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Infection
Transmission
Transmission
Isolation
Isolation
ÎRespiratory
ÎGastrointestinal
ÎSkin
ÎGenital
ÎIntrauterine or
transplacental
ÎUrinary
ÎPersonal contact
ÎWater and food
ÎArthropod borne
Transmission:
Source of Infectious Material
z Site of entry:
- oropharynx for some microorganisms
- intestinal tract for most viruses
z Typhoid fever
z Shigella
z Cholera
z Polio
z Coxsackie, Echo, Reo
z Norwalk agent
z Rotavirus
z Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E
Gastrointestinal Transmission /
Animal Host and Contaminated Food Product
Infections transmitted:
z Salmonella
z Campylobacter
z Yersinia
z Listeria
Microorganisms
present in the blood of the
Syphilis
mother go through the Toxoplasma
placenta to infect the CMV, HBV
fetus. HIV
In some cases it is difficult HSV
to differentiate between Rubella
perinatal or transplacental
transmission, since both
Varicella
modes of transmission are
known to occur.
Arthropod Borne Transmission
z Active transmission:
- multiplication of microorganisms in
arthropods
- may be very effective: multiplied 1000 to
million
- requires a period of multiplication in the
arthropod
- very specific: some microorganisms &
arthropods
Main Modes of Transmission
AIRBORNE
DROPLET
AND Vector borne,
Common source: CONTACT
Water, Food,
Direct Indirect
Equipment, Rx
Droplet Transmission
10 μm 20 minutes
May be inhaled
to alveoli
≤ 5 μm Droplet nuclei
Transmitted by Droplets
z Hemophilus influenzae
z Meningococci
z Pneumococcal infections (invasive, resistant)
z BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY Infections
- Diphtheria, Pertussis, pneumonic plague,
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Strepto pharyngitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever
z VIRAL RESPIRATORY Infections
- Adenovirus, Influenza, Mumps, Parvovirus,
Rubella
z ANY PAROXYSMAL COUGH (Pertussis?)
Transmitted Airborne
z Droplet nuclei = droplets less than 5 µ in
diameter
- from evaporation of larger droplets
- or from direct formation during coughing,
speaking, singing
z Transmission may occur over long distance
Transmitted by D.N.
z Tuberculosis (Infectious)
z Suspects of TB: request
sputum smear
z Measles
z Varicella
Transmitted by Contact
IS AN EXPANSION OF
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
Standard Precautions
Same concept as UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
z Precautions should be taken for any contact with Blood and
Body Fluid (UP)
z AND for any contact with
- secretions and excretions
- mucous membranes
- damaged skin
- contaminated environment and equipment
z Wash hands
5 s
-1
z Alcohol based hand rubs 10
Gloves
ES
LO V
A CE
G E PL
O TR ING
O N A SH
D D W
N
HA
Surgical Masks, Eye Protection
Face Shields
z For Personnel
- protect from splashes
/sprays of BBF/ S E
- to prevent large droplets
(<5μ) on/from patient
z For patients
- to prevent emission of
droplet (large and droplet
nuclei)
Airborne Precautions
Small droplets (<5m) emitted when coughing &
performance of procedures
z ROOM WITH
VENTILATION CONTROL
- Negative air pressure
- >6 air exchange /hour
- HEPA filtered or
exhaust out
z PERSONAL RESPIRATOR
z For Personnel
z In AIRBORNE
ISOLATION ONLY
z To prevent
inhalation of
droplet nuclei
z Main leak comes
from poor fit
around face