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Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5

Instantaneous deection at mid-span of the beam, u inst u inst = u inst,b,dl + u inst,b, Q + u inst,s,dl + u inst,s, Q Limitation on deection at the instantaneous state span/300, winst Table 4.6 (EC5, Table 7.2) Final deection due to permanent actions, u n.G (equation (4.41); EC5, equation (2.3)) u n.G = (u inst,b,dl + u inst,s,dl ) (1 + kdef ) Final deection due to variable and quasi-permanent actions, u n,Q (equation (4.42); EC5, equation (2.4)) Final deection due to permanent and quasi-permanent actions, u net.n u n.G = 14.82 mm winst = 300 u inst = 18.77 mm winst = 30 mm i.e. OK

u n. Q = (u inst,b, Q + u inst,s, Q ) (1 + 2 kdef )

u net.n = u n.G + u n. Q 250

u n. Q = 9.51 mm

u net.n = 24.33 mm

Adopt EC5 limitation on deection use span/250, wnet.n (Table 4.6 (EC5, Table 7.2))

wnet.n =

wnet.n = 36 mm i.e. OK

Example 6.7.4 A curved glulam beam with a constant cross-section, 175 mm wide, having a prole as shown in Figure E6.7.4, and with an effective span of 18.0 m is to be used in the construction of the roof for a school hall. The beam will be laterally supported along the full length of the compression edge and there will be no load sharing between glulam beams. It is strength class GL 32h in accordance with BE EN 1194:1999, made from 30-mm-thick laminations, and will function in service class 2 conditions. For the design loading condition given below, which includes an allowance for the self-weight of the beam, ignoring SLS requirements, conrm that the beam will comply with the design rules in EC5. The design loading arises from a combination of permanent and short-term variable loading. 1. Glulam beam geometric properties Breadth of each beam, b Depth of the beam at the apex, h ap Effective span of beam, Bearing length at each end of the beam, b b = 175 mm = 18.0 m

h ap = 960 mm

b = 200 mm

Design of Glued Laminated Members

Design action = 6 kN/m

243

Straight section

hap = 960 mm

= 9

Bearing length at each end = 200 mm

rin = 18 m

t = 30 mm

Effective span =18 m

Fig. E6.7.4

Angle of slope of the straight member lengths of the beam, Inner radius of the curved beam section, rin Thickness of laminations in the beam, t Section modulus of the beam about the yy axis at the apex, W y 2. Glulam properties Table 6.2, homogeneous grade GL 32h Characteristic bending strength, f m.g.k Characteristic shear strength, f v.g.k Characteristic bearing strength, f c.90.g.k Characteristic compressive strength, f c.0.g.k Characteristic tensile strength perpendicular to the grain, f t,90.g.k

= 9.deg rin = 18 m t = 30 mm Wy =

b h ap2 6

W y = 2.69 107 mm3

f m.g.k = 32 N/mm2

f v.g.k = 3.8 N/mm2

f c.90.g.k = 3.3 N/mm2 f c.0.g.k = 29 N/mm2

f t,90.g.k = 0.5 N/mm2

3. Partial safety factors Table 2.8 (UKNA to BS EN 1990:2002, Table NA.A1.2(B))) for the ULS Permanent actions, G Variable actions, Q Table 2.6 (UKNA to EC5, Table NA.3): Material factor for glulam at ULS, M G = 1.35 Q = 1. 5

M = 1.25

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Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5

4. Actions Design action on the beam, qd 5. Modication factors Factor for short-duration loading and service class 2, kmod.short (Table 2.4 (EC5, Table 3.1)) Size factor based on maximum depth = 960 mm, kh (Table 2.11 (EC5, 3.3)) Bearing factor, kc.90 (equation (4.22) (EC5, 6.1.5,(1)) Lateral stability factor for beam, kcrit (4.5.1.2 (EC5, 6.3.3))

qd = 6 kN/m kmod.short = 0.9 h = 960 mm

kh = 1

kc.90 = 1 kcrit = 1

Factor applied to obtain bending stress r = rin = 0.5 h ap in the apex zone, kcurve,b (equation (6.24); EC5, equation (6.43)) h ap 2 h ap kcurve,b = 1 + 0.35 + 0.6 r r Factor applied to obtain the tensile stress perpendicular to the grain in the apex zone, kcurve,t (equation (6.25); EC5, equation (6.54)) Stressed volume in the apex zone, V (Table 6.6) (Mathcad adjusted to make it dimensionally correct) V = b (h 2 ap + 2 r in h ap ) 180.deg kcurve,t = 0.25 h ap r

kcurve,b = 1.02 kcurve,t = 0.01

V = 0.98 m3

Approximate volume of the beam, Vc h ap 1 rin + sin( ) 2 2 Vc = V + 2 b h ap cos( ) Ratio V / Vc Must be less than 0.67 (equation (6.27) (EC5 6.4.3(6)) Stress distribution factor for the apex zone, kdis (equation (6.27); EC5, equation (6.52)) V = 0.32 Vc kdis = 1.4 Vc = 3.05 m3 less than 0.67 therefore OK

Design of Glued Laminated Members 0.001 m3 Volume factor for the apex zone, kvol kvol = V (equation (6.27); EC5, equation (6.51)) (Mathcad adjusted to make it dimensionally correct) rin Reduction factor due to the curvature = 600 t of the laminations, k (equation (6.28) and (6.26); EC5, equation (6.49)) Load sharing factor, ksys ksys = 1.0
r 0.2

245

kvol = 0.4

As the ratio is greater than 240, kr = 1

6. Bending and radial strength in apex zone As the beam is of constant cross-section, the critical condition will occur at the apex, under the action of the design loading: (a) Bending strength condition Design bending moment, Md Md = q d 2 8 kcurve.b Md = Wy Md = 2.43 108 N mm m.0.d = 9.22 N/mm2

Design bending stress, m,0,d m.0.d (equation (6.23); EC5, equation (6.42)) Design bending strength, f m,g,d f m.g.d = kmod.short ksys kh f m.g.k M

f m.g.d = 23.04 N/mm2 f m.r. y .d = kcrit kr f m.g.d f m.r. y .d = 23.04 N/mm2

Design bending strength taking lateral torsional buckling and laminate effect into account, f m,r, y .d , (b) Radial strength condition (6.4.2.2.2 (EC5. 6.4.3(6)) Design radial tensile stress, t.90.d (equation (6.25); EC5, equation (6.54)) Design tensile strength perpendicular to the grain, f t.90.d f t.90.d = kmod.short ksys f t.90.g.k M

Bending strength of the glulam beam in apex zone is satisfactory kcurve.t Md Wy

t.90.d =

t.90.d = 0.12 N/mm2

f t.90.d = 0.36 N/mm2

Design tensile strength perpendicular f t.r. y .d = kdis kvol f t.90.d f t.r. y .d = 0.2 N/mm2 to the grain taking stress distribution and volume factors into account, ft,r, y .d (equation (6.27); EC5, equation (6.50)) Tensile strength of the glulam beam in apex zone is greater than the radial tensile stress and is satisfactory

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Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5

7. Shear strength The design shear condition due to the design loading: Design value of the end shear force perpendicular to the grain ignoring the reduction permitted in EC5 see 4.5.2.1, Vd Vd = qd cos( ) 2 Vd = 53.34 kN

3 Vd Design shear stress, v.d (adopting v.d = 2 b h ap the full depth of the beam), Equation (6.3) Design shear strength, f v.g.d f v.g.d = kmod.short ksys f v.g.k M

v.d = 0.48 N/mm2

f v.g.d = 2.74 N/mm2 Shear strength is satisfactory

8. Bearing strength The design bearing condition due to the design loading: Design value of the end reaction, Reacd Design bearing stress, c..d (equation (4.22)) Design bearing strength, f c.90.g.d f c.90.g.d = kmod.short ksys f c.90.g.k M f c.90.g.d = 2.38 N/mm2 Reacd = Vd c..d = Reacd b b Reacd = 53.34 kN c..d = 1.52 N/mm2

Design compression strength parallel to the grain, f c.0.g.d f c . 0. g. d = kmod.short ksys f c.0.g.k M f c.0.g.d = 20.88 N/mm2

Design compression strength at an angle to the grain, f c..g.d (equation (5.15); EC5, equation (6.16)) f c..g.d = f c.0.g.d f c.0.g.d sin (90.deg )2 + cos (90.deg )2 kc.90 f c.90.g.d

f c..g.d = 2.43 N/mm2

The bearing stress is less than the bearing strength; therefore it is acceptable.

Design of Glued Laminated Members

247

9. Combined shear and tension perpendicular to the grain As the shear stress at the apex will be zero for the design loading condition, the need to check the combined shear and tension condition given in equation (6.30) can be ignored. At any other positon along the beam the combined stress condition will always be less than 1.