Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers

CHAPTER 8

Masonry

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

!One of the oldest & most durable construction materials: !!Pyramids of Egypt !!Great Wall of China !!Greek & Roman ruins !!North American Adobe ruins

Introduction

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8.1 Types of Masonry Units

CMU = concrete masonry units solid or hollow !!Clay bricks solid !!Structural clay tiles hollow !!Glass blocks solid !!Stone solid
!!

CMU

Clay Bricks

Structural Clay Tiles

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!Solid !!concrete bricks !!net cross sectional area >75% of gross area !Hollow !!concrete blocks, hollow blocks, cinder blocks !!net cross sectional area <75% of gross area

Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs)

Manufacturing !!Zero-slump concrete pressure molded into a reusable steel mold !!Type I cement, aggregates, admixtures, & water !!Low-pressure steam curing !!Controlled storage
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Weight Classes

!!

Lightweight Units "!lightweight aggregate !pumice, cinders, expanded clay, & shale "!easy handling & transportation "!lightweight structure "!higher thermal & fire resistance "!lower sound resistance
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Chapter 8: Masonry

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials Materials for for Civil Civil and and Construction Construction Engineers, Engineers, Third Third Edition. Edition. Copyright Copyright 2011 2011 Pearson Pearson Education, Education, Inc. Inc.

Load Bearing Classification

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Water Absorption
Absorption kg/m

)= W ! W
s

Ws ! Wd
i

" 1000

(8.1) (8.2)

Absorption lb/ft

)= W ! W
s

Ws ! Wd
i

" 62.4

Absorption % =

( )

Ws ! Wd Wd

" 100

(8.3)
Wr ! Wd Ws ! Wd " 100

Moisture content as a percent of total absorption =

(8.4)
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exposure Properties
!Concrete building bricks (ASTM C55) !!manufactured for general use in non-facing, utilitarian applications !Concrete facing bricks (ASTM C1634) !!used where faces are intended to be exposed !!have stricter requirements !!maximum allowable water absorption is less !!minimum net area compressive strength is higher

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nominal and Specified Dimensions

!Nominal dimensions include half of mortar joint !Specified or modular dimensions are design sizes of unit !Actual size includes some slight shrinkage from firing

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sizes and Shapes

!Available in different sizes, color, shapes, and textures !Position within masonry wall

Stretcher

Single Corner

Double Corner

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Strength Requirements of Concrete Bricks

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Clay Bricks
Smaller, solid, rectangular blocks !!Used for different purposes: Building Facing and aesthetics Floor making Paving
!!
"!

Chapter 8: Masonry

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Absorption of Clay Bricks

!Absorption determines the durability of bricks !Highly absorptive bricks can cause efflorescence and other problems in the masonry
Ws24 ! Wd ) ( Absorption by 24-hour submersion (% )= " 100 W
d

(8.5)

Absorption by 5-hour boiling %

( )

Wb5 ! Wd ) ( = " 100 Wd

(8.6)

Ws24 ! Wd ) ( Saturation coefficient = (Wb5 ! Wd )

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

(8.7)
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8.2 Mortar
!mixture of cementitious material, aggregate, and water !Mortar can be classified as cement-lime mortar, cement mortar, or masonry cement mortar !Used for the following functions:
!!

bonding masonry units together, either non-reinforced or reinforced serving as a seating material for the units leveling and seating the units providing aesthetic quality of the structure

!! !! !!

!manufactured in four types: M, S, N, and O

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8.3 Grout
!High-slump concrete consisting of PC, sand, fine gravel, water, and sometimes lime !Used to fill the cores or voids in hollow masonry units for the purpose of: 1.! bonding the masonry units 2.! bonding the reinforcing steel to the masonry 3.! increasing the bearing area 4.! increasing fire resistance 5.! Improving overturning resistance by increasing weight !The minimum compressive strength of grout is 14 MPa (2000 psi) at 28 days
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8.4 Plaster
!fluid mixture of PC, lime, sand, and water !Used for finishing either masonry walls or framed (wood) walls !Used for either exterior or interior walls !Stucco is plaster used to cover exterior walls !Average compressive strength of plaster is about 13.8 MPa (2000 psi) at 28 days

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