CHAPTER 6: I.

Definition:

CLAUSES

- A clause is a group of words which forms a grammatical unit and which contains a subject or subject and a verb or no verb. - A clause forms a sentence, part of a sentence and often functions as a noun, an adverb or part of a phrase and often functions as an adjective. Eg: 1. I bought a book last week. 2. I dont like cities where he lived. 3. John who is reading newspaper in the living room is my best friend. II. Classification Clause can be classified by structures, relationship and syntactic functions. 1. BY RELATIONSHIP Clauses

Independent

Dependent

- An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence by itself, expressing a complete thought. - Dependent clauses dont stand on their own as sentences. Eg: If it rains, I will stay at home.

Dependent

Independent

Eg: Although my parent are old, they still earn money to feed me.

Dependent 2. BY STRUCTURE:

Independent

CLAUSES

verbless Finite Non-finite

infinitive

v-ing

-Ed participle

Main

Adverbial

advebial

adjecti ve

Bare inf

To-inf gerund Present participate

2.1. Finite clauses - A finite verb is the form of the verb with endings for person, number and tense. - A finite clause is a clause whose verb element is a finite VP. Eg: The boy who eats candy is my brother. When I was a child, I lived in countryside. 2.2. Non-finite clauses: What is a non-finite verb?

A non-finite verb is the form of the verb without endings for person, number or tense, including the infinitives, the ing participle and the ed participle. What is a non-finite clause? A non-finite clause is a clause whose verb element is a non-finite verb phrase. Eg: The road joining the two villages is very narrow. The boy injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. 2.2.1. To-infinitive clauses An infinitive clause can be just an infinitive on its own, or there can be an objects or adverbial. Eg: I really need to eat something. A preposition comes in its normal place, usually after a verb or adjective. Eg: I need a vase to put these flowers in. 2.2.2. Bare infinitive clauses: Eg: I didn't see anyone come into the room. They made the professor forget his notes. 2.2.3. V-ing clauses: a. Gerund Clauses What is a gerund? A gerund is the ing form of a verb used as a noun. A gerund is used in the same ways as a noun. That is, its functions as a subject or an object of verb or complement, Eg: Swimming is my favourite sport. Would you mind closing the door. I donot remember my mother complaning about it. - A gerund clause can be just an infinitive on its own, or there can be an object or adverbial after it. Eg: My neighbors admire my gardening. - The agent of action can come before the gerund.

Eg: They felt the earth shaking beneath their feet. b. Present Participle Clauses What is a present participle? A present participle is the ing form of a verb used as a verbal, an adjective or an adverb. Eg: It's a bit worrying when the police stop you. 2.2.4. Ed- participle clauses: What is a past participle? A past participle is the past form (irregular or regular) of a verb used as an adjective, describing the subject. Eg: Loved by all who knew him, he devoted his life to others. 2.3. Verbless clause: A verbless clause is a clause containing no verb element (but otherwise generally analyzable in terms of one or more clause elements like: subjects, complements, objects and adverbs). Verbless Clauses: Verbless main clauses Verbless adverbial clauses Verbless nominal clauses Verbless adjetival clauses 2.3.1. Verbless main clauses: used in SUGESSTION, QUESTIONS, COMMANDS, A REPLY, AN OPOLOGY, AN OFFER, AN EXCLAMATION. Eg: What an awful day! (an exclamation) How about you? (a question)

What about a cheese sandwich? (an offer) 2.3.2. Verbless adverbial clauses: Eg: If possible, I will buy a luxury villa to live.

 (If Im possible, I will buy a luxury villa to live. ) Although ill, he wasnt absent from school. (Although he was ill, he wasnt absent from school.) 2.3.3. Verbless nominal clause: Eg: Some fresh fish helps you more intelligent. (Eating some fresh fish helps you more intelligent.) A breakfast provides energy for peoples working and studying all the morning. (Having a breakfast provides energy for peoples working and studying all the morning.) 2.3.4 Verbless adjectival clauses: Eg: The student, responsible for his error, is Tim. (The student, who is responsible for his error, is Tim.) The girl, beautiful and intelligent, is Anna. (The girl, who is beautiful and intelligent, is Anna.)