. 1.H$ FAll tari'' sections/ c&apters/ i. T&e imposition is not a ta@. It is important to su"&ea ings an rates o' import ut! i''erentiate t&e state7s power o' ta@ation 'rom t&e un er sec 1.H o' #resi ential ecree 1H police power. #olice power is t&e power o' t&e an all su"se8uent amen ments issue state to promote pu"lic wel'are "! restraining an un er EO an #D are a opte an 'orm regulating t&e use o' li"ert! an propert!. Ta@ing part o' t&is co eG power &owever ma! "e use as an implement o' ". H.1L FRates of dut% or su"se8uentl! police power 'i@e pursuant to sec H.1Qs&all "e su"* to a. #ower to regulate ? power to protect/ perio ic investigation "! tari'' commission 'oster/ promote/ preserve/ control wit& an ma! "e revise "! t&e presi ent upon ue regar 'or interests o' t&e pu"lic recommen ation o' NEDAG ii. I' generation o' revenue is t&e primar! purpose i. Increase re uce or remove an regulation is merel! inci ental/ t&e imposition e@isting protective rate o' import is a ta@. But i' regulation is t&e primar! purpose/ ut! t&e 'act t&at regulation is inci entall! raise oes ii. Esta"lis& import 8uota or "an not ma+e imposition a ta@ imports o' an! commo it! a. I' !ou loo+ at t&e purposes o' E#I)A/ t&e! iii. Impose a itional ut! on all are regulator! in c&aracter imports not e@cee ing 1.J a i. To ensure an accelerate total valorem w&en necessar! electri'ication o' t&e countr! iii. CONTENTION O> #ETITIONE)S$ can7t use Tari'' an ii. To ensure 8ualit! relia"ilit! Commissions co e "ec presi ent is aut&oriBe securit! an a''or a"ilit! o' t&e onl! un er t&e co e to protect local in ustries an suppl! o' electric powe pro s 'or t&e sa+e o' national econom!/ gen iii. To ensure transparent an wel'are an or national securit!. EO H4= an H4A reasona"le prices acts in reverse an o not protect local in ustries iv. To protect pu"lic interest since we &ave scarce resources o' cru e oil an oil v. Etc. so we7ve to import. EOs merel! want to raise gov7t ". T&e trust 'un 3e@cess amount in case o' 'un s overrecover! s&all "e remitte to t&e a. Not&ing in t&e co e t&at limits power to Special Trust >un 6 it esta"lis&e wit&in *ust protection. t&e power an responsi"ilit! o' t&e gov7t ". Custom uties 3ta@es on t&e importation to secure p&!sical an economic survival an e@portation o' commo ities/ tari'' or an wellC"eing o' t&e communit! E police ta@ assesse upon merc&an iBe importe power o' state 'rom or e@porte to a 'oreign countr!6 are impose 'or "ot& revenue raising an Not a ta@ "ut an e@action in t&e regulator! purposes E levie an e@ercise o' State7s police power collecte upon articles an goo s not 3pu"lic wel'are is promote 6$ to ensure 'oun at all nor pro uce in t&e #&ils6 via"ilit! o' t&e countr!7s electric power i. Imposition o' tari'' rates an a special ut! on cru e oil &ave Garcia v. E<ecutive 'ecretar% some protective impact upon i. EO H1A issue w&ic& impose in a ition to an! in igenous oil pro 3#&ils pro uces ot&er uties/ ta@es/ an c&arges impose "! law 1.C1=J o' cru e oil consume on all articles importe into t&e #&ils/ an &ere6 since e''ective price o' a itional o' ut=J a valorem 3all importe importe cru e oil increase inclu ing cru e oil an oil pro ucts6. ii. EO HH1 issue w&ic& increase =J to 0J

i.

#etition to eclare Sec 1H o' )A 011< FElectric #ower In ustr! )e'orm Act o' 5..1G w&ic& imposes t&e Universal C&arge an )ule 1A o' t&e rules an regulations 3I))6 w&ic& see+s to implement sai imposition "e eclare unconsti Universal C&arge ? non "! passa"le ta@ to "e etermine / 'i@e / an approve "! E)C w&ic& is to "e collecte 'rom all electric en Cusers an sel'C generating entities 'or a. #a!ment 'or stran e e"ts "! t&e national gov7t ". (issionar! electri'ication c. E8ualiBation o' ta@es . Environmental c&arge to accrue to an environmental 'un 3waters&e re&a" an management6 e. To account 'or all 'orms o' cross su"si ies

iii.

ii.

#rotection o' local in ustries suc& a limite view o' legislative stan ar s an policies 'or national econom!/ general wel'are/ an national securit!.E protects consumers 'rom &ig& prices t&at tari'' protecte local in ustries impose

'%stems Plus Com&uter College v. Caloocan Cit% i. S#CC is a nonCstoc+ an nonCpro'it e ucational institution. It en*o!s propert! ta@ e@emption 'rom local gov7t on its "uil ings "ut not on its parcels o' lan 3rents it 'or #=... mont&l! 'rom its sister companies/ Consoli ate Assem"l! an #air (anagement6 ii. #etitioner re8ueste respon ent cit! government o' Caloocan t&roug& Cit! Assessor an a min (amerto (ana&an to e@ten ta@ e@emption to parcels o' lan pursuant to Article VI Sec 5A 316. a. Denie 3recomm o' respon ent Att! >rancisco/ cit! legal o''icer6 on t&e groun t&at parcels o' lan were owne "! Consoli ate assem"l! an pair management w&ic& erive income 'rom it in t&e 'orm o' rentals an local ta@es iii. S#CC entere into a separate agreement wit& sister companies w&ic& converte lease to onations. S#CC soug&t 'or a recon w&ic& was again enie . Issue$ ;ON S!stems #lus Computer College s&oul "e allowe to e@ten t&eir ta@ e@emption to t&e parcels o' lan asi e 'rom its "uil ings 9el ,)atio$ No. i. S#CC is an agenc! 'or its sister corporations 3#air (anagementN Dev7t Corporation an Consoli ate Assem"l! Inc.6 to eva e pa!ment o' real propert! ta@es a. Imme iatel! a'ter t&e enial o' S#CC7s 'irst re8uest 'or real propert! ta@ e@emption/ t&e sister companies onate t&e "ene'icial use o' t&e su"* properties to t&e 'ormer ". %rant 'or e@emption is meant to "ene'it t&e "o ! o' people an not lessen "ur en o' in ivi ual or corporate owners ii. T&ere is no s&owing t&at t&e parcels o' lan are actuall!/ irectl!/ an e@clusivel! use 'or religious/ c&arita"le an e ucational purposes iii. #etitioners7 'iling o' man amus can7t "e &onore "ecause t&e! still &ave to provi e evi ence as "asis 'or classi'ication o' properties 'or ta@ation 3'or t&em to "e e@empte 6 "e'ore t&e Cit! Assessor. #etitioner cannot "!pass aut&orit! o' a min agencies "! irectl! see+ing re ress 'rom t&e courts a. (oreover/ wit& regar to man amus$ ;&ile its ut! to con uct assessments is a ministerial 'unction/ t&e actual e@ercise t&ereo' is necessaril! iscretionar!. Central /indanao .niversit% v. 6e&artment of *grarian Reform i. #etition 'or certiorari to nulli'! procee ings an ecision o' t&e Dept o' Agrarian )e'orm

A *u ication Boar 3DA)AB6 an set asi e ecision o' COA a''irming ecision w&ic& or ere t&e segregation o' H.. &ectares o' suita"le compact an contiguous portions o' t&e C(U lan an t&eir inclusion in t&e CA)# 'or istri"ution to 8uali'ie "ene'iciaries/ on t&e groun o' lac+ o' *uris iction ii. Accor ing to A *u ication Boar an COA/ t&e C(U lan is not irectl! actuall! an e@clusivel! use 'or sc&ool sites "ecause t&e same was lease to #&il #ac+ing Corporation 3Now Del (onte #&ils6. No s&owing too t&at sai lan s are in ispensa"le 'or e uc purposes Issue$ ;ON C(U lan s&oul "e e@empt 'rom coverage o' CA)# 3Sec 1. )A <<=46 9el ,)atio Ses C(U lan s&oul "e e@empte . i. )espon ents misse true meaning o' Sec 1. )A <<=4 as to w&at lan s are e@empte 'rom CA)# a. Sec 1.$ FQ.sc&ool sites/ an campuses inclu ing e@perimental 'arm stations operate "! pu"lic o' private sc&ools 'or e ucational purposes/ see s an see lings researc& an pilot pro uction centersQ.G ii. B! t&e nature o' C(U/ w&ic& is a sc&ool esta"lis&e to promote agri an in ustr!/ t&e nee 'or a vast tract o' lan o' agri lan 'or 'uture programs o' e@pansion is o"vious. iii. :i+e (ic&igan State Univ/ #enn State Univ/ Illinois State univ w&ic& were given e@tensive tracts o' agri an 'orest lan to "e evelope to support t&eir numerous e@pan ing activities in t&e 'iel s o' agricultural tec& an scienti'ic researc&/ it was in t&is same spirit t&at #res %arcia wit& rew 'rom sale or settlement o' C(U 3(in anao Agri College "e'ore6 a lan reservation o' 1/.A. &ectares as its 'uture campus. a. So t&at it can &ave enoug& resources an wi e open spaces to grow as an agri e ucational institution to evelop an train 'uture 'armers o' (in anao an &elp attract settlers to t&at part o' t&e countr! iv. 9ence t&e! s&oul "e e@empt "ecause lan s are actuall! irectl! an e@clusivel! use an 'oun to "e necessar! 'or sc&ool site an campus/ inclu ing e@perimental 'arm stations 'or e uc purposes an 'or esta"lis&ing see an see ling researc& an pilot pro centers Commissioner of 7IR v. Court of *&&eals i. Soung (en7s C&ristian Association o' t&e #&ils Inc. 3S(CA6 is a nonCstoc+/ nonCpro'it institution w&ic& con ucts various programs pursuant to its religious/ e ucational an c&arita"le o"*ectives. ii. Commissioner o' Internal )evenue issue an assessment to private respon ent$ #H1=/<1= inclu ing surc&arge an interest/ 'or e'icienc! income ta@/ e'icienc! wit& e@pan e wit&&ol ing ta@es on rentals an pro' 'ees an e'icienc! wit&&ol ing ta@ on wages iii. S(CA 'ile a protest an CI) enie claims o' t&e 'ormer. S(CA "roug&t case "e'ore Court o' Ta@ Appeals 3CTA6 Issue$ ;ON S(CA s&oul "e "e e@empte 'rom income ta@ pursuant to Article VI Sec 5A 316 9el ,)atio$ S(CA is e@empt 'rom t&e pa!ment o' propert! ta@/ "ut not income ta@ on t&e rentals 'rom its propert!.

i.

ii.

iii.

#etitioner7s contention t&at t&e p&rase Factuall!/ irectl! an e@clusivel! use 'or religious/ c&arita"le or e uc purposesG re'ers not onl! to all lan s "uil ings an improvements "ut also to Fc&arita"le institutionsQ.G ;it& regar to e@emption is wit&out merit a. ;&at is e@empte is not t&e institution itsel' "ut t&ose e@empte 'rom real estate ta@es are lan s/ "uil ings an improvements actuall!/ irectl!/ an e@clusivel! use 'or religiousQG E pertaine onl! to propert! ta@es not on income ta@ on rentals 'rom its propert! (oreover/ S(CA is not an e ucational institution wit&in t&e purview o' t&e Consti "ecause an e ucational institution,institution o' learning re'ers to sc&ools. 3sc&ool seminar!/ college/ e ucational esta"lis&ment6 Assuming S(CA is an e ucational institution/ S(CA &as not su"mitte proo' o' t&e proportionate amount o' t&e su"*ect income t&at was actuall!/ irectl!/ an e@clusivel! use 'or e ucational purposes.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. 'antos i. #etition against pronouncement t&at certain viii. provisions o' Tari'' an Customs Co e an t&e National Internal revenue Co e are unconstitutional ii. In a case/ t&e pu"lic respon ent in a ressing an issue/ rule t&at t&e laws in 8uestion are con'iscator! an oppressive a. T&at ta@ation policies in t&e #&ils wit& regar to *ewelries are oppressive 31.J vat an 5.J custom uties6 compare to 9-/ T&ailan / (ala!sia an Singapore 3 ut! 'ree6 i@. Issue$ ;ON t&e )TC can eclare a ta@ law unconstitutional, inoperative an wit&out 'orce an e''ect 9el ,)atio$ No it cannot. i. )espon ent Du ge encroac&e upon matters properl! 'alling wit&in t&e province o' legislative 'unctions ii. IIn citing a "asis 'or &is ecision unproven comparative ata on ta@ rates o' Asian countries an conclu ing t&at t&e *ewelr! in ustr! in t&e #&ils su''ers as a result/ t&e respon ent *u ge too+ upon &imsel' to supplant legislative polic! Issues$ regar ing *ewelr! ta@ation i. ;ON #roclamation H5. is constitutional "! iii. Ruestioning wis om o' t&e laws is not wit&in )TC7s provi ing 'or national an local ta@ e@emption *uris iction. wit&in an granting ot&er eco incentives to Do&nn 9a! Special Economic 2one 5o(n Ha% Peo&les *lternative Coalition v. 8ictor Lim ii. ;ON #roclamation H5. is constitutional 'or i. #etition 'or pro&i"ition/ man amus an limiting or inter'ering wit& local autonom! o' eclarator! relie' wit& pra!er 'or a T)O on t&e "aguio constitutionalit! o' #resi ential #roclamation H5. 9el ,)atio FCreating an Designating a portion o' t&e area i. %rant "! proclamation H5. o' ta@ e@emption an covere "! t&e 'ormer camp *o&n &a! as t&e *o&n ot&er privileges to Camp *o&n &a! voi an &a! special economic Bone pursuant to )A 4554G unconstitutional ii. )A 4554 ? Bases Conversion an Development Act a. Un er sec 15 o' )A 4554/ it is onl! t&e o' 1005$ polic! o' t&e gov7t to accelerate t&e Su"ic SE2 w&ic& was grante "! congress soun an "alance conversion into alternative wit& ta@ e@emption/ investment pro uctive uses o' t&e 'ormer militar! "ases un er incentives/ an t&e li+e. T&ere is no #&ilsCUS (ilitar! Bases Agreement 3Clar+ an e@press e@tension o' t&ese "ene'its to su"ic militar! reservation an Do&n 9a! ot&er SE2s still to "e create at t&e time station,Camp *o&n &a! 6 via presi ential proclamation. T&e senate con'irms e@clusivit! to su"ic SE2

)A 4554 create Bases Conversion an Development Aut&orit! 3BCDA6 to carr! out o"*ective o' utiliBing "ase areas in accor ance wit& eclare gov7t polic! )A 4554 also create t&e Su"ic Special Economic 2one w&ic& was grante incentives : ta< and dut% free im&ortationA e<em&tion of $usinesses from local and national ta<esA etc. BCDA entere into a (OA wit& Tunte@ an Asiaworl to put up a *oint venture compan! 3Baguio Int7l Dev7t an (anagement Corp6 w&ic& woul lease areas wit&in Camp Do&n 9a! an #oro #oint 'or t&e purpose o' turning t&em into principal tourist an recreation spots. Sangguniang panlungso o' Baguio Cit! o''iciall! as+e BCDA to e@clu e all "aranga!s partl! or totall! locate 306 wit&in camp *o&n &a! 'rom t&e reac& o' an! plan or program 'or its evelopment. Sangu passe a resolution w&ic& inclu e con itions regar ing t&e evelopment o' *o&n &a!. BCDA tunte@ an Asiaworl agree to some an re*ecte ot&ers. Sangu t&en re8ueste t&e ma!or to etermine realt! ta@es o' Camp Do&n 9a! In response to vii/ #resi ent )amos issue #roclamation No. H5. w&ic& esta"lis&e a SE2 on a portion o' Camp Do&n 9a! a. T&e Bone s&all &ave all t&e applica"le incentives o' t&e Special Economic 2one un er Sec 15 o' )A 4554 an t&ose applica"le incentives grante in t&e E@port processing Bones/ Omni"us Investment Co e 10A4/ >oreign Investment Act 1001 an new investment laws t&at ma! "e enacte 9ence t&is petition assailing t&at proclamation H5. is invali "ecause a. It is an unconstitutional e@ercise "! t&e presi ent o' a power 3to grant ta@ e@emptions6 grante onl! to t&e legislature ". It inter'ere wit& t&e autonom! o' t&e cit! o' "aguio c. Violates FAll ta@es s&oul "e uni'orm an e8uita"leG . Di n7t un ergo environmental assessment

ii.

iii.

(oreover/ t&e nature o' most o' t&e assaile privileges is one o' ta@ e@emption. It is t&e legislature/ unless limite "! a provision o' t&e state consti/ t&at &as 'ull power to e@empt an! person or corporation or class o' propert! 'rom ta@ation/ its power to e@empt "eing as "roa as its power to ta@. A law granting an! ta@ e@emption must &ave a concurrence o' a ma*orit! o' all t&e mem"ers o' congress It oes not inter'ere wit& local autonom! nor give t&e presi ent power o' control over t&e local gov7t instea o' mere supervision. ;it& suc& "roa rig&ts o' owners&ip an a ministration veste in BCDA over Camp Do&n 9a!/ BCDA virtuall! &as control over it su"*ect to limitations provi e 'or "! law. 3to own &ol an ,or a minister t&e militar! reservations o'Q6 T&e law merel! emp&asiBes or reiterates t&e statutor! role or 'unctions it &as "een grante T&e unconstitutionalit! o' t&e grant o' ta@ immunit! an incentives oes not ma+e t&e entire proclamation voi 3separa"le6. T&ere'ore/ t&e eclaration o' a portion covere "! Do&n 9a! as a SEU is still vali

".

ii.

SEC 50 1. E@pen iture o' #u"lic >un s Guingona 5r. v. Carague i. 100. "u get consist o' #0A.H Billion in automatic appropriation 3wit& A<.A "illion 'or e"t service6 an 1==.1 Billion appropriate un er )A <A11 3total o' 511.= Billion6 w&ile appropriations 'or DECS amount to #54/.14/A11/... 3aroun 54 "illion6 a. Automatic appropriation aut&oriBe "! #D A1 3Amen ing Certain #rovisions o' )A HA<. re >oreign "orrowing Act6/ #D 1144 3revising t&e Bu get #rocess in Or er to InstitutionaliBe Bu getar! Innov o' t&e new societ!6 #D 10<4 3An act strengt&ening t&e guarantee an pa!ment positions o' t&e )ep o' t&e #&ils on its contingent lia"ilities arising out o' relent an guarantee loans "! appropriating 'un s 'or t&e purpose6 ii. #etition see+s to eclare #Ds unconstitutional an to restrain is"ursement 'or e"t service un er 100. "u get Issue$ ;ON t&e automatic appropriation 'or e"t service in t&e 100. Bu get is constitutional i. ;ON t&e appropriation o' A< "illion in t&e 511 "illion 100. "u get violative o' sec= Art UIV o' t&e constitution ii. ;ON #Ds are still operative un er t&e constitution iii. ;ON #Ds are violative o' sec 50 316 Article VI o' consti 9el ,)atio$ i. No it7s not. ;&ile it is true t&at un er Sec =3=6 Article UVI o' t&e constitution/ congress is man ate to assign t&e &ig&est "u getar! priorit! to e ucation/ it oes not 'ollow t&at t&e &an s o' congress are so &amstrung as to eprive it t&e power to respon to t&e imperatives o' t&e national interest an 'or t&e attainment o' ot&er state policies

iii.

Since 10A=/ t&e "u get 'or e uc &as triple to upgra e an improve 'acilit! o' pu" sc&ool s!stem. Compensation o' teac&ers ou"le . Amount set 'or DECS un er %eneral appropriations act 3)A <A116 &ig&est among all epartments E clear compliance alrea ! wit& constitutional man ate ". De"t service$ survival o' our econom! is at sta+e Ses t&e! are. a. #etitioners sa! t&at t&e automatic appropriations un er ecrees o' (arcos rest on no law an cannot "e en'orce . T&at upon e@piration o' t&is oneCman legislature/ t&e legislative power was restore to t&e congress &ence a nee 'or a new legislation "! congress provi ing 'or automatic appropriation "ut up to now congress &as not approve suc& law. (oreover/ assuming it i n7t e@pire/ t&e! are still inoperative "ecause Sec 1 Art UVIII sa!s t&at Fall e@isting lawsQ.not inconsistent wit& t&is consti s&all remain operativeQG an sec 5H o' Art VI sa!s FAll appropriation/ Q.s&all originate e@clusivel! 'rom 9)QG ". BUT/ t&e transitor! provision o' t&e constitution 3Fall e@istingQremain operativeG6 &as precisel! "een a opte "! its 'ramers to preserve t&e social or er so t&at legislation "! t&e t&en #res (arcos ma! "e recogniBe . T&e purpose is 'oreseen to su"sist wit& or wit&out t&e person o' (arcos i. T&e automatic appropriation provi es t&e 'le@i"ilit! 'or t&e e''ective e@ecution o' e"t management policies.3allows responsiveness to rastic c&anges in con itions6 1. It ena"les t&e gov7t to ta+e a vantage o' a 'avora"le turn o' mar+et con itions "! re eeming &ig& interest securities an "orrowing at lower rates or to s&i't 'rom s&ort term to longterm instruments or to enter into arrangements t&at coul lig&ten our outstan ing e"t "ur en 5. It prevents i''iculties in e"t servicing arising 'rom an! eviation 'rom w&at &as "een previousl! programme . c. (oreover/ application o' law is generall! applie prospectivel! an not retrospectivel! . T&e court 'in s t&at t&e 8uestione laws are complete in all t&eir essential terms an con itions$ #urpose is to ena"le t&e gov7t to ma+e prompt pa!ment an ,or a vances 'or all loans to protect an maintain t&e cre it stan ing o' &e countr! No t&e! are not.

a.

a. ".

c.

Fa$ian v. 6esierto i. Teresita >a"ian was a ma*or stoc+&ol er an presi ent o' #)O(AT. Nestor V. Agustin was t&e 5. #u"lic purpose incum"ent District Engineer o' t&e >irst (( C An important limitation on use o' pu"lic mone!$ 'or Engineering District. #)O(AT participate in t&e pu"lic purpose onl! "i ing 'or gov7t construction pro*ects inclu ing t&ose un er >(ED. Agustin/ ta+ing a vantage o' 1. Special >un &is position/ compelle >a"ian to an amorous rel7p. )smena v. )r$os ii. (isun erstan ings evelope an >a"ian trie to i. (arcos issue #D 10=< creating a special account terminate relations&ip. Agustin re'use an in t&e general 'un / esignate as t&e Oil #rice resiste to t&e e@tent o' emplo!ing &arassment/ Sta"iliBation >un 3O#S>6 intimi ation/ an t&reats. ii. O#S> esigne to reim"urse oil companies 'or cost iii. >a"ian 'ile a min case against &im. Agustin was increases in cru e oil an importe petroleum 'oun guilt! o' miscon uct$ penalt! o' suspension pro ucts resulting 'rom e@c&ange rate wit&out pa! 'or 1 !ear a *ustments an 'rom increases in t&e worl iv. Agustin move 'or recon an respon ent om"u sman iscovere t&at t&e 'ormer7s new mar+et prices o' cru e oil classi'ie into a cousel &a "een &is classmate an close Ftrust lia"ilit! accountG associate. 9e in&i"ite &imsel' an t&e case was iii. #res CoraBon A8uino amen e #D 10=< an trans'erre to Deput! Om"u sman %uerero w&o promulgate EO 114 e@pan ing groun s 'or e@onerate Agustin 'rom t&e a min c&arges reim"ursement to oil companies 'or possi"le cost v. >a"ian points out t&at un er sec 4 rule III o' A min un er recover! incurre as a result o' t&e Or er No. .43)ules an #roce ure o' t&e O''ice o' re uction o' omestic prices o' petroleum pro s t&e Om"u sman6$ w&en a respon ent is a"solve t&e amount o' t&e un er recover! "eing le't 'or o' t&e c&arges in an a min procee ing/ t&e etermination "! (inistr! o' >inance ecision o' t&e om"u sman is 'inal an iv. ;&en O#S> status s&owe a terminal 'un unappeala"le. "alance e'icit o' some #15.A44 "illion/ t&e Energ! a. BUT un er Sec 54 )A <44.$ FIn all a min )egulating Boar issue an or er to approve t&e isciplinar! cases/ or ers/ irectives or increase in pump prices o' petroleum pro ucts ecisions o' t&e o''ice o' Om"u sman ma! v. #etitioners sa! t&at t&e creation o' trust 'un "e appeale to t&e SC "! 'iling a petition violates Sec 50 Article VI$ All mone! collecte on 'or certiorari//////G an! ta@ levie 'or a special purpose s&all "e ". Acc g to petitioner Om"u sman &as no treate as a special 'un an pai out 'or suc& aut&orit! to restrict rig&t o' appeal allowe purposes onl!Q"alance s&all "e trans'erre to "! )A <44. general 'un s o' gov7tG ? "alance s&oul not "e Issue$ ;ON t&e provision in Sec 54 o' )A <44. w&ic& c&annele to ot&er gov7t o"*ectives aut&oriBes an appeal "! certiorari to t&is court o' t&e Issue$ a'orementione a *u ications o' t&e O''ice o' t&e ;ON t&e O#S> or t&e trust 'un create is unconstitutional/ "eing violative o' Sec 50 Article VI o' t&e Om"u sman is violative o' Sec 1. Art VI o' t&e constitution 3No law s&all "e passe increasing t&e constitution appellate *uris iction o' t&e supreme court as provi e in 9el ,)atio$ t&is constitution w,o its a vice an consent6 No it is not. 9el ,)atio$ i. T&e O#S> was esta"lis&e precisel! to protect Ses it violates it. local consumer 'rom t&e a verse conse8uences i. Sec 54 o' )A <44. om"u sman act o' 10A0 Fall t&at suc& 're8uent oil price a *ustments ma! &ave a min isciplinar! casesQ.appeale to SCQin upon t&e econom! 3"ecause o' t&e everCc&anging accor ance wit& rule H=G is not vali "ecause it worl mar+et prices o' oil6. T&e O#S> is a "u''er e@pan s t&e appellate *uris iction o' t&e SC mec&anism t&roug& w&ic& t&e omestic consumer wit&out its a vice an consent. prices o' oil an petroleum pro ucts are sta"iliBe ii. Conse8uentl!/ an in line wit& t&e regulator! instea o' 'luctuating ever! so o'ten/ an oil p&ilosop&! a opte in appeals 'rom 8uasiC*u icial companies are allowe to recover t&ose portions agencies in t&e 1004 )evise )ule o' Civil o' t&eir costs w&ic& t&e! woul not ot&erwise #roce ure/ appeals 'rom ecisions o' t&e O''ice o' recover given t&e level o' omestic prices e@isting

Sec 50316$ FNo mone! s&all "e pai out o' t&e treasur! e@cept in pursuance o' an appropriation ma e "! lawG Our constitution oes not re8uire a e'inite/ certain/ e@act or speci'ic appropriation ma e "! law. An appropriation measure is su''icient i' t&e legislative intention clearl! an certainl! appears 'rom t&e language emplo!e . In terms o' time &oriBons/ appropriations ma! "e ma e implie l! 3as "! past "ut su"sisting legislations6 as well as e@pressl! 'or t&e current 'iscal !ear 3as "! enactment o' laws "! t&e present congress6

ii.

iii.

at an! given time. 3 omestic pro s are su"si iBe in part6 T&ere'ore t&e ta@ collecte is not in a pure e@ercise o' ta@ing power$ levie wit& a regulator! purpose/ e@acte in t&e e@ercise o' police power o' t&e state Sta"iliBation >un as a special +in o' 'un is emp&asiBe "! t&e 'act t&at t&e 'un s are eposite in t&e #&ilippine National Ban+ an not in t&e #&il Treasur!L segregate 'rom t&e general 'un

SEC 1.

t&e Om"u sman in a min cases s&oul "e ta+en to t&e COA un er t&e provision o' rule H1. A)TIC:E VII ? T&e E@ecutive Department Sec 1 1. E@ecutive #ower vii. viii.

/arcos v. /angla&usA et al i. At t&e a vent o' #eople power I an t&e 'all o' t&e (arcos )egime/ t&e countr! was plague wit& numerous pro"lems$ 1. #olitical i. T&reats o' a militar! occupation ii. Con'lict in t&e government iii. T&reat o' communist insurgenc! an secessionist movement in (in anao 5. Economic i. Accumulate 'oreign e"t an t&e plun er o' t&e nation attri"ute to (arcos an &is cronies ii. (arcos in &is eat&"e &as signi'ie &is wis& to return to t&e #&ilippines to ie iii. #resi ent A8uino/ ta+ing into account t&e current state o' t&e countr!/ sta!e 'irm in &is ecision to "ar return o' (arcos an &is 'amil!. iv. 9ence t&is petition to en*oin implementation o' #resi ents ecision to "ar t&eir return to t&e #&ils Issue$ ;ON in t&e e@ercise o' t&e powers grante "! t&e constitution/ t&e presi ent ma! pro&i"it t&e (arcoses 'rom returning to t&e #&ils. 9el ,)atio$ Ses s&e ma!. i. T&e Constitution not onl! esta"lis&es separation o' power/ "ut it also grants plenar! power to t&e e@ecutive/ legislative an *u iciar!. ii. Contrar! to w&at petitioners sa! t&at powers not enumerate in t&e consti are implie l! enie to t&e presi ent/ e@ecutive power is more t&an t&e sum o' t&e speci'ic powers enumerate . iii. Corwin sa!s 3re'erring to US presi encies6 t&at Fw&at presi enc! is at an! particular moment epen s in important measure on w&o is presi ent.G iv. It woul not "e accurate to state t&at e@ecutive power is t&e power to en'orce laws since t&e presi ent is &ea o' state as well as &ea o' government an w&atever powers in&ere in suc& positions pertain to t&e o''ice unless t&e constitution itsel' wit&&ol s it. 3ot&er powers$ over 'oreign relations6 v. #etitioner$ Service an protection o' t&e people/ maintenance o' peace an or er/ t&e protection o' li'e li"ert! an propert!/ an t&e promotion o' general wel'are are essential i eals o' gov7t action 3sovereignt! resi es in t&e people an all gov7tal aut&orit! emanates 'rom t&em6 As presi ent/ s&e is un er t&e constitution/ constraine to consi er t&ese "asic principles in arriving at a ecision vi. 9owever/ consi ering t&at t&e persons w&o see+ to return/ are t&e epose ictator an &is 'amil! at w&ose oor t&e travails o' t&e countr! are lai an 'rom w&om "illions o' ollars "elieve to "e

i@. @. @i.

illCgotten wealt& are soug&t to "e recovere / t&e constitutional guarantees must "e a *uste to t&e re8uirements o' e8uall! important pu"lic interests. Balancing general wel'are an t&e common goo against e@ercise o' rig&ts o' certain in ivi uals Case calls 'or t&e e@ercise o' t&e #resi ent7s powers as protector o' peace$ not onl! in e@ercising comman er o' peace powers in times o' emergenc! "ut also wit& atten ing to a! to a! pro"lems o' maintaining peace an or er an ensuring omestic tran8uilit! #ower o' presi ent recogniBe "! t&e legislature as s&own "! t&eir re8uest to allow (arcos to return Deman o' (arcos can7t "e consi ere in t&e lig&t solel! o' t&e constitutional provisions guaranteeing li"ert! o' a"o e an rig&t to travel. It must "e treate as a matter a resse to t&ose resi ual powers ' t&e presi ent w&ic& are implicit in an correlative to t&e paramount ut! resi ing in t&at o''ice to sa'eguar an protect general wel'are

5. E@ecutive Immunit! Estrada v. 6esierto i. #etitioner ma+es 5 su"missions 1. T&e cases 'ile against &im "e'ore respon ent om"u sman s&oul "e pro&i"ite "ecause &e &as not "een convicte in t&e impeac&ment procee ings against &im 5. 9e en*o!s immunit! 'rom all +in s o' suit w&et&er criminal or civil Issue$ ;ON t&e petitioner en*o!s immunit! 'rom suit. Assuming &e en*o!s immunit!/ t&e e@tent o' t&e immunit! 9el ,)atio$ No &e oes not. i. T&e principle o' nonClia"ilit! mean t&at t&e c&ie' e@ecutive ma! not "e personall! sue at all in relation to acts w&ic& &e claims to per'orm as suc& o''icial. ii. ;&at is &el &ere is t&at &e will "e protecte 'rom personal lia"ilit! 'or amages not onl! w&en &e acts wit&in &is aut&orit! "ut also w&en &e is wit&out aut&orit!/ provi e t&at &e actuall! use iscretion an *u gment/ t&at is/ t&e *u icial 'acult!/ in etermining w&et&er &e &a aut&orit! to act or not. iii. 9e is not protecte i' t&e lac+ o' aut&orit! to act is so plain t&at two reasona"le men coul not &onestl! i''er over its etermination iv. On Estra a7s su"missions$ 1. Untena"le 'or t&e petitioner to eman t&at &e s&oul 'irst "e impeac&e an t&en convicte "e'ore &e can "e prosecute . T&e plea i' grante / woul put a perpetual "ar against &is prosecution. ;&en impeac&ment procee ings &ave "ecome moot ue to t&e resignation o' t&e presi ent/ t&e proper criminal an civil cases ma! alrea ! "e 'ile against &im 5. ;&en t&e presi ent resigns prior to t&e impeac&ment ecision/ &is resignation woul ren er t&e case moot an aca emic. 9owever/ as t&e provision sa!s/ t&e criminal an civil aspects o' it ma! continue in or inar! courts.

v.

vi.

Sec 14 Article VII$ FT&e presi ent s&all "e immune 'rom suit during his tenure. T&erea'ter/ no suit w&atsoever s&all lie 'or o''icial acts one "! &im or "! ot&ers pursuant to &is speci'ic or ers uring &is tenure.G T&e cases 'ile against Estra a are criminal in c&aracter$ plun er/ "ri"er!/ gra't/ an corruption. B! no means can t&ese crimes especiall! plun er w&ic& carries t&e eat& penalt!/ "e covere "! t&e allege mantle o' immunit! o' a nonCsitting presi ent. T&e rule is t&at unlaw'ul acts o' pu"lic o''icials are not acts o' t&e state an t&e o''icer w&o acts illegall! is not acting as suc& "ut stan s in t&e same 'ooting as an! ot&er trespasser.

'oliven v. /a-asiar i. #resi ent CoraBon A8uino sue Beltran 'or li"el 'or &aving written t&at t&e presi ent &i un er t&e "e uring an attempte coup. ii. Beltran sa!s t&at t&e presi ent ma! not sue &er "ecause 1. T&e reasons w&ic& necessitate presi ential immunit! 'rom suit impose a correlative isa"ilit! to 'ile suit/ 5. I' criminal procee ings ensue/ t&e presi ent woul &ave to "e a witness 'or prosecution/ in irectl! e'eating &er privilege 'rom immunit! 'rom suit as s&e woul "e e@posing &ersel' to possi"le contempt o' court or per*ur!. Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ent o' t&e #&ilippines/ un er t&e constitution/ ma! initiate criminal procee ings against t&e petitioners t&roug& t&e 'iling o' a complaint a''i avit 9el ,)atio$ i. T&e rationale o' t&e immunit! 'rom suit is to assure t&e e@ercise o' presi ential uties an 'unctions 'ree 'rom an! &in rance or istraction consi ering t&at "eing t&e c&ie' e@ecutive o' t&e gov7t/ asi e 'rom re8uiring all o' &er time/ also eman s un ivi e attention. ii. (oreover/ t&e privilege o' immunit! 'rom suit pertains to t&e presi ent "! virtue o' t&e o''ice an ma! "e invo+e onl! "! t&e &ol er o' t&e o''ice/ &ence Beltran cannot raise privilege as a e'ense. iii. T&ere are no laws pro&i"iting t&e presi ent 'rom waiving t&e privilege. T&e c&oice o' w&et&er to e@ercise t&e privilege or to waive it is solel! t&e presi ent7s prerogative. 1. 9ea o' State ? ceremonial &ea o' gov7t H. C&ie' E@ecutive ? &e is T9E e@ecutive/ an no one else is. All &ea s o' e@ecutive epartments are su"*ect to t&e irection o' t&e presi ent =. T&e Cainet ? as an institution is e@traCconstitutionall! create / essentiall! consists o' &ea s o' epts. w&o t&roug& usage &ave 'orme a "o ! o' presi ential a visers w&o meet regularl! wit& t&e presi ent. <. E@ecutive #rivilege Sec 5 1. CitiBens&ip Ruali'ication

+ecson v. Comelec i. >ernan o #oe Dr. 'ile &is certi'icate o' can i ac! 'or t&e position o' presi ent o' t&e #&ilippines un er t&e -oalis!on ng Nag+a+aisang #ilipino 3-N#6 ii. Victorino U. >ornier/ 'ile a petition in t&e Comelec to is8uali'! >#D an to en! ue course or to cancel &is certi'icate o' can i ac! "ecause >#D ma e a material misrepresentation in &is certi'icate o' can i ac! "! claiming to "e a natural "orn >ilipino citiBen w&en in trut&/ &is parents were 'oreigners$ mot&er Bessie -elle! #o 3American6 an 'at&er Allan #oe 3Spanis& since son o' :orenBo #au a Spanis& su"*ect6. iii. An even i' Allan #oe were a >ilipino/ >#D is an illegitimate c&il o' an alien mot&er. a. Allan #oe contracte a prior marriage wit& #aulita %omeB ". An even i' no prior marriage e@iste / Allan #oe marrie Bessie -ell! onl! a !ear a'ter t&e "irt& o' >#D. iv. Comelec ismisse case 'or lac+ o' merit. #etitioner 'ile 'or recon w&ic& was again enie . 9ence petitioner "roug&t case to t&e supreme court. v. Ot&er petitions 'ollowe c&allenging t&e *uris iction o' t&e comelec sa!ing t&at onl! t&e Supreme court &a original an e@clusive *uris iction to resolve "asic issue on t&e case 3Article VII SecH6 enie "ecause F..all CONTESTS relate toQG Issue$ ;ON >#D is a natural "orn >ilipino citiBen 9el ,)atio$ i. A'ter tracing t&e &istor! on w&at &ow F>ilipino citiBenG s&oul "e 8uali'ie / it was proven t&at since >ornier coul n7t s&ow an! evi ence proving t&at :orenBo #ou 3gran 'at&er o' >#D/ a o' Allan #oe6 was outsi e t&e countr! uring 1A0AC10.5/ it s&oul "e soun to conclu e or at least to presume/ t&at t&e place o' resi ence o' a person at t&e time o' &is eat& 3proven "! eat& certi'icate6 was also &is resi ence "e'ore eat& 3San Carlos/ #angasinan6. ii. An un er t&e #&ilippine Bill o' 10.5 commonl! re'erre to as t&e #&ilippine Organic Act o' 10.5/ a citiBen o' t&e #&ilippine islan s was one w&o was an in&a"itant o' t&e #&ilippines an a Spanis& su"*ect on t&e 11t& a! o' April 1A00. In&a"itant ta+en to inclu e 1. Native "orn in&a"itants 5. In&a"itant w&o was a native o' peninsular Spain 1. In&a"itant w&o o"taine Spanis& papers on or "e'ore 11 April 1A0A iii. Clearl!/ t&e common law principle t&at time was *us soli/ &ence :orenBo #ou was a citiBen o' t&e #&ilippines/ ma+ing Allan #oe a natural "orn citiBen o' t&e #&ilippines iv. Even i' t&e petitioner conten s on t&e groun t&at >#D is illegitimate/ it was &el t&at t&e 101= Constitution uring w&ic& regime respon ent >#D &as seen 'irst lig&t/ con'ers citiBens&ip to all persons w&ose 'at&ers are >ilipino citiBens regar less o' w&et&er suc& c&il ren are legitimate or illegitimate. 1. :egitimac! is not relevant to elective pu"lic o''ice

5. 1. Sec 1 Sec H

Violates e8ual protection clause o' t&e constitution Not t&e 'ault o' t&e c&il t&at &is parents &a illicit liaBon

/acalintal v. Comelec Issue$ ;ON Sec 1A.= o' )A 01A0 3T&e Overseas A"sentee Voting Act o' 5..16 empowering Comelec to proclaim t&e winning can i ates 'or national o''ices an part! list representatives inclu ing t&e presi ent an t&e vice presi ent is unconstitutional 9el ,)atio$ Ses it violates t&e constitutional man ate. i. Sec 1A.H w&ic& sa!s FQimme iatel! upon completion o' t&e canvass/ special "oar o' canvassers s&all transmitQ.t&e certi'icates o' canvass an statements o' votes to t&e commissionQG clas&es wit& par H Sec H Article VII w&ic& provi es t&at t&e returns o' ever! election 'or presi ent an vice presi ent s&all "e certi'ie "! t&e "oar o' canvassers to congress. ii. #rovision encroac&es on t&e power o' congress to canvass t&e votes 'or presi ent an vice presi ent an power to proclaim t&e winners 'or sai positions. Congressman Lo&e3 v. 'enate and House i. #etition see+ing to nulli'! Sec 11 )ule VIII o' t&e )ules o' t&e Doint #u"lic Session o' Congress/ creating a Doint Committee/ w&ic& s&all preliminar! canvass t&e votes o' t&e can i ates 'or #resi ent an Vice #resi ent uring t&e (a! 1./ 5..H Elections Issue$ ;ON Sec 11 )ule VIII w&ic& create a Doint Committee w&ic& s&all preliminar! canvass votes o' can i ates o' #resi ent an V# violate Art VII Sec H par 1 o' t&e constitution 9el ,)atio$ It i not. i. Sec H/ Article VII o' t&e constitution e@pressl! empowers congress to promulgate its rules 'or t&e canvassing o' t&e certi'icates. ii. T&e court rule t&at it &a no power to review t&e internal procee ings o' Congress/ unless t&ere is a clear violation o' t&e constitution$ court &as no aut&orit! to restrict e@ercise o' congressional prerogative grante "! t&e constitution. iii. T&e creation o' t&e *oint committee oes not constitute grave a"use an cannot "e sai to &ave eprive petition an t&e ot&er mem"ers o' congress o' t&eir congressional prerogative/ "ecause un er t&e ver! rules un er attac+/ t&e ecisions an 'inal report o' sai committee s&all "e su"*ect to t&e approval o' t&e *oint session o' "ot& &ouses o' congress/ voting separatel!. Pimentel v. 5oint Canvassing Committee i. #etition pra!s 'or t&e issuance o' a writ o' pro&i"ition irecting Doint Committee to cease an esist 'rom con ucting an! 'urt&er procee ings pursuant to t&e rules o' t&e Doint #u"lic Session o' Congress on Canvassing. ii. #etitioner conten s t&at wit& t&e a *ournment o' t&e 15t& Congress o' its last regular session/ its term terminate an e@pire on sai a! an t&e

sai 15t& Congress passe out o' legal e@istence. T&ere'ore/ all pen ing matters an procee ings terminate upon t&e e@piration o' congress. 3relies on legislative proce ure/ prece ent or practice as "orne out "! rules o' "ot& &ouses6 Issue$ ;ON t&ere &as "een a grave a"use o' iscretion amounting to lac+ or e@cess o' *uris iction on t&e part! o' an! "ranc& or instrumentalit! o' government un er Sec 1 o' Article VIII o' t&e constitution an its original *uris iction over petitions 'or pro&i"ition un er Sec = Article VII 9el ,)atio$ No "asis un er t&e constitution/ t&ere'ore ismisse . i. Sec H5 )ule UIV o' t&e rules a opte "! t&e senate clearl! provi es t&at t&e FSenate s&all convene in *oint session uring an! voluntar! or compulsor! recess to canvass t&e votes 'or presi ent an vice presi entQ.G In accor ance wit& Sec H Art VII o' t&e Constitution. ii. #rece ents set "! t&e 1005 an 100A presi ential elections o not support t&e move to stop ongoing canvassing "! Doint committee iii. T&e term o' t&e present 15t& Congress i not terminate an e@pire upon t&e a +oirnment sine ie o' t&e regular session o' "ot& 9ouses. Sec 11 Article VI o' t&e Consti cite "! petitioner oes not pertain to t&e term o' congress "! to its regular annual legislative sessions/ "ut t&is oes not a''ect its nonClegislative 'unctions/ suc& as t&at o' "eing t&e National Boar o' Canvassers. iv. In 'act/ t&e *oint pu"lic session o' "ot& &ouses o' congress convene "! e@press irective o' Sec H Article VII o' t&e Constitution to canvass votes 'or an to proclaim t&e newl! electe presi ent an vice presi ent &as not/ an cannot/ a *ourn sine ie until it &as accomplis&e its constitutionall! man ate tas+s. >or onl! w&en a "oar o' canvassers &as complete its 'unctions is it ren ere 'unctus o''icio. v. Since 15t& congress &as not !et complete its nonC legislative ut! to canvass votes an proclaim ul! electe #res an V#/ its e@istence as t&e National Boar o' Canvassers as well as t&at o' t&e Doint committee to w&ic& it re'ere as t&e preliminar! tas+s o' aut&enticating an canvassing certi'icates o' canvass/ &ave not "ecome 'unctus o''icio. Fernando Poe 5r. v. Gloria /aca&agal *rro%o Issue$ ;ON t&e wi ow su"stitute or intervene 'or t&e protestant w&o ie uring t&e pen enc! o' t&e latter7s protest case 9el ,)atio$ No s&e cannot. i. Un er rule 1H o' #resi ential Electoral Tri"unal rules F..onl! t&e registere can i ate 'or presi ent or vice presi ent o' t&e #&ilippines w&o receive secon or t&ir &ig&est num"er o' votes ma! contest t&e election o' t&e presi ent or vice presi ent as t&e case ma! "eQ..G ii. #u"lic o''ice is personal to t&e pu"lic o''icer an not a propert! transmissi"le to t&e &eirs upon eat&. iii. Alt&oug& &as allowe su"stitution an intervention/ onl! "! a real part! in interest. iv. )eal part! in interest is t&e part! w&o woul "e "ene'ite or in*ure "! t&e *u gment/ an t&e part! w&o is entitles to t&e avails o' t&e suit.

v.

Since (rs. >#D &ersel' enies an! claim to t&e august o''ice o' #resi ent/ we can conclu e t&at protestant7s wi ow is not a real part! in interest. Note$ 5 aspects in a contest "e'ore election tri"unals 1. In pursuit o' one7s rig&t to a pu"lic o''ice 5. Im"ue wit& pu"lic interest

@vii.

Sec =

Estrada v. 6esierto i. Estra a electe presi ent on (a! 11 100A ii. In Octo"er 5.../ Ilocos Sur governor C&avit Singson went on air an accuse petitioner/ &is @viii. 'amil! an 'rien s o' receiving millions o' pesos 'rom *ueteng lor s iii. )epresentatives 9e&erson AlvareB/ Ernesto @i@. 9errera an (ic&ael De'ensor spear&ea e move to impeac& petitioner iv. Calls 'or resignation o' t&e presi ent 'ille air @@. 1. Car inal Sin issue a pastoral statement as+ing petitioner to step own 5. Cat&olic Bis&ops Con'erence *oine cr! @@i. 1. CoraBon A8uino an >i el )amos *oine v. #etitioner still &el on to &is position so government o''icials starte to resign$ 1. Council o' (em"ers o' t&e Senior Economic A visers 5. Secretar! (ar )o@as III o' t&e Dept o' Tra e an In ustr! 1. Senate #res >ran+lin Drilon an 9ouse Spea+er (anuel Villar/ toget&er wit& H4 representatives vi. On Dec 4/ 100A/ t&e impeac&ment trial starte . vii. Testimon! o' Clarissa Ocampo/ V# o' E8uitt"le #CI Ban+$ 1 'oot awa! w&en Estra a a''i@e signature o' Dose Velar e on ocs involving a #=.. million investment agreement viii. E gar o Espiritu/ Secretar! o' >inance allege t&at petitioner *ointl! owne B; resources corporation Issues$ i@. Vote o' 11C1.$ SenarorC*u ges rule against i. ;ON t&e cases at "ar involve political 8uestions opening o' 5n envelope w&ic& allege l! containe ii. ;ON conviction in t&e impeac&ment procee ings evi ence s&owing t&at petitioner &el #1.1 "illion is a con ition prece ent 'or t&e criminal in a secret "an+ un er name Dose Velar e. In prosecution o' petitioner Estra a. In t&e negative isgust/ Senator #imentel resigne as Senate an on t&e assumption t&at petitioner is still presi ent. #u"lic an private prosecutors wal+e presi ent/ ;ON &e is immune 'rom criminal out. prosecution @. %eneral )e!es eclare t&at A># is wit& rawing iii. ;ON petitioner Estra a is a presi ent on leave support to t&e gov7t w&ile respon ent Arro!o is an acting presi ent @i. #an'ilo :acson gave same announcement iv. ;ON t&e petitioner en*o!s immunit! 'rom suit an @ii. #etitioner announce &e was or ering &is law!ers i' &e oes/ t&e e@tent o' t&e immunit! to agree to opening 5n envelop v. ;ON t&e prosecution o' petitioner Estra a s&oul @iii. Danuar! 5.$ Da! o' surren er. >irst roun o' "e en*oine on t&e groun o' pre*u icial pu"licit! negotiations 'or peace'ul an or erl! trans'er o' 9el ,)atio$ powers starte at (alacanang/ o''ice o' t&e i. No case oes not involve political/ "ut legal e@ecutive secretar!. 8uestions @iv. 15 nn C&ie' Dustice Davi e a ministere oat& to a. E sa I involves t&e e@ercise o' people %(A power revolution w&ic& overt&rew w&ole @v. #etitioner issue press statement$ F Q'or t&is gov7t. E sa II is an e@ercise o' people reason t&at I now leave (alacanang #alace/ t&e power o' 'ree om o' speec& an 'ree om seat o' presi enc! o' t&is countr! 'or t&e sa+e o' o' assem"l! to petition gov7t 'or re ress o' peaceQG grievances w&ic& onl! a''ecte o''ice o' @vi. Also appears t&at on same a! Dan 5./ 5..1/ &e t&e presi ent. signe t&e '' letter$ FQ"! virtue o' Sec 11 Art VII/ ". E sa I is e@tra constitutional an t&e Quna"le to e@ercise powers an uties o' m! legitimac! o' t&e new government t&at resulte 'rom it cannot "e t&e su"*ect o' o''iceQ.V# s&all "e acting presi ent..G sent to *u icial review "ut E sa II is intra 'ormer spea+er >uenta"ella an to Senate constitutional an t&e resignation o' t&e #resi ent #imentel sitting presi ent t&at it cause an t&e

%(A "egan to isc&arge powers an uties o' presi enc!. 1. )ecognition o' respon ent Arro!o7s government "! 'oreign governments 5. 9ouse o' )epresentatives passe )esol 14= an 14< e@pressing 'ull support o' 9ouse o' )ep to a ministration o' %(A an to &er assumption into T&e o''ice o' presi enc!. 1. Senator Teo'isto %uingona "ecame V# H. Senate passe a resolution con'irming t&e nomination o' Senator %uingona. Senate passe resolution eclaring t&at t&e impeac&ment court is 'unctus o''icio an &as "een terminate #etitioner7s legal pro"lems appeare in clusters$ < cases on "ri"er!/ gra't an corruption/ plun er/ per*ur!/ grave miscon uct/ etc. Special panel o' investigators was create "! Om"u sman to investigate c&arges against t&e petitioner. #etitioner t&en 'ile petition 'or pro&i"ition wit& a pra!er 'or writ o' preliminar! in*unction 1. To en*oin respon ent Om"u sman 'rom con ucting an! 'urt&er procee ings in an! criminal complaint t&at ma! "e 'ile in &is o''ice until a'ter t&e term o' t&e petitioner as presi ent is over an onl! i' legall! warrante 5. #ra!e 'or *u gment con'irming petitioner to "e t&e law'ul an incum"ent presi ent o' t&e #&ils temporaril! una"le to isc&arge t&e uties o' &is o''ice/ an eclaring respon ent to &ave ta+en &er oat& as an to "e &ol ing t&e O''ice o' t&e #resi ent onl! in an acting capacit! pursuant to t&e provisions o' t&e Constitution

ii.

iii.

iv.

succession o' t&e V# as presi ent are su"*ect to *u icial review. #etitioner7s resignation was con'irme "! &is leaving (alacanang. a. FIt is 'or t&is reason t&at I now leave (alacanang #alace/ t&e seat o' t&e presi enc! o' t&is countr! 'or t&e sa+e o' peace an or erQG ". Strange t&at t&e letter/ espite its legal value was never re'erre to "! t&e petitioner uring t&e wea+ long crisis. Un er an! circumstance &owever/ t&e letter cannot negate petitioner7s resignation. c. #etitioner7s contention$ Sec 15 o' )A 1.10$ F No pu"lic o''icer s&all "e allowe to resign retire pen ing an investigation/ criminal or a min/ pen ing a prosecution against &im/ 'or an! o''ense un er t&is act un er t&e provisions o' t&e )#C on "ri"er!. i. Intent o' t&e law was to prevent act o' resignation or retirement 'rom "eing use "! a pu"lic o''icial as a protective s&iel to stop investigation o' a pen ing criminal or a min case an to prevent &is prosecution 'or "ri"er! un er t&e )#C. ii. (oreover/ tec&nicall!/ t&e sai cases cannot "e consi ere as &ending 'or t&e Om"u sman lac+e *uris iction to act on t&em 3re'raine 'rom con ucting preliminar! investigation6 iii. (oreover/ impeac&ment/ assuming it was an a ministrative investigation/ "ro+e own w&en t&e 5n envelop c&aos &appene tec&nicall! no impeac&ment case pen ing w&en &e resigne No &e is not. a. Senate an Congress passe resolutions recogniBing an a''irming %(A an &er a ministration/ as well as %uingona7s nomination v. ". Bot& &ouses o' congress &ave "egun sen ing "ills to "e signe into law "! respon ent Arro!o as presi ent c. )ecognition 'rom 'oreign governments . Despite t&e lapse o' time an still wit&out an! 'unctioning ca"inet/ wit&out an! recognition 'rom an! sector o' government/ an wit&out an! support 'rom t&e A># an #N#/ it7s implicitl! clear t&at t&e ina"ilit! o' petitioner Estra a is no longer temporar!. Congress &as clearl! re*ecte petitioner7s claim o' ina"ilit!. No &e oes not. 1. T&e principle o' nonClia"ilit! mean t&at t&e c&ie' e@ecutive ma! not "e personall! sue at all in relation to acts w&ic& &e SEC 14 claims to per'orm as suc& o''icial. 1. 5. ;&at is &el &ere is t&at &e will "e protecte 'rom personal lia"ilit! 'or amages not onl! w&en &e acts wit&in &is aut&orit! "ut also w&en &e is wit&out aut&orit!/ provi e t&at &e actuall! use

iscretion an *u gment/ t&at is/ t&e *u icial 'acult!/ in etermining w&et&er &e &a aut&orit! to act or not. 1. 9e is not protecte i' t&e lac+ o' aut&orit! to act is so plain t&at two reasona"le men coul not &onestl! i''er over its etermination H. On Estra a7s su"missions$ i. Untena"le 'or t&e petitioner to eman t&at &e s&oul 'irst "e impeac&e an t&en convicte "e'ore &e can "e prosecute . T&e plea i' grante / woul put a perpetual "ar against &is prosecution. ;&en impeac&ment procee ings &ave "ecome moot ue to t&e resignation o' t&e presi ent/ t&e proper criminal an civil cases ma! alrea ! "e 'ile against &im ii. ;&en t&e presi ent resigns prior to t&e impeac&ment ecision/ &is resignation woul ren er t&e case moot an aca emic. 9owever/ as t&e provision sa!s/ t&e criminal an civil aspects o' it ma! continue in or inar! courts. Sec 14 Article VII$ FT&e presi ent s&all "e immune 'rom suit during his tenure. T&erea'ter/ no suit w&atsoever s&all lie 'or o''icial acts one "! &im or "! ot&ers pursuant to &is speci'ic or ers uring &is tenure.G =. T&e cases 'ile against Estra a are criminal in c&aracter$ plun er/ "ri"er!/ gra't/ an corruption. B! no means can t&ese crimes especiall! plun er w&ic& carries t&e eat& penalt!/ "e covere "! t&e allege mantle o' immunit! o' a nonC sitting presi ent. <. T&e rule is t&at unlaw'ul acts o' pu"lic o''icials are not acts o' t&e state an t&e o''icer w&o acts illegall! is not acting as suc& "ut stan s in t&e same 'ooting as an! ot&er trespasser. No merit wit& regar to pre*u icial pu"licit!. a. T&e rig&t o' an accuse to a 'air trial is not incompati"le to a 'ree press. ". #ervasive pu"licit! is not per se pre*u icial to t&e rig&t o' an accuse to a 'air trial. T&e mere 'act t&at t&e trial o' appellant was given a a!CtoC a!/ coverage oes not "! itsel' prove t&at t&e pu"licit! so permeate t&e min o' t&e trial *u ge an impaire &is impartialit!. c. To warrant a 'in ing o' pre*u icial pu"licit!/ t&ere must "e allegation an proo' t&at t&e *u ges &ave "een un ul! in'luence not simpl! t&at t&e! mig&t "e/ "! t&e "arrage o' pu"licit!. #ower o' control ? power o' an o''icer to alter or mo i'! or nulli'! or set asi e w&at a su"or inate o''icer &a one in t&e per'ormance o' &is uties an to su"stitute *u gement o' t&e 'ormer 'or t&at o' t&e latter.

Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ent &a aut&orit! to reverse ecision o' t&e Boar o' Directors o' t&e NA(A)CO aan to or er reinstatement o' Duan T/ Arive 9el ,)atio$ i. Contrar! to w&at t&e petitioners sa! t&at t&e o''ices re'er to t&ose per'orming governmental 1. 'unctions w&ic& &ave no *uri ical personalit!/ government owne an controlle corporations li+e NA(A)CO 'alls wit&in t&e constitutional power o' t&e presi ent pursuant to Sec 14 Article VII Lacson H /agallanes Co.A Inc. v. Pano ii. %overnment owne an controlle corporations i. T&e e@ecutive secretar!/ acting "! aut&orit! o' t&e parta+e o' t&e nature o' gov7t "ureaus or o''ices presi ent/ reverse a ecision o' t&e irector o' w&ic& are a ministrativel! supervise "! A min o' lan s t&at &a "een a''irme "! t&e secretar! o' t&e O''ice o' Economic Coor ination/ w&ose agriculture an natural resources compensation an ran+ s&all "e t&at o' a &ea o' ii. Assails t&at it7s un ue elegation o' power an E@ecutive Department/ t&ere'ore responsi"le to "ecause it7s t&e constitutional ut! o' t&e t&e #resi ent. presi ent to act personall! upon t&e matter. Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ent,c&ie' e@ecutive ma! elegate to 6e Leon v. Car&io &is e@ecutive secretar! acts w&ic& t&e constitution oes i. Director Carpio o' t&e National Bureau o' not eman t&at &e per'orm in person Investigation &as re'use to reinstate t&e 9el ,)atio$ petitioners in e'iance to t&e or ers o' t&e Civil Ses &e can. Service Commission as re'erre to &im "! t&e i. T&e E@ecutive secretar! w&o acts 'or an in Secretar! o' Dustice 'or implementation "e&al'/ an "! aut&orit! o' t&e presi ent/ &as an Issue$ ;ON t&e Director o' t&e National Bureau o' un ispute *uris iction to a''irm/ mo i'!/ or even Investigation can iso"e! an e@plicit an irect or er reverse an! or er t&at t&e secretar! o' agriculture issue to &im "! t&e Secretar! o' Dustice an natural resources/ inclu ing t&e irector o' 9el ,)atio$ lan s ma! issue. No &e cannot. ii. Doctrine o' 8uali'ie political agenc! i. T&e presi ent7s power o' control is irectl! iii. As t&e presi ent7s alter ego/ onl! t&e presi ent e@ercise "! &im over t&e mem"ers o' t&e ca"inet ma! rig&t'ull! sa! t&at t&e e@ecutive secretar! is w&o/ in turn an "! &is aut&orit!/ control t&e not aut&oriBe . "ureaus an ot&er o''ices un er t&eir respective *uris ictions in t&e e@ecutive epartment$ Doctrine o' 8uali'ie political agenc! ii. In t&e case at "ar/ w&en &e irecte t&e respon ent to reinstate petitioners/ secretar! *ng#*ngco v. Castillo Or oneB was acting in t&e regular isc&arge o' &is Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ent/ acting t&roug& t&e e@ecutive 'unctions as an alter ego o' t&e presi ent. As a secretar! or irectl!/ ma! ta+e isciplinar! action against su"or inate in t&is epartment/ t&e respon ent a Civil Service O''icer "!passing t&e proce ure prescri"e was "oun to o"e! t&e secretar!7s irectives/ "! t&e Civil Service :aw w&ic& are presumptivel! t&e acts o' t&e presi ent 9el ,)atio$ o' t&e #&ilippines. No &e cannot. i. Alt&oug& t&e presi ent &as t&e power o' control 7ala>ueraA et al. v. *lcasid over e@ecutive epartments 3li+e Civil Service Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ent &as t&e power to issue AO 50 O''ice6/ t&is power applies to t&e e@ercise o' limiting t&e amount o' incentive "ene'its/ en*oining &ea s control over t&e acts o' t&e su"or inate an not o' government agencies 'rom granting incentive "ene'its over t&e actor or agent &imsel' o' t&e act. It onl! wit&out prior approval 'rom &im an irecting t&e re'un re'ers to matters o' general polic! o' t&e e@cess over t&e prescri"e amount. ii. (oreover/ sec IV Article UII o' t&e constitution 9el ,)atio$ states t&at no o''icer or emplo!ee in t&e civil Ses &e &as t&e aut&orit!. service s&all "e remove or suspen e e@cept 'or i. B! virtue o' &is power o' control/ t&e presi ent can causes provi e in t&e law. 3i' not/ emoraliBe review/ mo i'!/ alter/ or nulli'! an! action or un ermine an estro! w&ole civil service s!stem ecision o' &is su"or inate in t&e e@ecutive at t&e merc! o' t&e presi ent6 epartments/ "ureaus/ or o''ices un er &im. iii. :astl!/ un er Sec 1< Article VII/ t&e congress ma! ii. B! issuing AO 50/ &e was merel! e@ercising &is "! law vest appointment o' in'erior o''icers in t&e power o' control. #resi ent/ courts/ or in &ea s o' epartments$ power to remove is in&erent in t&e power to 6adoleA et al. v. C)* appoint. i. Du ges o' (an aue cit! 'iles a petition 'or iv. In ta+ing irect action on a min case o' petitioner certiorari annulling t&e ecision an resolution o' wit&out su"mitting t&e same to commissioner o' COA 3commission on Au it6 a''irming notices o' civil service E contrar! to law. (an aue Cit! Au itor w&ic& iminis&e t&e mont&l! a itional allowances receive "! t&e !amarco v. *rca petitioner *u ges o' t&e regional trial court an municipal trial court.

5.

Doctrine o' Ruali'ie political agenc! ? All acts per'orme "! t&e &ea ,secretaries o' t&e e@ecutive epartments an promulgate in t&e regular course o' "usiness/ are unless isapprove or repro"ate "! t&e c&ie' e@ecutive/ are acts o' t&e C&ie' e@ecutive 3FalterCegosG6 #ower o' supervision ? #ower o' superior o''icer to ensure t&at laws are 'ait&'ull! e@ecute "! in'eriors.

Issue$ ;ON t&e :BC == o' t&e DB( is voi 'or going "e!on t&e supervisor! powers o' t&e presi ent 9el ,)atio$ i. >irst esta"lis& t&at t&e e@ercise o' local autonom! o' local gov7t units remains su"*ect to t&e power o' control "! congress an t&e power of supervision 3aut&orit! to see t&at su"or inate per'orms uties6 "! t&e presi ent.$ Sec H Article U o' Constitution$ F#resi ent s&all e@ercise general supervision over local govt7sG ii. T&ere'ore/ t&e presi ent or an! o' &is alter egos cannot inter'ere in local a''airs as long as t&e concerne local government unit acts wit&in t&e parameters o' t&e law an t&e constitution. iii. An! irective "! presi ent or &is alteregos see+ing to alter t&e wis om o' a law con'orming *u gment on local a''airs o' a local gov7t violates principle o' local autonom! an separation o' powers "etween e@ec an legis iv. B! setting a uni'orm amount 'or t&e grant o' a itional allowances/ DB( oversteppe its power o' supervision "! imposing a pro&i"ition t&at i not correspon wit& law it soug&t to implement$ )A 41<. w&ic& sa!s t&at 'inances o' a cit! gov7t ma! allow grant o' a itional allowances &ig&er t&an #1... i' revenues o' cit! gov7t e@cee annual e@pen itures.

Civilian presi ent &ol s supreme militar! aut&orit! an is t&e ceremonial/ legal / an a min &ea o' t&e arme 'orces$ power to irect militar! operations an etermine militar! strateg! ". As comman er in c&ie'/ presi ent is aut&oriBe to$ i. Call out suc& arme 'orces to prevent or suppress lawless violence/ invasion or re"ellion ii. Suspen privilege o' t&e writ o' &a"eas corpus iii. To place t&e #&ilippines or an! part t&ereo' un er martial law 5. (artial :aw a. (artial law is essentiall! a police power. ". Un er martial law/ police power is e@ercise "! t&e e@ecutive wit& t&e ai o' militar! an in place o' certain governmental agencies w&ic& 'or t&e time "eing are una"le to cope wit& e@isting con itions in a localit! w&ic& remains su"*ect to t&e sovereignt!. c. Depen s on 5 'actual "ases$ i. E@istence o' actual invasion ii. )e8uirement o' pu"lic sa'et!. . #resent constitution$ compare to (arcos7 martial lawQ 6E!R v. 6E!R Em&lo%ees i. State o' martial law oes not Issue$ ;ON t&e DEN) Secretar! &as t&e aut&orit! to suspen operation o' t&e organiBe t&e DEN) constitution 9el ,)atio$ ii. Nor supplant t&e 'unctioning o' t&e Ses &e can. civil courts or legislatives i. Bu+lo ng -awaning EIIB v. 2amora$ court up&el assem"lies t&at t&e continuing aut&orit! o' t&e presi ent to iii. Nor aut&oriBe t&e con'erment o' carr! out t&e reorganiBation in an! "ranc& or *uris iction on militar! courts an agenc! o' t&e e@ecutinve epartment/ inclu ing agencies over civilians w&ere civil creation/ alteration/ or a"olition o' pu"lic o''ices courts are a"le to 'unction a. Sec 5. o' A ministrative co e o' 10A4$ iv. Nor automaticall! suspen )esi ual powers ? FQpresi ent s&all privilege o' t&e writ. 3nee s e@ercise powers an 'unctions veste in con'irmation "! national t&e presi ent as provi e in ot&er laws assem"l!,congress an Supreme an w&ic& is not speci'icall! enumerate court6 a"oveQG v. T&at t&e vali it! o' imposition o' ii. :arin v. E@ecutive secretar!$ )ule t&at gives &im martial law or suspension o' writ power to reorganiBe$ #D 1445 w&ic& amen e #D not an!more political 8uestion 1H1< I7P v. Iamora a. T&ese ecrees e@pressl! grant presi ent i. #etition to nulli'! or er o' #resi ent Estra a t&e continuing aut&orit! to reorganiBe t&e comman ing t&e eplo!ment o' t&e #&ilippine national gov7t w&ic& inclu es power to (arines to *oin t&e #N# in visi"ilit! patrols aroun group/ consoli ate "ureaus an agencies/ t&e metropolis a"olis& o''ices/ trans'er 'unctions/ create ii. #ursuant to t&e presi ent7s crime prevention an classi'! 'unctions/ services an program/ t&e presi ent/ t&roug& a ver"al irective activities/ an to stan ar iBe salaries an an later on t&roug& a memoran um or ere materials eplo!ment o' t&e marines. ". Consti$ Fall laws/ ecreesQ..not Issue$ ;ON #resi ent Estra a &a t&e aut&orit! to eplo! inconsistent wit& t&is consti s&all remain t&e #&ilippine (arines to *oin t&e #N# in visi"ilit! patrols operative unlessQG so 'ar/ not !et aroun t&e metropolis amen e or repeale . 9el ,)atio$ iii. Doctrine o' 8uali'ie political agenc!$ T&e power o' Ses t&e presi ent &a t&e aut&orit!. t&e presi ent to reorganiBe national government i. T&e eplo!ment o' t&e militar! personnel 'alls ma! "e elegate to &is ca"inet mem"ers un er t&e Comman er in c&ie' powers o' t&e e@ercising control over a particular e@ecutive presi ent as state in Sec 1A/ Article VII o' t&e epartment. Constitution/ speci'icall! t&e power to call out t&e arme 'orces to prevent or suppress lawless SEC 1A violence/ invasion/ or re"ellion. 1. Comman er in c&ie' ii. Deplo!ment merel! 'or t&e maintenance o' peace an or er an promotion o' general wel'are.

a.

iii.

iv.

Randolf 6avid v. Ermita i. #etitioners conten t&at respon ent o''icials o' t&e l! wit& t&e insurgents in (in anao6 E 'ull government in t&eir pro'esse e''orts to e'en iscretion to call 'ort& militar! an preserve emocratic institutions/ are actuall! trampling upon ver! 'ree om guarantee an Lacson v. Pere3 protecte "! constitution i. (a! 1 5..1$ %(A was 'ace "! angr! an violent ii. On >e" 5H/ 5..</ 5.t& anniversar! o' E sa I/ #%(A mo" arme wit& e@plosives/ 'irearms/ "la e issue ## 1.14 eclaring a state o' national weapons/ clu"s/ stones an ot&er ea l! weapons emergenc! 3w&ic& was li'te on (arc& 1/ 5..<6 assaulting an attempting to "rea+ into iii. On t&e same a!/ presi ent issue %.O No. = malacanang calling upon t&e A># an #N# to prevent an ii. So #%(A issue proclamation 1A eclaring t&at suppress acts o' terrorism an lawless violence in t&ere was a state o' re"ellion in t&e NC) t&e countr! to carr! out necessar! an iii. Issue %eneral Or er 1 irecting A># an #N# to appropriate actions an measures. suppress re"ellion in t&e NC) iv. Events t&at le to t&e eclaration$ iv. ;arrantless arrests ensue in t&e name o' %.O a. Conspirac! "etween e@treme rig&t an No.1 e@treme le't 3ND>CC##CN#A6 to "ring own v. (a! <$ li'te eclaration government an assassinate %(A Issue$ ;ON t&e eclaration o' Fstate o' re"ellionG is ". )ec+lessl! magni'ie "! national me ia violative o' t&e octrine o' separation o' powers/ "eing an c. Series o' actions a''ect econom!/ encroac&ment on t&e omain o' t&e *u iciar! 3consti con'i ence o' pu"lic in t&e gov7t/ as well prerogative to etermine an interpret w&at too+ place on as en anger t&eir sa'et! (a! 16 . (em"ers o' t&e (ag alo group in icte in 9el ,)atio$ Oa+woo mutin! were a"le to escape$ in a No it is not. pu"lic statement$ even avowe to remain i. Un er Sec 1A/ Article VII/ t&e presi ent as e'iant an encourage ot&ers to *oin t&eir comman er in c&ie' ma! call out suc& arme cause 'orces to prevent or suppress lawless violence/ e. Oplan 9ac+le I ocument ? plot to invasion or re"ellion. assassinate selecte targets inclu ing ii. In t&e e@ercise o' t&e power to call/ on t&e spot some ca"inet mem"ers an #%(A uring ecisions ma! "e imperativel! necessar! in #(A Alumni 9omecoming emergenc! situations to avert great loss o' &uman '. :t. San Duan 3(ag alo %roup6 an -a lives an mass estruction o' propert! )oger )osal7s 3N#A6 re"ellious statements g. Business men an mi level gov7t o''icials 'anla-as v. E<ecutive 'ecretar% plotting moves to "ring own Arro!o i. Dul! 54/ 5..1$ In t&e wa+e o' Oa+woo occupation a min in #eping Co*uanco7s &ouse w&ic& eman e resignation o' presi ent/ &. Bom"ing o' telecommunications towers secretar! o' e'ense/ an c&ie' o' #N# among an cell sites in Bulacan an Bataan ot&ers/ t&e presi ent issue proclamation H54 an v. %(A cancelle all programs an activities relate %.O no.H "ot& eclaring Fstate o' re"ellionG an to 5.t& anniv cele" o' E sa I an revo+e permits calling out t&e arme 'orces to suppress t&e to &ol rallies issue earlier "! local gov7ts E riot re"ellion in e sa s&rineW ii. :i'te state o' re"ellion on Aug 1 5..1 vi. #olicemen "ro+e up e sa cele" rall! in (a+ati an Issue$ ;ON proclamation no. H54 an %.O No. H are vali arreste wit&out warrant in t&e name o' ##1.14 9el ,)atio$ vii. Operatives o' t&e Criminal investigation an Ses t&e! are. Detection %roup 3CID%6 o' #N# rai e Dail! i. Un er Sec 1A/ Article VII/ t&e presi ent as Tri"une o''ices in (anila/ t&en A"ante$ impose comman er in c&ie' ma! call out suc& arme F"alance reportingG 'orces to prevent or suppress lawless violence/ viii. #olice arrests$ Congressman Beltran using warrant invasion or re"ellion. ate 10A=/ )etire (a*or %eneral )amon ii. T&e constitution oes not e@pressl! pro&i"it (ontano arreste w&ile in Orc&ar / et al presi ent 'rom eclaring a state o' re"ellion/ Issue$ ;ON ## 1.14 an %.O = are constitutional wort& not&ing t&e 'act t&at t&e consti vests t&e 9el ,)atio$ presi ent not onl! wit& comman er in c&ie' i. ## 1.14 is constitutional inso'ar as it constitutes a powers "ut 'irst an 'oremost/ wit& e@ecutive call "! t&e presi ent 'or t&e A># to prevent or suppress violence$ #%(A coul vali l! eclare t&e v. vi.

Sec 1A Article VII clearl! s&ows t&at constitution "estows on t&e presi ent/ 'ull iscretionar! power to call out t&e arme 'orces an to etermine necessit! 'or t&e e@ercise o' suc& power. a. Because lesser an more "enign power compare to t&e power to suspen writ an eclare martial law 3su"*ect to review "! Supreme Court an concurrence o' National Assem"l!6 Decision to call out t&e militar! to prevent or suppress lawless violence must "e one swi'tl! an ecisivel! i' it were to &ave an! e''ect at all 3especial

iii. iv.

v.

powers$ FQs&all ensure t&at laws "e 'ait&'ull! e@ecute G (ere eclaration o' state o' re"ellion cannot iminis& or violate constitutionall! protecte rig&ts A person ma! "e su"*ecte to a warrantless arrest 'or t&e crime o' re"ellion ;ON t&e presi ent &as eclare state o' re"ellion so long as re8uisites 'or a vali warrantless arrest are present. No illustration t&at t&e presi ent &as attempte to e@ercise or &as e@ercise o' martial law powers.

ii.

iii.

iv.

e@istence o' state o' national emergenc! even in t&e a"sence o' Congressional enactment 9owever/ ## 1.147s e@traneous provisions giving t&e presi ent e@press or implie power a. To issue ecrees ". To irect A># to en'orce o"e ience to all laws even t&ose not relate to lawless violence as well as ecrees promulgate "! t&e presi ent c. To impose stan ar s on me ia or in an! 'orm o' prior restraint on t&e press/ A)E UNCONSTITUTIONA: "ecause as oppose to (arcos/ t&e consti oes not grant &er t&ose powers. T&e court also rules t&at un er Sec 14/ Article CII o' t&e constitution/ t&e presi ent/ in t&e a"sence o' a legislation/ cannot ta+e over privatel! owne pu"lic utilit! an private "usiness a''ecte wit& pu"lic interest. %.O No. = is vali "ecause it provi es a vali stan ar $ t&at militar! an police s&oul onl! ta+e means necessar! an appropriate actions an measures to suppress an prevent acts o' lawless violence 5. #ar on /onsato v. Factoran i. (onsato committe esta'a t&roug& 'alsi'ication o' pu"lic ocuments ii. A'ter conviction/ &e was grante par on iii. Now eman ing t&at &e7s entitle to receive "ac+pa! 'or lost earnings an "ene'its/ asi e 'rom reinstatement as assistant cit! treasurer. Issue$ ;ON grant o' par on to a pu"lic o''icial means reinstatement to pu"lic o''iceK 9el ,)atio$ No it oes not. i. T&e ver! essence o' par on is 'orgiveness or remission o' guilt. It oes not erase t&e 'act o' t&e commission o' t&e crime an t&e conviction t&ereo'. ii. #ar ons ma! relieve 'rom t&e isa"ilit! o' 'ines an 'or'eitures atten ant upon a conviction "ut cannot erase stain o' "a c&aracter. iii. #ar on oes not ipso 'acto restore a convicte 'elon to pu"lic o''ice necessaril! relin8uis&e or 'or'eite "! reason o' conviction. iv. S&e must reappl! an un ergo usual proce ure re8uire to get "ac+ ol position OSeparate opinion "! #a illa$ FQunless t&e same s&all &ave "een e@pressl! remitte "! t&e par on 3re'erring to rig&t to &ol pu"lic o''ice/ vote/ etc.6 +orres v. Gon3ales i. Torres was grante con ition par on on con ition t&at &e woul not again violate an! o' t&e penal laws o' t&e #&ils or else &e will "e procee e against in t&e manner prescri"e "! law ii. Boar o' #ar ons an #arole resolve to recommen to t&e presi ent cancellation o' con itional par on "ecause o' violation o' con ition$ 5. counts o' esta'a/ se ition/ swin ling/ illegal possession o' 'irearms/ etc. iii. #resi ent cancelle petition an or ere arrest an recommitment against petitioner iv. Now petitioner assails vali it! o' or er o' arrest an recommitment$ rig&t to ue process

'EC 1?: 1. E@ecutive clemenc! in general E@ecutive Clemenc! ? power e@ists as an instrument 'or correcting in'irmities an 'or mitigating w&atever &ars&ness mig&t "e generate "! a too strict application o' law Various 'orms$ 1. )eprieve ? postpones e@ecution o' an o''ense 5. Commutation ? su"stitution o' a less penalt! 'or t&e originall! impose 1. )emission o' 'ines an 'or'eitures H. #ar on ? an act o' grace w&ic& e@empts t&e in ivi ual w&om it is "estowe 'rom t&e punis&ment t&e law in'licts 'or a crime &e &as committe L ee / to t&e vali it! o' w&ic& eliver! is essential/ an eliver! is not complete wit&out acceptance a. A"solute par on ? complete even wit&out acceptance ". Con itional par on ? no 'orce until accepte "! con emne . Note$ %rant o' e@ecutive clemenc! terminates a pen ing appeal

Issue$ ;ON conviction o' a crime "! 'inal *u gment o' a an e@ception coul arise i' t&e "asis 'or t&e court is necessar! "e'ore t&e petitioner can "e vali l! ac8uittal was t&e innocence o' t&e accuse as in rearreste an recommitte 'or violation o' terms o' &is t&e case o' petitioner %arcia con itional par on an accor ingl! serve "alance o' ii. ;&en a person is given par on "ecause &e i not original sentence commit t&e o''ense/ t&e par on relieves t&e part! 9el ,)atio$ 'rom all punitive conse8uences o' &is criminal act/ Ses. t&ere"! restoring to &im &is clean name/ goo i. B! accepting t&e terms un er w&ic& par on &as reputation an unstaine c&aracter prior to t&e "een grante / petitioner &a in e''ect agree to 'in ing o' guilt. t&e presi ent7s etermination 3rat&er t&an t&at o' iii. Asi e 'rom 'in ing &im innocent o' t&e c&arge/ t&e t&e regular courts o' law6 t&at &e &a "reac&e trial court commen e petitioner 'or &is concern t&e con itions o' &is par on. an e ication as a pu"lic servant. 9is ii. 5 Basis$ reinstatement to t&e government service entitles a. Sec <H o' t&e )evise a ministrative co e$ &im to "ac+ wages FQto aut&oriBe arrest an recommitment o' an! suc& person w&o/ in &is *u gment/ Llamas v. )r$os s&all 'ail to compl! wit& t&e con ition or i. #etitioner )o ol'o :lamas is t&e incum"ent viceC con itions o' &is par on/ parole or governor o' Tarlac. ;&en %overnor (ariano suspension o' sentence.G Ocampo III was suspen e 'rom o''ice 'or 0. a!s ". Article 1=0 o' )#C$ FQ.prision correccional "ecause o' violations a'ainst t&e AntiC%ra't an min perio upon a convict w&o &aving Corrupt #ractices Act/ :lamas replace &im an "een grante con itional par on/ s&all "ecame acting governor. violate terms o' con itionsG ii. Ocampo appeale to t&e D:% an to t&e O''ice o' iii. (oreover/ t&e petitioner was a convict w&o &a t&e #resi entE enie alrea ! "een accor e *u icial ue process in &is iii. Ocampo as+e 'or a 1. a! re uction o' &is trial an convictionL not an!more constitutionall! suspension/ sa!ing t&at &e i not reall! entitle 'or anot&er *u icial etermination personall! "ene'it 'rom t&e loan contract wit& t&e :ing+o Tarlac >oun ation Inc. 3:T>I6/ an even prove t&e relatie success o' &is liveli&oo loan program t&roug& t&e :T>I. E@ecutive clemenc! In re: +orres v. 6irector of 7ureau of Prison grante an re uce to perio alrea ! serve Same as prece ing case. 3more t&an <. a!s alrea ! A itional notes$ iv. Ocampo signi'ie intention to reassume position. i. T&e grant o' par on/ t&e etermination o' t&e :lamas complaine t&at &e wasn7t given notice/ terms an con itions o' par on/ t&e etermination t&e issuance o' e@ecutive clemenc! was o' t&e occurrence o' t&e "reac& t&ereo'/ an t&e w&imsical/ an t&at e@ecutive clemenc! can "e proper sanctions 'or suc& "reac& are purel! grante onl! in criminal cases FQa'ter 'inal e@ecutive acts an t&us are not su"*ect to *u icial convictionQG scrutin! Issue$ ;ON t&e presi ent o' t&e #&ilippines &as t&e power ii. B! t&e par onee7s consent to t&e terms stipulate to grant e@ecutive clemenc! in a ministrative cases in t&is contract/ t&e par onee &as t&ere"! place 9el ,)atio$ &imsel' un er t&e supervision o' t&e c&ie' Ses &e can. e@ecutive or &is elegate w&o is ut! "oun to i. T&e constitution oes not istinguis& "etween see to it t&at t&e par onee complies wit& t&e w&ic& cases e@ecutive clemenc! ma! "e e@ercise terms an con itions o' t&e par on "! t&e presi ent/ wit& t&e sole e@clusion o' impeac&ment cases$ Sec 10 Art VII 3i' not woul n7t Garcia v. Commission on *udit nee to single out impeac&ment6 i. #etition 'or certiorari o' t&e ecision o' COA ii. I' t&e presi ent can grant reprieves/ en!ing &is claim 'or pa!ment o' "ac+ wages a'ter commutations an par ons/ an remit 'ines an &e was reinstate to t&e service pursuant to an 'or'eitures in criminal cases/ wit& muc& more e@ecutive clemenc!$ pra!s 'or man amus reason can s&e grant e@ecutive clemenc! in ii. #etitioner was a supervising lineman an was a min cases w&ic& are clearl! less serious t&an ismisse 'rom service on groun o' is&onest! in criminal o''enses. accor ance wit& ecision o' t&en (inistr! o' #u"lic iii. (oreover/ un er t&e presi ent7s power o' control ;or+s/ Transportation an Communications 'or an supervision/ &e can re uce/ i' circumstances t&e loss o' several telegrap& poles so warrant/ t&e imposa"le penalt! or mo i'! t&e iii. )TC ac8uitte %arcia. #etitioner soug&t suspension or removal or er even in t&e sense o' reinstatement/ an was enie "! t&e Bureau o' granting e@ecutive clemenc!. Telecommunations. So petitioner plea e to 'or e@ecutive clemenc!. 6rilon v. Court of *&&eals Issue$ ;ON %arcia s&oul "e reinstate a'ter e@ecutive i. Broug&t suit to annul ecision o' t&e court o' par on &as "een grante to &im appeals pro&i"iting t&e government 'rom pursuing 9el ,)atio$ criminal actions against t&e private respon ents Ses &e s&oul "e reinstate . 'or t&e eat& o' Ireneo :ongno an :onel! C&aveB i. ;&ile it is a rule t&at an a ministrative case is uring earl! martial law. separate an istinct 'rom a criminal case an an ii. Sometime in 1041/ #are es an %anBon were ac8uittal in t&e latter case oes not ipso 'acto c&arge o' ou"le mur er "e'ore t&e militar! result in t&e e@oneration in t&e 'ormer case/ !et commission. #are es was ac8uitte an %anBon

was sentence to li'e imprisonment an &ar la"or. %anBon was release an place un er &ouse arrest in 104A. iii. Secretar! o' Dustice or ere state prosecutor to con uct preliminar! investigation against #are es an %anBon 'or t&e ou"le mur er. #rivate respon ents move 'or ismissal #resi ent alrea !. (otion enie . T&e! "roug&t it to COA/ enie again. 9ence t&is petition Issue$ ;ON %anBon can still "e reinvestigate or ma e to complete t&e service o' &is sentence 9el ,)atio$ No &e can7t. i. #resi ent (arcos commute %anBon7s imprisonment to < !ears wit& t&e con ition t&at &e s&all remain un er &ouse arrest. ii. Since t&e sentence &as "een commute / %anBon &as serve &is sentence 'ull!$ can no longer "e reinvestigate ,ma e to compete service o' sentence iii. T&e 'act t&at %anBon mig&t &ave gotten o'' too lig&tl! is immaterial. 1. Amnest! Amnest! ? commonl! enotes t&e general par on to re"els 'or t&eir treason an ot&er &ig& political o''ensesL t&e 'orgiveness w&ic& one sovereign grants to t&e su"*ects o' anot&er/ w&o &ave o''en e "! some "reac& o' t&e law o' nations. #ar on VS. Amnest! Pardon %rante "! t&e C&ie' e@ecutive/ an is a private act (ust "e plea e an prove "! person par one "ecause courts ta+e no notice t&ereo' %rante to one a'ter conviction *mnest% #roclamation o' t&e C&ie' e@ecutive wit& t&e concurrence o' Congress &ence a pu"lic act T&e courts s&oul ta+e *u icial notice o' %rante to classes o' persons or communities w&o ma! "e guilt! o' political o''ense generall! a'ter :oo+s "ac+war an a"olis&es an puts into o"livion t&e o''ense itsel'/ it so overloo+s an o"literate t&e o''ense wit& w&ic& &e is c&arge t&at t&e person stan s "e'ore t&e law as i' &e &as not committe an! o''ense

'avora"le recommen ation o' t&e commission on elections Peo&le v. 'alle Issue$ ;ON a par on grante to an accuse can "e en'orce uring t&e pen enc! o' &is appeal 'rom a *u gment o' conviction "! a trial court 9el ,)atio$ i. A'ter tracing t&e &istor! o' t&e c&anges in t&e provision regar ing w&en e@ecutive clemenc! ma! "e grante / t&e 10A4 constitution states t&at no par on ma! "e e@ten e "e'ore a *u gment o' conviction "ecomes >INA:. A *u gment o' conviction "ecomes 'inal$ a. ;&en no appeal is seasona"l! per'ecte ". ;&en t&e accuse commences to serve t&e sentence c. ;&en t&e rig&t to appeal is e@pressl! waive in writing/ e@cept w&ere eat& penalt! was impose "! trial court . ;&en accuse applies 'or pro"ation t&ere"! waiving &is rig&t to appeal T&ere'ore/ w&ere t&e *u gment o' conviction is still pen ing appeal an &as not !et t&ere'ore attaine 'inalit!/ as in t&e instant case/ e@ecutive clemenc! ma! not !et "e grante to t&e appellant. Contention$ &ow a"out FQgrant o' par on uring pen enc! o' appeal serves to put an en to appeal..GK a. Be'ore an appellant ma! "e vali l! grante par on/ &e must 'irst as+ 'or t&e wit& rawal o' &is appeal/ i.e. t&e appeale conviction must 'irst "e "roug&t to a 'inalit!. Declare t&ere'ore t&at t&e conviction "! 'inal *u gment limitation un er sec 10 o' t&e present constitution pro&i"its grant o' par on w&et&er 'ull or con itional/ to an accuse uring t&e pen enc! o' &is appeal 'rom &is conviction "! t&e trial court. Consi ering t&at appellant )ic+! (engote &as not 'ile a motion to wit& raw &is appeal up to t&is ate/ t&e con itional par on e@ten e to &im s&oul not &ave "een en'orce . But since &e stan s in e8ual 'ooting wit& 9inlo 3wrong application o' t&e law6/ &e7s given 1. a!s 'rom notice &ereo' wit&in w&ic& to secure wit& rawal o' appeal. Onl! a'ter wit& rawal will t&e con itional par on "e eeme to ta+e e''ect.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

:oo+s 'orwar an relieves o''en er 'rom conse8uences o' an o''ense w&ic& &e &as "een convicte $ won7t give "ac+ rig&t to &ol pu"lic o''ice/ to vote/ etc. unless e@pressl! state .

H.

:imits a.

". c. .

Ec(agara% v. 'ecretar% of 5ustice Issue$ ;ON t&e issuance o' t&e T)O "! t&e *u iciar! a'ter giving a 'inal ecision is an encroac&ment on t&e e@ecutive epartment 9el ,)atio$ i. Ses. T&e court i not c&ange its ecision. T&e 'inalit! o' a *u gment oes not mean t&at t&e on E@ecutive Clemenc!$ court &as lost all its powers not t&e case. B! )eprieves/ commutations/ par ons an t&e 'inalit! o' *u gment/ w&at t&e court loses remission o' 'ines an 'or'eitures can onl! is its *uris iction to amen / mo i'!/ or alter t&e "e grante a'ter conviction "! 'inal same. Even a'ter 'inal *u gment/ it retains its *u gment *uris iction to e@ecute an en'orce it. >or a'ter Cannot "e e@ercise over cases o' *u gment/ circumstances ma! transpire w&ic& impeac&ment ma! ren er e@ecution un*ust or impossi"le %rant o' amnest! must "e wit& t&e ii. T&ere is an imperative ut! to investigate concurrence o' a ma*orit! o' congress emergenc! an to or er a postponement i' a No par on/ amnest!/ parole/ or suspension circumstance arises t&at oug&t to ela! t&e o' sentence 'or violation o' election laws/ e@ecution rules/ regulations s&all "e grante wit&out

iii.

iv.

v.

Courts &ave t&e power to promulgate rules o' plea ing/ practice/ an proce ure to en&ance its in epen ence. It t&en &as *uris iction to control t&e process o' e@ecution o' its ecisions/ even retraining temporaril! t&e e@ecution. Sec 10 is simpl! t&e source o' t&e presi ent to grant e@ecutive clemenc!/ "ut it cannot "e interprete as en!ing t&e power o' courts to control t&e en'orcement o' t&eir ecisions a'ter t&eir 'inalit!. T&e suspension o' suc& a eat& sentence is an e@ercise o' *u icial power an not an usurpation o' presi ential power o' reprieve t&oug& its e''ect is t&e same$ temporar! suspension o' e@ecution o' eat& penalit!

ii.

iii.

iv.

A'ter t&e treat! is signe "! t&e state7s representative/ t&e presi ent/ "eing accounta"le to t&e people/ is "ur ene wit& t&e responsi"ilit! an t&e ut! to care'ull! stu ! t&e contents o' t&e treat! an ensure t&at t&e! are not inimical to t&e interest o' t&e state an its people. T&e role o' t&e senate is limite onl! to giving or wit&&ol ing its consent or concurrence to t&e rati'ication. It is wit&in t&e aut&orit! o' t&e presi ent to re'use to su"mit a treat! to t&e senate/ or/ &aving secure its consent 'or rati'ication/ re'use to rati'! it. Court &as no *uris iction over actions see+ing to en*oin presi ent in t&e per'ormance o' &is o''icial uties.

SEC 5. SEC51 1. >oreign )elations #owers i. #ower to negotiate treaties an international agreements ii. #ower to appoint am"assa ors an ot&er pu"lic ministers an consuls iii. #ower to receive am"assa ors an ot&er pu"lic ministers accre ite to t&e #&ils iv. #ower to contract an guarantee 'oreign loans on "e&al' o' t&e repu"lic v. T&e power to eport aliens E@ecutive agreements VS. Treaties E<ecutive *greements H tem&orar% and mere im&lementation International agreements em"o !ing a *ustments o' etail carr!ing out wellC esta"lis&e national policies an tra itions an t&ose involving arrangements o' a more or less temporar! nature. Does not re8uire concurrence o' senate 3mere implementation o' treaties or o' statutes or o' well esta"lis&e polic! or are o' a transitor! e''ectivit! o not re8uire concurrence +reaties H &ermanent and original International agreements involving political issues or c&anges o' national polic! an T&ose involving international arrangements o' a permanent c&aracter

)e8uire concurrence o' senate

Pimental v. Ermita Issue$ ;ON t&e e@ecutive secretar! an t&e epartment o' >oreign a''airs &ave a ministerial ut! to transmit to t&e 7a%an v. E<ecutive 'ecretar% i. T&e 10H4 (ilitar! Bases Agreement w&ic& senate t&e cop! o' t&e )oma Statute o' t&e ICC signe "! 'ormaliBe among ot&ers/ t&e use o' installations a mem"er o' t&e #&ilippine (ission to t&e Unite Nations in t&e #&ilippine territor! "! t&e Unite States even wit&out t&e signature o' t&e presi ent (ilitar! personnel was renewe its treat! t&roug& 9el ,)atio$ t&e V>A w&ic& provi es 'or t&e mec&anism 'or No. regulating t&e circumstances an con itions un er i. T&e signature oes not signi'! t&e 'inal consent o' w&ic& US Arme >orces an e'ense personnel t&e state to t&e treat!. It is t&e rati'ication t&at ma! "e present in t&e #&ilippines. "in s t&e state to t&e provisions t&ereo'.

Lim v. E<ecutive 'ecretar% i. #etition 'or in*unction an pro&i"ition against eplo!ment o' US troops in Basilan an (in anao 3Bali+atan .5C16 'or "eing illegal an in violation o' t&e constitution. ii. Bali+atan is a simulation o' *oint militar! maneuvers pursuant to (utual De'ense Treat!/ a "ilateral e'ense agreement entere into "! t&e #&ils an US in 10=1 iii. Entr! o' American troops roote in Sept 11 5..1 "om"ing iv. #etitioners assail t&e constitutionalit! o' t&e *oint e@ercise Issue$ ;ON t&e *oint e@ercise is covere "! t&e V>A an i' it7s constitutional 9el ,)atio i. :oo+ing into t&e V>A itsel' an to t&e Vienna Convention on t&e :aw o' Treaties/ t&e terms o' re'erence 'all wit&in t&e conte@t o' t&e V>A 3am"iguit! o' FactivitiesG to give leewa! in negotiation$ US 'orces can visit ot&er t&an 'or militar! reasons. In t&is case/ training on new tec&ni8ues o' patrol an surveillance to protect nation V>A gives legitimac! to t&e Bali+atan e@ercises$ mutual antiterrorism a vising/ assisting an training e@ercise ii. 9owever US e@ercise participants ma! not engage in com"at e@cept in sel'C e'ense$ all ot&er treaties an international agreements to w&ic& t&e #&ils is a part! must "e rea in t&e conte@t o' t&e 10A4 constitution. iii. Our constitution aut&oriBes t&e nulli'ication o' a treat! not onl! w&en it con'licts wit& t&e 'un amental law/ "ut also w&en it runs counter to an act o' congress$ US 'orces are pro&i"ite 'rom engaging in an o''ensive war on #&ilippine territor!. iv. 9owever/ wit& t&e a"sence o' concrete proo' t&at t&e Arro!o government is engage in ou"lespea+ in tr!ing to pass o'' as a mere training e@ercise an o''ensive e''ort "! 'oreign troops on native soil/ petition is untena"le.

)esolution HH1 was approve "! senate "! a 5,1 9el ,)atio vote o' its mem"ers w&ic& recommen e No. concurrence o' senate to t&e V>A an creation o' a i. #D No. 1.<0 w&ic& implements t&e )#CUS legislative oversig&t committee to oversee its E@tra ition Treat! #rovi es t&e time w&en an implementation. V>A o''iciall! entere into 'orce e@tra ite s&all "e 'urnis&e a cop! o' t&e petition on Dune 1 1000. 'or e@tra ition as well as its supporting papers$ Issue$ ;ON t&e V>A s&oul "e consi ere as a vali treat! A'ter t&e 'iling og t&e petition 'or e@tra ition in t&e 9el ,)atio$ e@tra ition court. Ses it s&oul . ii. T&ere is no provision in t&e )#CUS E@tra ition i. Un er Article VII sec 51 an un er section 5= treat! w&ic& gives an e@tra ite t&e rig&t to Article UVIII/ t&e concurrence o' t&e Senate is eman 'rom t&e petitioner Secretar! o' Dustice in ispensa"le to ren er t&e treat! or international copies o' t&e e@tra ition re8uest 'rom t&e US gov7t agreement vali an e''ective. an its supporting ocuments an to comment a. Sec 51$ FQno treat! or international t&ereon w&ile t&e re8uest is still un ergoing agreement s&all "e vali Q.at least 5,1 o' evaluation. all mem"ers o' senateG iii. T&e court cannot alter amen or a a treat!. ". Sec 5=$ FQ'oreign militar! "ases/ troops iv. All treaties/ inclu ing )#CUS E@tra ition s&oul "e or 'acilities s&all not "e allowe e@cept interprete in lig&t o' t&eir intent. E@tra ition un er a treat! ul! concurre in "! senate treaties provi e t&e assurance t&at t&e an w&en congress re8uires/ rati'ie "! a punis&ment o' t&ese crimes will not "e 'rustrate ma*orit! o' votes in national re'eren um/ "! t&e 'rontiers o' territorial sovereignt!. Implicit an recogniBe as a treat! "! ot&er in t&e treaties s&oul "e t&e un"en ing contracting stateG commitment t&at t&e perpetrators o' t&ese crimes will not "e co le "! an! signator! state Sec 5= s&oul "e applie more "ecause it7s more a. T&e su"mission o' t&e private respon ent speci'ic t&at as a pro"a"le e@tra itee &e s&oul "e ii. It7s inconse8uential w&et&er t&e Unite States 'urnis&e a cop! o' t&e US gov7t re8uest treats t&e V>A onl! as an e@ecutive agreement 'or &is e@tra ition an its supporting "ecause un er international law/ an e@ecutive ocuments even w&ile t&e! are still un er agreement is as "in ing as a treat!. evaluation "! petitioner sec o' *ustice is a. Un er Vienna convention$ Treat! ? an untena"le. international instrument conclu e ". >ear o' secretar! o' *ustice t&at t&e "etween States in written 'orm an eman e notice is e8uivalent to a notice governe "! international law/ w&et&er to 'lee must "e roote on t&e e@perience em"o ie in a single instrument or in two o' t&e e@ecutive "ranc&. or more relate instruments/ an v. As it comes 'rom t&e "ranc& o' our gov7t in c&arge w&atever its particular esignationG o' t&e 'ait&'ul e@ecution o' our laws/ it eserves ". International law continues to ma+e no t&e care'ul consi eration o' t&is court. istinction "etween treaties an e@ecutive agreements$ e8uall! "in ing upon nations iii. T&e recor s also reveal t&at t&e US government t&roug& Am"assa or T&omas C. 9u""ar / &as state t&at t&e Unite States %overnment &as 'ull! committe to living up to t&e terms o' t&e V>A. >or as long as t&e US accepts or ac+nowle ges t&e V>A as a treat!/ an "in s itsel' 'urt&er to compl! wit& its o"ligations un er t&e treat!/ t&ere is in ee mar+e compliance wit& t&e man ate o' t&e constitution. iv. As a mem"er o' t&e 'amil! o' nations/ t&e #&ils agrees to "e "oun "! generall! accepte rules 'or t&e con uct o' its international relations. ;e cannot rea il! plea t&e constitution as a convenient e@cuse 'or nonCcompliance wit& our o"ligations/ uties/ an responsi"ilities un er t&e international law. 'ecretar% of 5ustice v. 5udge Lantion i. )e8uest was ma e "! US 'or e@tra ition o' (ar+ DimeneB ii. ;&ile petition is "eing evaluate "! Dept o' Dustice/ a re8uest was ma e "! DimeneB t&at ocuments relate to e@tra ition re8uest "e ma e availa"le to &im. Du ge :antion grante re8uest iii. Secretar! o' Dustice as+e court to reverse lower court7s or er Issue$ ;ON t&e private respon ent is entitle to t&e ie process rig&t to notice an &earing uring t&e e@tra ition process

ii.