Chapter-4

Bending Moment and Shear force diagram

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4.
Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagram
Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU)
4.1 Shear Force and Bending Moment
At first we try to understand what shear force is and what is mending moment? We will not introduce any other co-ordinate system. We use general co-ordinate axis as shown in the figure. This system will be followed in shear force and bending moment diagram and in deflection of beam. Here downward direction will be negative i.e. negative Y-axis. Therefore downward deflection of the beam will be treated as negative. Some books fix a co-ordinate axis as shown in the following figure. Here downward direction will be positive i.e. positive Yaxis. Therefore downward deflection of the beam will be treated as positive. As beam is generally deflected in downward directions and this co-ordinate system treats downward deflection is positive deflection. Consider a cantilever beam as shown subjected to external load P. If we imagine this beam to be cut by a section X-X, we see that the applied force tend to displace the left-hand portion of the beam relative to the right hand portion, which is fixed in the wall. This tendency is resisted by internal forces between the two parts of the beam. At the cut section a resistance shear force (Vx) and a bending moment (Mx) is induced. This resistance shear force and the bending moment at the cut section is shown in the left hand and right hand portion of the cut beam. Using the three equations of equilibrium Some books use above co-ordinate system

We use above Co-ordinate system

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Bending Moment and Shear force diagram

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=0 ,

= 0 and

=0

We find that Vx = P and M x = P . x In this chapter we want to show pictorially the variation of shear force and bending moment in a beam as a function of x' measured from one end of the beam.

Shear Force (V) equal in magnitude but opposite in

direction to the algebraic sum (resultant) of the components in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the beam of all external loads and support reactions acting on either side of the section being considered.

Bending Moment (M) equal in magnitude but

opposite in direction to the algebraic sum of the moments about (the centroid of the cross section of the beam) the section of all external loads and support reactions acting on either side of the section being considered. What are the benefits of drawing shear force and bending moment diagram?

The benefits of drawing a variation of shear force and bending moment in a beam as a function of x' measured from one end of the beam is that it becomes easier to determine the maximum absolute value of shear force and bending moment. The shear force and bending moment diagram gives a clear picture in our mind about the variation of SF and BM throughout the entire section of the beam. Further, the determination of value of bending moment as a function of x' becomes very important so as to determine d 2y the value of deflection of beam subjected to a given loading where we will use the formula, EI 2 = M x . dx

4.2 Notation and sign convention

Shear force (V)

Positive Shear Force A shearing force having a downward direction to the right hand side of a section or upwards to the left hand of the section will be taken as positive. It is the usual sign

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conventions to be followed for the shear force. In some book followed totally opposite sign convention.

The upward direction shearing force which is on the left hand of the section XX is positive shear force. Negative Shear Force

The downward direction shearing force which is on the right hand of the section XX is positive shear force.

A shearing force having an upward direction to the right hand side of a section or downwards to the left hand of the section will be taken as negative.

The downward direction shearing force which is on the left hand of the section XX is negative shear force.

The upward direction shearing force which is on the right hand of the section XX is negative shear force.

Bending Moment (M) Positive Bending Moment

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Bending Moment and Shear force diagram

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A bending moment causing concavity upwards will be taken as positive and called as sagging bending moment.

Sagging If the bending moment of the left hand of the section XX is clockwise then it is a positive bending moment. If the bending moment of the right hand of the section XX is anticlockwise then it is a positive bending moment. A bending moment causing concavity upwards will be taken as positive and called as sagging bending moment.

Negative Bending Moment

Hogging If the bending moment of the left hand of the section XX is anticlockwise then it is a positive bending moment. If the bending moment of the right hand of the section XX is clockwise then it is a positive bending moment. A bending moment causing convexity upwards will be taken as negative and called as hogging bending moment.

Way to remember sign convention

Remember in the Cantilever beam both Shear force and BM are negative (ive).

4.3 Relation between S.F (Vx), B.M. (Mx) & Load (w)

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Bending Moment and Shear force diagram

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dVx = -w (load) The value of the distributed load at any point in the beam is dx
equal to the slope of the shear force curve. (Note that the sign of this rule may change depending on the sign convention used for the external distributed load).

dM x = Vx dx

The value of the shear force at any point in the beam is equal to the

slope of the bending moment curve.

4.4 Procedure for drawing shear force and bending moment diagram
Construction of shear force diagram

From the loading diagram of the beam constructed shear force diagram. First determine the reactions. Then the vertical components of forces and reactions are successively summed from the left end of the beam to preserve the mathematical sign conventions adopted. The shear at a section is simply equal to the sum of all the vertical forces to the left of the section.

The shear force curve is continuous unless there is a point force on the beam. The curve then jumps by the magnitude of the point force (+ for upward force). When the successive summation process is used, the shear force diagram should end up with the previously calculated shear (reaction at right end of the beam). No shear force acts through the beam just beyond the last vertical force or reaction. If the shear force diagram closes in this fashion, then it gives an important check on mathematical calculations. i.e. The shear force will be zero at each end of the beam unless a point force is applied at the end.

Construction of bending moment diagram

The bending moment diagram is obtained by proceeding continuously along the length of beam from the left hand end and summing up the areas of shear force diagrams using proper sign convention.

The process of obtaining the moment diagram from the shear force diagram by summation is exactly the same as that for drawing shear force diagram from load diagram.

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The bending moment curve is continuous unless there is a point moment on the beam. The curve then jumps by the magnitude of the point moment (+ for CW moment). We know that a constant shear force produces a uniform change in the bending moment, resulting in straight line in the moment diagram. If no shear force exists along a certain portion of a beam, then it indicates that there is no change in moment takes place. We also know that dM/dx= Vx therefore, from the fundamental theorem of calculus the maximum or minimum moment occurs where the shear is zero.

The bending moment will be zero at each free or pinned end of the beam. If the end is built in, the moment computed by the summation must be equal to the one calculated initially for the reaction.

4.5 Different types of Loading and their S.F & B.M Diagram
(i) A Cantilever beam with a concentrated load P at its free end. Shear force: At a section a distance x from free end consider the forces to the left, then (Vx) = - P (for all values of x) negative in sign i.e. the shear force to the left of the x-section are in downward direction and therefore negative. Bending Moment: Taking moments about the section gives (obviously to the left of the section) Mx = -P.x (negative sign means that the moment on the left hand side of the portion is in the anticlockwise direction and is therefore taken as negative according to the sign convention) so that the maximum bending moment occurs at the fixed end i.e. Mmax = - PL ( at x = L) S.F and B.M diagram

(ii) A Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load over the whole length

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When a cantilever beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load whose intensity is given w /unit length. Shear force: Consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance of x from the free end. If we just take the resultant of all the forces on the left of the X-section, then Vx = -w.x for all values of x'. At x = 0, Vx = 0 At x = L, Vx = -wL (i.e. Maximum at fixed end) Plotting the equation Vx = -w.x, we get a straight line because it is a equation of a straight line y (Vx) = m(- w) .x Bending Moment: Bending Moment at XX is obtained by treating the load to the left of XX as a concentrated load of the same value (w.x) acting through the centre of gravity at x/2. Therefore, the bending moment at any cross-section XX is S.F and B.M diagram

M x = ( w .x ) .

x w .x 2 = 2 2

Therefore the variation of bending moment is according to parabolic law. The extreme values of B.M would be at x = 0, Mx = 0
wL2 2

and x = L, Mx =

Maximum bending moment,

Mmax

wL2 = 2

at fixed end

Another way to describe a cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load (UDL) over its whole length.

(iii) A Cantilever beam loaded as shown below draw its S.F and B.M diagram

Chapter-4 In the region 0 < x < a

Bending Moment and Shear force diagram

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Following the same rule as followed previously, we get

Vx = - P; and Mx = - P.x
In the region a < x < L

Vx = - P +P=0; and Mx = - P.x +P ( x a ) = P.a

S.F and B.M diagram (iv) Let us take an example: Consider a cantilever bean of 5 m length. It carries a uniformly

distributed load 3 KN/m and a concentrated load of 7 kN at the free end and 10 kN at 3 meters from the fixed end.

Draw SF and BM diagram.

Answer: In the region 0 < x < 2 m

Consider any cross section XX at a distance x from free end.

Shear force (Vx) = -7- 3x

So, the variation of shear force is linear. at x = 0, Vx = -7 kN Vx = -7 -3 2-10 = -23 kN x 3x 2 = 7x 2 2 at x = 2 m , Vx = -7 - 3 2 = -13 kN

at point Z

Bending moment (Mx) = -7x - (3x).

So, the variation of bending force is parabolic. at x = 0, at x = 2 m, Mx = 0 Mx = -7 2 (3 2)

2 = - 20 kNm 2

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In the region 2 m < x < 5 m

Consider any cross section YY at a distance x from free end Shear force (Vx) = -7 - 3x 10 = -17- 3x So, the variation of shear force is linear. at x = 2 m, Vx = - 23 kN at x = 5 m, Vx = - 32 kN
x Bending moment (Mx) = - 7x (3x) - 10 (x - 2) 2

3 2 x 17 x + 20 2

So, the variation of bending force is parabolic. 3 at x = 2 m, Mx = 22 17 2 + 20 = - 20 kNm 2 at x = 5 m, Mx = - 102.5 kNm

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(v) A Cantilever beam carrying uniformly varying load from zero at free end and w/unit length at the fixed end

Consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance of x from the free end. At this point load (wx) = w .x L
L L

Therefore total load (W) = w x dx =

0

w wL .xdx = L 2 0

Shear force ( Vx ) = area of ABC (load triangle) 1 w wx 2 = . x .x = 2 L 2L The shear force variation is parabolic. at x = 0, Vx = 0 at x = L, Vx = WL WL i.e. Maximum Shear force (Vmax ) = at fixed end 2 2

Bending moment (Mx ) = load distance from centroid of triangle ABC wx 2 2x wx 3 . = 2L 3 6L The bending moment variation is cubic. at x= 0, Mx = 0 = at x = L, Mx = wL2 wL2 i.e. Maximum Bending moment (Mmax ) = at fixed end. 6 6

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Alternative way: We know that

L w or d(Vx ) = .x .dx L
x

( Integration method) d ( Vx ) w = load = .x

dx

Integrating both side

Vx

d ( Vx ) =
0 0

w . x .dx L

or Vx =

w x2 . L 2 d (Mx ) dx wx 2 2L

Again we know that = Vx = -

or

d (Mx ) = -

wx 2 dx 2L

Integrating both side we get ( at x=0,Mx =0 )

Mx

d(Mx ) =
0

wx 2 .dx 2L

or Mx = -

w x3 wx 3 =2L 3 6L

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(vi) A Cantilever beam carrying gradually varying load from zero at fixed end and w/unit length at the free end

Considering equilibrium we get, MA =

wL2 wL and Reaction (R A ) = 3 2

Considering any cross-section XX which is at a distance of x from the fixed end. At this point load (Wx ) =
W .x L

Shear force ( Vx ) = R A area of triangle ANM wL 1 w wL wx 2 - . .x .x = + 2 2 L 2 2L The shear force variation is parabolic. = at x = 0, Vx = + at x = L, Vx = 0 Bending moment (Mx ) =R A .x wx 2 2x . - MA 2L 3 wL wL i.e. Maximum shear force, Vmax = + 2 2

wL wx 3 wL2 .x 2 6L 3 The bending moment variation is cubic = at x = 0, Mx = at x = L, Mx = 0 wL2 wL2 i.e.Maximum B.M. (Mmax ) = . 3 3

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(vii) A Cantilever beam carrying a moment M at free end

Consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance of x from the free end. Shear force: Vx = 0 at any point. Bending moment (Mx) = - M at any point, i.e. Bending moment is constant throughout the length.

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(viii) A Simply supported beam with a concentrated load P at its mid span.

Considering equilibrium we get, R A = RB =

P 2

Now consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance of x from left end A and section YY at a distance from left end A, as shown in figure below. Shear force: In the region 0 < x < L/2 Vx = RA = + P/2 (it is constant)
In the region L/2 < x < L

Vx = RA P =

P - P = - P/2 2

(it is constant)

Bending moment: In the region 0 < x < L/2 Mx =

P .x 2

(its variation is linear)

at x = 0, Mx = 0 at x = L/2 Mx =
PL i.e. maximum 4

Maximum bending moment,

Mmax =

PL 4

at x = L/2 (at mid-point)

In the region L/2 < x < L

Mx = =

P .x P(x - L/2) 2
PL P .x 2 2

(its variation is linear)

PL 4

at x = L/2 , Mx = at x = L,

Mx = 0

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(ix) A Simply supported beam with a concentrated load P is not at its mid span.

Considering equilibrium we get, RA =

Pb Pa and RB = L L

Now consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance x from left end A and another section YY at a distance x from end A as shown in figure below. Shear force: In the range 0 < x < a Vx = RA = + Pb L Pa L (it is constant)

In the range a < x < L

Vx = RA - P = -

(it is constant)

Bending moment: In the range 0 < x < a Mx = +RA.x = Pb .x L Pab L (it is variation is linear)

at x = 0, Mx = 0 at x = a, Mx = (i.e. maximum)

Chapter-4

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Mx = RA.x P(x- a) =
Pb .x P.x + Pa (Put b = L - a) L

x = Pa (1 - Pa 1 ) L at x = a, Mx = Pab L

at x = L, Mx = 0

(x) A Simply supported beam with two concentrated load P from a distance a both end.

The loading is shown below diagram

Take a section at a distance x from the left support. This section is applicable for any value of x just to the left of the applied force P. The shear, remains constant and is +P. The bending moment varies linearly from the support, reaching a maximum of +Pa.

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A section applicable anywhere between the two applied forces. Shear force is not necessary to maintain equilibrium of a segment in this part of the beam. Only a constant bending moment of +Pa must be resisted by the beam in this zone. Such a state of bending or flexure is called pure

bending.

Shear and bending-moment diagrams for this loading condition are shown below.

(xi) A Simply supported beam with a uniformly distributed load (UDL) through out its length

We will solve this problem by following two alternative ways.

(a) By Method of Section

Considering equilibrium we get RA = RB =

wL 2

Now Consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance x from left end A.

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Then the section view

Shear force: Vx =

wL wx 2 wL 2 wL 2

(i.e. S.F. variation is linear) at x = 0, Vx =

at x = L/2, Vx = 0 at x = L, Bending moment: M x = Vx = -

wL wx 2 .x 2 2

(i.e. B.M. variation is parabolic) at x = 0, Mx = 0 at x = L, Mx = 0 Now we have to determine maximum bending moment and its position.

For maximum B.M:

d (Mx ) dx or

= 0 i .e. Vx = 0
x=

d (Mx ) = Vx dx
L 2

wL wx = 0 or 2

Therefore Maximum bending moment,

(a) By Method of Integration

Mmax

wL2 = 8

at x = L/2

Shear force: We know that,

or d (Vx ) dx = w

d (Vx ) = wdx

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Integrating both side we get (at x =0, Vx =

Vx

wL ) 2

wL 2

d (Vx ) = wdx
0

wL = wx 2 wL wx or Vx = 2 or Vx Bending moment: We know that,

or

d (Mx ) dx

= Vx

wL wx dx d ( M x ) = Vx dx = 2

Integrating both side we get (at x =0, Vx =0)

Mx

wL wx dx d (Mx ) = 0 2
x

or M x =

wL wx 2 .x 2 2

Let us take an example: A loaded beam as shown below. Draw its S.F and B.M diagram.

Considering equilibrium we get

- ( 200 4 ) 2 3000 4 + RB 8 = 0 or RB = 1700N

= 0 gives

And R A + RB = 200 4 + 3000 or R A = 2100N

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Now consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance 'x' from left end A and as shown in figure

In the region 0 < x < 4m

Shear force (Vx) = RA 200x = 2100 200 x x Bending moment (Mx) = RA .x 200 x . = 2100 x -100 x2 2 at x = 0, at x = 4m, Vx = 2100 N, Vx = 1300 N, Mx = 0 Mx = 6800 N.m

In the region 4 m < x < 8 m

Shear force (Vx) = RA - 200 4 3000 = -1700 Bending moment (Mx) = RA. x - 200 4 (x-2) 3000 (x- 4) = 2100 x 800 x + 1600 3000x +12000 = 13600 -1700 x at x = 4 m, at x = 8 m, Vx = -1700 N, Vx = -1700 N, Mx = 6800 Nm Mx = 0

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(xii) A Simply supported beam with a gradually varying load (GVL) zero at one end and w/unit length at other span.

Consider equilibrium of the beam =

1 wL acting at a point C at a distance 2L/3 to the left end A. 2

= 0 gives

R A .L -

wL L . =0 2 3 wL or R A = 6 Similarly

= 0 gives RB =

wL 3 w x L

The free body diagram of section A - XX as shown below, Load at section XX, (wx) =

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The resulted of that part of the distributed load which acts on this free body is 1 w wx 2 = ( x). x = applied at a point Z, distance x/3 from XX section. 2 L 2L wx 2 wL wx 2 = 2L 6 2L Therefore the variation of shear force is parabolic wL at x = 0, Vx = 6 wL at x = L, Vx = 3 wL wx 2 x wL wx 3 and Bending Moment (Mx ) = .x . = .x 6 2L 3 6 6L The variation of BM is cubic Shear force (Vx) = R A at x = 0, Mx = 0 at x = L, Mx = 0 For maximum BM;
or d (Mx ) dx =0 i.e. Vx = 0 d ( Mx ) = Vx dx

wL wx 2 L = 0 or x = 6 2L 3 wL L w L wL2 = = 6 3 6L 3 9 3
3

and Mmax

i.e.

Mmax =

wL2 9 3

at x =

L 3

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(xiii) A Simply supported beam with a gradually varying load (GVL) zero at each end and w/unit length at mid span.

1 L wL Consider equilibrium of the beam AB total load on the beam = 2 w = 2 2 2 Therefore R A = RB = wL 4

2w .x L

The free body diagram of section A XX as shown below, load at section XX (wx) =

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The resultant of that part of the distributed load which acts on this free body is = 1 2w wx 2 .x. .x = 2 L L applied at a point, distance x/3 from section XX.

Shear force (Vx): In the region 0 < x < L/2

( Vx ) = R A

wx 2 wL wx 2 = L 4 L
wL 4

Therefore the variation of shear force is parabolic. at x = 0, at x = L/4, Vx =

Vx = 0

In the region of L/2 < x < L

The Diagram will be Mirror image of AC.

Bending moment (Mx): In the region 0 < x < L/2

Mx = wL wL wx 3 1 2wx .x .x. .( x / 3) = 4 L 4 3L 2

The variation of BM is cubic at x = 0, Mx = 0 wL2 12

at x = L/2, Mx =

In the region L/2 < x < L

BM diagram will be mirror image of AC.

For maximum bending moment

d (Mx ) dx

=0

i.e. Vx = 0

d (Mx ) = Vx dx

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wL wx 2 L = 0 or x = 4 L 2 2 wL and Mmax = 12 or

i.e.

Mmax

wL2 = 12

at x =

L 2

(xiv) A Simply supported beam with a gradually varying load (GVL) zero at mid span and w/unit length at each end.

We now superimpose two beams as

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(1) Simply supported beam with a UDL through at its length wL wx 2 wL wx 2 (Mx )1 = .x 2 2

( Vx )1 =

And (2) a simply supported beam with a gradually varying load (GVL) zero at each end and w/unit length at mind span. In the range 0 < x < L/2

( Vx )2 = (Mx )2

wL wx 2 4 L wL wx 3 = .x 4 3L

Now superimposing we get

Shear force (Vx): In the region of 0< x < L/2
2 wL wL wx Vx = ( Vx )1 ( Vx )2 = -wx L 2 4 w 2 = ( x - L/2 ) L

Therefore the variation of shear force is parabolic wL at x = 0, Vx = + 4 at x = L/2, Vx = 0

In the region L/2 < x < L

The diagram will be mirror image of AC

Bending moment (Mx) = (Mx )1 - (Mx )2 =

wL wx 2 wL wx 3 .x .x = 2 4 3L 2 wx 3 wx 2 wL .x = + 3L 2 4 The variation of BM is cubic

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at x = 0, Mx = 0 at x = L / 2, Mx = wx 2 24

(xv) A simply supported beam with a gradually varying load (GVL) w1/unit length at one end and w2/unit length at other end.

At first we will treat this problem by considering a UDL of identifying (w1)/unit length over the whole length and a varying load of zero at one end to (w2- w1)/unit length at the other end. Then superimpose the two loadings.

Consider a section XX at a distance x from left end A

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(i) Simply supported beam with UDL (w1) over whole length

w1L w1x 2 wL 1 (Mx )1 = 1 .x w1x 2 2 2

( Vx )1 =

And (ii) simply supported beam with (GVL) zero at one end (w2- w1) at other end gives

(Vx )2 =

(w 2 w1 ) (w 2 w1 ) x 2
6

( M x )2 = ( w 2 w1 ) .

L .x 6

2L (w 2 w1 ) x 3 6L w1L w 2L x2 + w 1x ( w 2 w1 ) 3 6 2L

Now superimposing we get

Shear force ( Vx ) = ( Vx )1 + ( Vx )2 =

The SF variation is parabolic

at x = 0, Vx = at x = L, w1L w 2L L + = ( 2w 1 + w 2 ) 3 6 6 L Vx = ( w1 + 2w 2 ) 6 w 1L wL 1 w -w .x + 1 .x w 1x 2 2 1 .x 3 3 6 2 6L

Bending moment (Mx ) = (Mx )1 + (Mx )2 =

The BM variation is cubic.

at x = 0, at x = L, Mx = 0 Mx = 0

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(xvi) A Simply supported beam carrying a continuously distributed load. The intensity of x the load at any point is, w x = w sin . Where x is the distance from each end of the L beam.

We will use Integration method as it is easier in this case. We know that d ( Vx ) dx

= load

and

d (Mx ) dx

= Vx

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x = w sin dx L x d ( Vx ) = w sin dx L Integrating both side we get Therefore x dx L x w cos L + A = + wL cos x + A or Vx = + L L [ where, A = constant of Integration]

d ( Vx )

d ( V ) = w sin
x

Again we know that d (Mx ) dx = Vx

wL x + A dx or d (Mx ) = Vx dx = cos L Integrating both side we get x sin 2 L + Ax + B = wL sin x + Ax + B Mx = L 2 L wL [Where B = constant of Integration] Now apply boundary conditions At x = 0, and at x = L, Mx = 0 Mx = 0 wL wL

This gives A = 0 and B = 0 Shear force ( Vx ) = x cos L wL2 x And Mx = 2 sin L Mmax = wL2 and Vmax =

at x = 0

at x = L/2

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(xvii) A Simply supported beam with a couple or moment at a distance a from left end.

Considering equilibrium we get

M
and

= 0 gives M L M L

RB L +M = 0 or RB =

= 0 gives

R A L +M = 0 or R A =

Now consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance x from left end A and another section YY at a distance x from left end A as shown in figure.

In the region 0 < x < a

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Shear force (Vx) = RA =

M L M .x L

Bending moment (Mx) = RA.x = In the region a< x < L

Shear force (Vx) = RA =
M L

Bending moment (Mx) = RA.x M =

M .x - M L

(xviii) A Simply supported beam with an eccentric load

When the beam is subjected to an eccentric load, the eccentric load is to be changed into a couple = Force (distance travel by force) = P.a (in this case) and a force = P

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Therefore equivalent load diagram will be

Considering equilibrium

M
or RB =

= 0 gives

-P.(L/2) + P.a + RB L = 0
P P.a 2 L
P P.a + 2 L

and RA + RB = P gives RA =

Now consider any cross-section XX which is at a distance x from left end A and another section YY at a distance x from left end A as shown in figure.

In the region 0 < x < L/2

Shear force (Vx) =

P P.a + 2 L

Bending moment (Mx) = RA . x = + .x 2 L In the region L/2 < x < L

Shear force (Vx) =
P Pa + P 2 L =P Pa + 2 L

Pa

Bending moment (Vx) = RA . x P.( x - L/2 ) M =

PL P Pa .x - Pa 2 2 L

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4.6 Bending Moment diagram of Statically Indeterminate beam

Beams for which reaction forces and internal forces cannot be found out from static equilibrium equations alone are called statically indeterminate beam. This type of beam requires deformation equation in addition to static equilibrium equations to solve for unknown forces.
Statically determinate - Equilibrium conditions sufficient to compute reactions. Statically indeterminate - Deflections (Compatibility conditions) along with equilibrium equations should be used to find out reactions.

Type of Loading & B.M Diagram

Reaction

Bending Moment

RA= RB =

P 2

MA

PL =M = 8
B B

RA = RB =

wL 2

wL2 M =M = 12
A

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RA = RB =

Pb 2 (3a + b) L3 Pa 2 (3b + a) L3

MA = - MB = -

Pab 2 L2 Pa 2b L2

RA= RB = Rc = 5wL 8

3wL 16

RA

RB

+ -

4.7 Load and Bending Moment diagram from Shear Force diagram OR Load and Shear Force diagram from Bending Moment diagram
If S.F. Diagram for a beam is given, then

(i) If S.F. diagram consists of rectangle then the load will be point load (ii) If S.F diagram consists of inclined line then the load will be UDL on that portion (iii) If S.F diagram consists of parabolic curve then the load will be GVL

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(iv) If S.F diagram consists of cubic curve then the load distribute is parabolic. After finding load diagram we can draw B.M diagram easily.
If B.M Diagram for a beam is given, then

(i) If B.M diagram consists of inclined line then the load will be free point load (ii) If B.M diagram consists of parabolic curve then the load will be U.D.L. (iii) If B.M diagram consists of cubic curve then the load will be G.V.L. (iv) If B.M diagram consists of fourth degree polynomial then the load distribution is parabolic.
Let us take an example: Following is the S.F diagram of a beam is given. Find its loading diagram.

Answer: From A-E inclined straight line so load will be UDL and in AB = 2 m length load = 6 kN if UDL is w N/m then w.x = 6 or w 2 = 6 or w = 3 kN/m after that S.F is constant so no force is there. At last a 6 kN for vertical force complete the diagram then the load diagram will be

As there is no support at left end it must be a cantilever beam.

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4.8 Point of Contraflexure

In a beam if the bending moment changes sign at a point, the point itself having zero bending moment, the beam changes curvature at this point of zero bending moment and this point is called the point of contra flexure. Consider a loaded beam as shown below along with the B.M diagrams and deflection diagram.

In this diagram we noticed that for the beam loaded as in this case, the bending moment diagram is partly positive and partly negative. In the deflected shape of the beam just below the bending moment diagram shows that left hand side of the beam is sagging' while the right hand side of the beam is hogging. The point C on the beam where the curvature changes from sagging to hogging is a point of contraflexure.

There can be more than one point of contraflexure in a beam.

4.9 General expression

d4y EI 2 = dx

EI
EI

d3y = Vx dx 3 d2y = Mx dx 2

dy ==slope dx

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y= = Deflection Flexural rigidity = EI

Chapter-16

Riveted and Welded Joint

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