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GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA
BCA-2"C"
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA
BCA-2"C"
Intel Dual-Core Processing Runs two independent processor cores in one physical package at the same frequency. Features up to 2 MB of shared L2 cache and 800 MHz Front Side Bus.
Intel Wide Dynamic Improves execution speed and efficiency, delivering more instructions per clock cycle. Each core can complete up to four full instructions simultaneously. Execution
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA
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Cpu core
Cache
Cache is a relatively small block of very fast memory. The data and instructions stored in cache are those that are most recently or most frequently used. Cache speeds up the internal transfer of data and software instructions. Level 1 is fastest, followed by Level 2
GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA
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Architecture
The component of CPU include,
CU: Control Unit Directs and manages the activities of
the processor. ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Performs Arithmetic and Logical operations.(+, -, x, /, >,<, =) FPU: Floating Point Unit. Performs division and large decimal operations. Cache Memory: Predicts and anticipates the data that the processor needs. I/O Unit: Input Output unit. The gateway for the processor. Register : Which hold temporary data for a specific purpose of function.
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Basic Architecture
FPU
ALU
CPU Bus
Control Unit
Cache IO Unit
Register
Internal Buses
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Processing
Secondary Storage
Input
Processing
Output
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The CPU
The CPU interacts(affects) closely with memory (primary storage).
CPU
Memory
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Control unit
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
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Control Unit
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ALU
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Mathematical Operations
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Logical Operations
The ALU can perform logical operations. Logical operations can test for these conditions(position): Equal-to (=) Less-than (<) Greater-than (>)
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Equal-to Condition
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares two values to determine if they are equal.
If Then
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=
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Less-than Condition
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares values to determine if one value is less than another.
If Then
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<
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Greater-than Condition
In a test for this condition, the ALU compares values to determine if one value is greater than another.
If
Then
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>
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Registers
Registers
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Data held temporarily in registers can be accessed at greater speeds than data stored in memory.
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Input
Processing
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CPU
Memory
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Fetching Instructions
Control Unit
ALU
Registers
Memory
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Decoding(solve) Instructions
The control unit decodes the instruction and directs that the necessary data be moved from memory to the ALU.
Control Unit ALU
Registers
Memory
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Registers
Memory
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Storing Results
The ALU stores the result of its operation on the data in memory or in a register.
Control Unit Registers ALU
Memory
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Control Unit
ALU
Eventually, the control unit sends the results in memory to an output device or secondary storage.
Instruction Time
The time it takes to fetch an instruction and decode it is called instruction time.
Control Unit
Control Unit
ALU
+
Memory
Memory
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Execution Time
The time it takes to execute an ALU operation and then store the result is called execution(perform) time.
ALU
ALU
Registers
Memory
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Memory
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Storage Locations
Each location in memory is identified by an address.
Memory
Each location has a unique address.
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Symbolic Addresses
The choice of the location in memory is arbitrary (determination).
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%
Addresses can only hold one number or word.
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Pat
Memory
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Data Representation
The system in which all computer data is represented(called) and manipulated(used) is called the binary system.
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Binary System
The binary system has only two digits to represent all values.
This corresponds to the two states of a computers electrical system on and off.
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Off/On Switches
The computer can represent data by constructing combinations of off or on switches.
off
or
on
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Zero or One?
The binary system can also be represented by the digits zero and one.
or
Zero (off) and one (on) make up the two digits in the binary system.
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The Bit
one bit two bits three bits
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The Byte
A group of 8 bits is called a byte.
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= J
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GAURAV SHRIVASTAVA
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WORKING DUAL-CORE
Intel DUAL-Core Processor
Intel Core 1
Shared L2 Cache
Intel Core 2
Die 1
Die 2
FSB bottleneck
I/O Chipset
->GETTING DATA FROM RAM (MEMORY) ->DATA GOES TO I/Q DEVICES ->DATA SHARED BY TWO CORES ->FSB (FRONT SIDE DATA BUS)WHICH IS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO MEMORY
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Hyper threading
A technology developed by Intel that enables
multithreaded(current of data) software applications to execute threads in parallel on a single processor instead of processing threads in a linear fashion. Older systems took advantage of dual-processing threading in software by splitting(dividing) instructions into multiple streams so that more than one processor could act upon (on)them at once.
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data
1MB L2
1MB L2
2 MB (Cache)
!
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The Pentium Dual core will require a new motherboard, built 945/955 core logic. If you insert a Pentium Dual core into a current 915 or 925XE(PGA 495) motherboard, the system simply won't bootneither the CPU or motherboard will be damaged. It simply won't work.
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Why multicore?
New modern processors are launched How to make a use of new technologies?
Dual-core CPU
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Quad-core CPU
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Multi-core chips an important new trend in computer architecture Several new multi-core chips in design phases likely to gain importance
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Microprocessor Speeds
Microprocessor speeds can be measured in a variety of ways: Megahertz MIPS Megaflops Fsb
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Megahertz
One measure of microprocessor speed is megahertz (MHz) which is one million machine cycles per
second. gigahertz(billions
of cycles per
second).
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MIPS
Another measure of microprocessor speed is MIPS which is one million instructions per second.
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Megaflops
Megaflops, or one million floating-point operations per second, is still another measure of microprocessor speed.
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FSB
Front Side Bus (FSB(: Measured in megahertz (MHz), the FSB is the channel that connects the processor with main memory. The faster this is, the better the performance will be.
The Front Side Bus operates at a speed which is a percentage of the CPU clock speed. The faster the speed at which the Front Side Bus allows data transfer, the better the performance of the CPU.
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Bus Lines
A bus line is a set of parallel electrical paths. A bus is like a mode of transportation for data.
Bus width (Wide)= the number of wires in the bus over
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Bus Width(wide)
The amount of data that can be carried at one time is bus width (wider = more data).
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Processor Manufacturers
Intel (Integrated Electronics) AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
VIA
Cyrix
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Processor Types
Two types: 1. Socket type 2. Slot type. Pin arrangement in the Socket type processor is known as Pin Grid Array (PGA). Slot type processor is also known as Single Edged Contact Cartridge (SECC).
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Types of Processors
PGA
SECC
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IT IS AN HYBRID OF DUAL CORE ,CORE2 DUO AND CORE2 QUAD IT HAS 16 MB CACHE MEMORY(L2) AND 4 MB (L1) IT S COST PRICE IN MARKET IS $900
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Socket
Known as the LGA 1366 or Socket B
Contact points
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