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This document provides an overview of construction sites and safety procedures. It describes two construction sites - De' bunga Residence and Altitude 236 Condominium. It outlines the importance of safety management and ways to prevent injuries, including required protective equipment. Various construction machinery used on-site are also described, such as excavators, backhoes, bulldozers, dump trucks, rebar benders, tower cranes, and more. Scaffolding and safety nets for fall protection are discussed.
This document provides an overview of construction sites and safety procedures. It describes two construction sites - De' bunga Residence and Altitude 236 Condominium. It outlines the importance of safety management and ways to prevent injuries, including required protective equipment. Various construction machinery used on-site are also described, such as excavators, backhoes, bulldozers, dump trucks, rebar benders, tower cranes, and more. Scaffolding and safety nets for fall protection are discussed.
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This document provides an overview of construction sites and safety procedures. It describes two construction sites - De' bunga Residence and Altitude 236 Condominium. It outlines the importance of safety management and ways to prevent injuries, including required protective equipment. Various construction machinery used on-site are also described, such as excavators, backhoes, bulldozers, dump trucks, rebar benders, tower cranes, and more. Scaffolding and safety nets for fall protection are discussed.
Авторское право:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Доступные форматы
Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
CHEANG EI LEEN CHI N PUI MAN CHU SZI WEI HI EW YEN NEE LEONG CARMEN -LI EW HUI EN TAN
ARMEN -LI EW HUI EN TAN HENG YEE YONG SEH LI
1006A77249 0310331 0314160 0314212 0314953 0314920 0314941 0314345 SCHOOL OF ARCHI TECTURE, BUI LDI NG & DESI GN Bachelor of Science (Honours)(Architecture) BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ARC 1413] Assignment 1: Experiencing Construction Table of content
3.1 Setting out and Earth Work 2.1 Plants and Machinery 4.1 Foundation type and construction process (from site visit & reference)
5.2 Slab 5.4 Staircase
6.0 Roof
6.1 Roof type and construction process (from site visit & reference)
5.6 Door
5.1 Beam and Column
5.7 Windows
7.0 Summary
7.1 Reference
As archi tects and the bui l di ng i ndustry conti nue to desi gn and bui l d structures that di f f er i n desi gn, type, materi al s and bui l di ng method, i t has become i mportant that each party stay f ami l i ar wi th both basi c and new concepts of bui l di ng constructi on. As ti me pass by, constructi on methods are constantl y bei ng repl aced by new and more ef f i ci ent and cost ef f ecti ve methods to construct bui l di ngs. Theref ore, archi tects need to i mprove wi th knowl edge of bui l di ng constructi on i n order to f ol l ow trend of technol ogy.
1. 0 I ntroducti on
AI M: Thi s proj ect i s to produce archi tects wi th knowl edge of bui l di ng constructi on by i denti f yi ng di f f erence types of bui l di ng el ements, constructi on process, detai l s and materi al s. Thi s report i ncl udes the studi es and records of si te and saf ety, external work, f oundati on, superstructure, roof and doors.
1. 1I ntroduct i on of Si t es
a. De bunga Residence @ Ukay Perdana
Date of plan approval: Mac 2013
Proj ect ti tl e
3 strata landed housing scheme (gated community) build 68 units of 3-storey semi-detached houses, 14 units of 3-storey house, 1 unit of electrical substations and 1 unit of guardhouse.
Owner
STAR BASE SDN. BHD. [Company no: 521591-H] Level 22, Menara Maxisegar, Jalan Pandan Indah, 4/2 Pandan Indah 65100 Kuala Lumpur.
Archi tect
Ar. Lee Be Hsin 43-3 Jalan 1/1 16B Kuchai Entrepreneur Park, Off Jalan Kuchai Lama 58200 Kuala Lumpur.
Devel oper & Contractor
Sierra Ukay Sdn. Bhd & Ijm Building Systems Sdn. Bhd. Ground Floor, Wisma IJM, Jalan Yong Shook Lin, 46050 Kuala Lumpur.
b. Al ti tude 236, Luxury Condomi ni um @ Buki t Mandari na
Construction starts: September 2011. Estimated of completion date: October 2014 Proj ect ti tl e
One block of medium cost apartments of 38-storey high with 31-storey apartments (236 units), 1-storey residential facilities, 4-storey car park, 2 floor of M&E and services and 1 block annex parking 4 and ! floor and 1 floor recreational facilities.
Owner & Devel oper
MANDA RINA SDN. BHD. Ground Floor, Wisma IJM, Jalan Yong Shook Lin, 46050 Kuala Lumpur.
Architect
PTA Design Sdn. Bhd. No. 37, Jalan Damai, Off Jalan Tun Razak, 55000 Kuala Lumpur. Contractor
Ijm Building Systems Sdn. Bhd. Ground Floor, Wisma IJM, Jalan Yong Shook Lin, 46050 Kuala Lumpur.
Safety management is established; a. Prevent injuries and illness b. To avoid direct and indirect cost that related to injuries and properties damages
Ways to prevent injuries and accidents; a. Train all employees on safety steps. b. Material handling and mobile equipment safety. c. Provide protective equipment
Site Safety
Si gns warn hazards at locations where hazards exist.
Si gnal s are moving signs provided by workers (eg: flagman, flash lights, honks, alarms) to warn possible or existing hazards.
Acci dent -Prevent i on Tags is used for temporary warning. (figure 2.2)
Head Protection
Protective hard hats are to minimize the rate and level which impact forces are transmitted to the brain, neck and spine. Refer to figure 2.3
!"#$%& ()*)+, -.%/ 01.23"4#
2.0 Sites and Safety Har d hat s
St andar d vest with stripes.
Long- sl eeved wor k shi r t . Nothing less than 4-inch sleeves.
Cl ose- f i t t i ng or medium-fitting j eans.
Saf et y wor k shoes or boots. Har d out er shel l ; to resists and defects blows to the head.
Shock- absor bi ng l i ni ng; incorporate a headband and straps.
Cl i p on sweat band; absorb sweats before trickles into eyes.
Peak; to protect eyes and face. Figuie 2.u.S: Baiu Bat Type 2 Figuie 2.u.S: Signs Figuie 2.u.4: Acciuent-pievention tag Figuie 2.u.2: Signs Scaffolding & Planking
Scaffold is a temporary structure used to support people and materials.
Safety Net
Safety net is setup to provide fall protection.
Figuie 2.u.6: Scaffoluing at Be'bunga Figuie 2.u.9: Walk-thiough scaffolu Figuie 2.u.7: Planking on scaffolu to pioviue walking unueineath Figuie 2.u.8: Piopei planking system Figuie 2.u.11: Walkway on scaffolu in between builuing anu safety net Wooden guar dr ai l s secured to frame Tube- and- cl amp guar dr ai l s to protect outrigger/side platform
-Can be adjustable in height and width. Walk-through scaffold is frequently used by masonry trade to provide greater height per tier and easier distribution of materials on platforms at intermediate levels.
Fr ames
Pile Driving Equipment
A pile driver is used to drive poles or piles into the soil to give foundation support for buildings or structures. It is placed on a pile or pole
Excavator
Excavator is heavy machinery composed of a boom, stick, bucket and cab upon rotating platform known as the house. The house sits on top of an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
Funct i on movement of excavator are achievable through the use of hydraulic fluid, motors and cylinders. Is used to dig holes, foundations and trenches.
Compactor
A machine used to minimize the size of waste materials or soil through compaction. Figuie 2.u.1u: Scaffoluing at Altituue 2S6
2.1 Plants and Machinery Figuie 2.1.1: Pile Biiving Equipment at Be'Bunga Gui de consists heavy weight to enable to slide up and down easily in single vertical line. It is placed on a pole or pile. Figuie 2.1.2: Paits of Pile Biiving Equipment Figuie 2.1.S: Excavatois at Be' Bunga Figuie 2.1.4: views anu measuiement of excavatoi Hydraulics, steam, diesel or manual labor is used to raise weight. Once the weight reaches its optimum point, it will immediately released and smashes on to pile or pole in order to drive it into the ground soil. Figuie 2.1.S: Compactoi at Altituue 2S6 Backhoe Loader
Is an excavating equipment consists of digging bucket on the end of the two-part articulated arm. It is also used in construction, demolitions, light transportation of building materials, excavation, landscaping and paving roads.
Bulldozer
A bulldozer is a crawler consist of a substantial metal plate, also known as blade, used to push large quantities of sand, soil and other materials during construction and generally equipped at the rear with a ripper to loosen compacted materials.
Figuie 2.1.6: Backhoe loauei at Altituue 2S6 Figuie 2.1.7: Backhoe loauei at Be'Bunga Figuie 2.1.7: Pait of backhoe loauei Figuie 2.1.u: 0veiall view of bulluozei Figuie 2.1.9: Blaue Figuie 2.1.8: Rippei Dump Truck
Is used to transport loose material like sand, soil and dirt. It is equipped with an open- box bed, which is hinged at the rear and consists of hydraulic piston to lift up the front, enabling the material in the bed to be dumped on the ground behind the truck.
Rebar Bender
A device used to bend steel bars and other heavy metals.
Tower Crane
Tower crane is fixed to the ground on a concrete slab. It gives the best combination of height and lifting capacity and is used in construction of tall buildings. The base is attached to the mast that gives its height. It is further attached to the slewing unit, which enables the crane to rotate. On the top of the slewing unit, there are the long horizontal jib, shorter counter-jib, and the operator's cab.
Forklift
Figuie 2.1.11: Bump tiuck at Be'Bunga Figuie 2.1.14: Biief explanation of iebai benuei Figuie 2.1.12: view of uump tiuck Figuie 2.1.1S: Rebai Benuei at Be'Bunga Figuie 2.1.1S: Towei ciane at Altituue 2S6 Figuie 2.1.16: Sectional view of towei ciane Forklift truck is used to lift and transport building materials. Its components include the truck frame, counterweight, cab, overhead guard, power source, tilt cylinders, mast, carriage, load backrest and attachments. Figuie 2.1.17: Foiklift at Altituue 2S6
1. Soil Testing
2. Land Surveying 5. Leveling and Grading 4. Cutting, Filling & Compacting 3. Site Clearance Collecting and identifying the sample of soil on site Purpose a) To ensure no hidden chemical/physical condition on site b) Help to choose suitable footing type. c) To know the ground water level to help whether need to carry out dewatering. How? a ) Excavation of Trial Hole ( 2m x1m) I. Using machinery exactor II. Allow good visual inspection of the strata b) Drilling boreholes I. Using hand auger II. Inspection of strata can only be done by excavated material brought up by auger
Purpose a) To ensure the boundaries of the property is set precisely b) To ensure building build at a right boundary c) To avoid legal problem when construction start Who ? By Land Surveyor How ? By using Theodolite
Removal of vegetation, stumps, roots and topsoil at least 2 below subgrade Purpose a) To prevent soil movement caused by decaying organic matter which may threaten the foundations or other elements of the surrounding site. b) To prevent future problems like insect infestation, diseased wood and lawnmower damage
Earthmoving operation in which the material excavated and removed from one location is used as fill material at another location. Why? a) The land being filled is going to be used for building foundations. b) Compacting earth is to avoid settling. Device
Bulldozer Plate compactor
3.0 External Work
3.1 Setting out & Earth Work
Reshaping of the field surface to a planned grade Purpose a) To level the field to its best condition with minimal earth movement b) To provide a slope which fits water supply How? Dumpy level measures the height of two points on a horizontal plane, allowing the builder to measure whether a bit of ground is level or not. Phases of Land leveling operations 1. Rough grading 2. Land levelling 3. Land smoothing. Device
Skid-Steer loaders Dumpy level
6. Setting Out
6a. Pegging Out 6b. Setting Out Corner Profiles 6c. Mark Builders Line 6d. Marking Out on the Ground from the Profiles Purpose To ensure that the various elements of the scheme are positioned correctly in all three dimensions. Equipment a) Wooden Pegs - provide with nail fixed at the top center to locate the station point b) Profile Boards - help to indicate the thickness of the wall and width of the foundation c) Builders Lines - made out of hemp, string or wire - must not stretch, sag or taut which can cause the profile board to displace or the line itself breaks Device
Theodolite Dumpy level Tripod 1. One of the building corners will be set up as a temporary benchmark by placing a wooden peg in the ground with a nail on top.
2. Mark two corner of the building to set out the front line.
3. The lines of all the other walls are measured from this front line using Pythagoras theorem.
4. After placing 4 pegs at corner, measure the diagonals (Line x & y) and make sure both are in same lengths
1.When the positions of the corners of the building are known, profile board will be used to mark the positions and widths of the wall, foundations and excavation .
2.Saws cut in top of profile board set horizontal and to know level
1.Saws cut in the top of Profile board act as marks and allow builder's line stretching from notch to notch in opposite profile board -intersection of string mark corner of various part of substructure
this black dot mark the corner of the wall to be built and should be exactly over the original wooden peg
1. Marking out on the ground follow the builders line as closely as possible by sprinkle old cement, lime or saw dust on ground.
2. Remove the builder line to allow excavation to carry on as the line will disturb the subsequent work.
7. Trench Excavation
8. Subsoil Drainage System 9. Backfilling 10. Pavement With the outline of the concrete marked on the ground, excavator digged out between the lines to form a trench How? By using JCB excavator
A drainage system above natural water table that drain away surface water Purpose ? a. Increase the stability of the ground and footings of building b. Reducing foundation movement due to the variation in the soil moisture content. Type of pipes a. Rigid-concrete pipe b. FlexibleHDPE Corrugated Pipe
Used to surround pipes that are buries beneath the surface Why? a. Helps to protect the pipe from damage. b. Acts as a foundation for the road pavement. How? a. Flowable type backfill b. Granular type backfill Made up of three layers: a. Subgrade: Earth that has been graded to the desired elevation. b. Subbase: A course of material that is placed on the subgrade to provide drainage and stability. c. Base is placed on the sub- base to provide a stable platform for the concrete pavement slab. Why? a. These are essential for a strong,durable concrete pavement system. b. To maintain a good system of roads which is the underlying backbone of our infrastructure.
A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that hav e been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundati on. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-story b uilding, structure or support base for heavy equipment. The cast concrete pile c ap distributes the load of the building into the piles. A similar structure to a pile cap is a "raft", which is a concrete foundation floor resting directly onto soft soil which may be liable to subsidence. 4.after the completion of a bored pile , the remaining reinforced bars are then extended to form starter bars and th e concrete pile is then extended up to ground level or beyond such that the floors of the building rests on the pile. 4. 0 Foundati on 4. 1 Foundati on type and constructi on process
Lateral Reinforcement 1. 2. 3.
4. Number of reinforcement bar used in columns may be varied instead of varying the size of columns. Formations of lateral reinforcement bars depends on the number of vertical reinforcement bars used in a column. Lateral ties should have a minimum diameter of 10mm. Space between two ties is not more than 48 tie diameter. Type of reinforcement used is usually T12, reinforcement steel with a diameter of 12mm. Beam and Column Reinforced concrete column Reinforced concrete column is designed to carry compressive load. Reinforcement bar in concrete increases the columns tensile strength. Size of columns differs according to the amount of load it has to bear. Length of overlapping reinforcement bar is forty times of the diameter of bar. Vertical reinforcement should not be less than 1% nor more than 8% of the cross sectional concrete beam. Types of reinforcement steel includes T12, T14, T16, T20, T25, T32 and T40. T represents reinforcement steel and the numbers indicates the diameter. Concrete columns may be supported by isolated footings or by pile caps. Dowels tie column to supported beam or slab. Rebars for columns
=-"4C*+D-#-4, /0+( *C /-0# 04. (%0/ Steps to build Beams and Column
Setting up of reinforcement bars. The thickness of bars and the number of bars used depends on the load it has to bear. 1
2 7 6 5 4 3 Cladding of formwork using plywood. Cement is being pumped and poured into the formwork. A concrete vibrator is then used to released t rapped air and excess water. When the concrete of the columns have dried up, cladding of formwork for beams can be done. Reinforcement bars for beams are set up. Cement is poured into the formwork. A concrete vibrator is then used to ensure that the concrete settle firmly in place. Columns and beams are formed. Excess rebar on top of column is for continuation of rebar for next floor. Reinforced concrete slabs are plate structures laid with reinforcement bar to withstand load. It is supported by beams. Hence, force applied to slabs are transferred to beams. Suspended Slabs Beam that supports the slab Reinforced Concrete Slab Size of reinforcement bar used differs according to the load it has to bear. Reinforcement bar placed perpendicularly. Thickness of floor slab depends on the load it has to bear. Minimum thickness of slab is 100mm. Reinforcement bars for slab.
5.2 Slab
Ground Slabs Gravel Stone Gravel Stone laid as a base to prevent the capillary rise of groundwter. Minimum thickness is 100mm.
Damp Proof Membrane Polyethylene moisture barrier to prevent water from entering the structure. Thickness of polyethylene is 0.15mm Concrete Slab Thickness depends on the load it has to bear. Minimum thickness is 100mm. Additives may be added to increase surface hardness and abrasion resistance. One-Way Slab One way slabs are reinforced in one direction and they are casted on a series of parallel beams or walls. Force is transferred in parallel to beams. Suitable for light load and span of slab is relatively short. Two-Way Slab Two way slabs are reinforced in two directions. It is casted with supporting beams on all four sides. Force is transferred to all four sides to the beams. Suitable for heavy load. Shape of slab is relatively squarish. Workers working on ground slab. 1. Ledger is set for the beams.
2. After setting the ledgers. Bearers will be installed in an interval of 300mm.
Bearer 3. Plywood are installed sides by sides and bases are installed between the bearers 4.The props is set for slab installation . Then ledgers for slab will be set in an interval of 200mm . Then,plywood decking will be laid on the props setting. Next is the entering of the reinforcement cages of beams Plywood Decking 5. Spacer blocks are placed on the plywood decking which allow sufficient concrete cover. 6. Electrical wiring system is installed before placing the bottom reinforcement. 7.Cement is poured to form the concrete slab .The cement is transported by a concrete pump 8.Dismantlement of the wooden formwork will occur after the concrete gain certain strength. Types of wall
I. DeBunga :
a) Masonry Wall Clay brick builds the wall. Bricks are laid in running bond. Openings are spanned with lintels for installation of doors and windows. Thickness of wall is 100mm.
5. 3 WALL
Figuie S.4.1: Nasoniy Wall stiuctuie at Be'bunga Figuie S.4.2: Paity Wall stiuctuie at Be'bunga II. Altitude 236 :
Reinforced concrete wall formed by Aluminium formwork Walls formed by reinforced concrete is load bearing Pouring concrete mix into formwork with reinforcement bar forms reinforced concrete wall. Minimum thickness of load bearing wall is 150mm and 205mm for party walls.
b) Party Wall The wall is built between two houses that are attached to each other. Thickness of wall is 205mm. Acts as a fire wall. It slows down the spread of fire to the neighbouring house. Figuie S.4.S: Reinfoiceu conciete wall at Altituue 2S6
Steps of construction wall Concrete Column
Dowel Bar
Acts as brick reinforcement. Placed at an interval of 4 rows of bricks 1
2 4 3 Level Peg An indicator for the thickness of the plaster. X-met Fastened in between column and bricks to prevent cracking of plaster. !"#$ Nixtuie of cement, sanu anu watei. Applieu onto conciete suiface. To pioviue a ioughei suiface to holu plastei.
Concrete cement X-met Acts as brick reinforcement. Placed at an interval of 4 rows of bricks. Bricks Laid in running bond
Finishing Plaster will be done after masonry work. Plaster is a mixture of adhesive cement, sand and water. Wooden formwork of staircase
v
1
2 3 4
5. 4 STAI RCASE
Temporary panels along the stairway at construction area are set up and braced. Treads and risers on the panel are also laid out. Then, the slab thicknesses at a right angle to the slope of the stairway are measured and a line is snapped.
Temporary panels
Brace Riser Tread Slab thickness Rebar Stringer width Shores to be cut at angle Soffit panel thickness Joist width After that, lay out the soffit panel thickness, joist width and stringer width and snap lines. The next step, shore length and the side form width are determined.
Soffit panel Joist Stringer Shores cut to length Shores are cut to length and secured in position. Stringers are nailed to the tops of the shores, joists are nailed to the tops of the stringers and soffit panels are nailed in position. Then, the temporary panels are removed. Front section Rebar Side forms Cleats Riser form boards Stiffener Bottom plate Top plate Treads and risers are laid out on the side form. While the top and bottom plates and stiffeners are nailed through the side forms. Side forms are then fastened to the top of the joists. After the rebar has been placed, cleats and riser form boards are fastened to the side forms. Lastly, the front section is nailed into place. Figuie S.S.1: Staiicase constiuction foimwoik at Altituue 2S6 NOTE: The const r uct i on of st ai r s usi ng syst em f or mwor k at Al t i t ude 236 i s ver y si mi l ar t o wooden f or mwor k such t hat segment s of t he f or mwor k ar e pi eced t oget her l i ke a j i gsaw. Syst em f or mwor k i s at an advant age wher eby no wast age of wood i s pr oduced and t he al umi ni um moul d can r euse over and over agai n. Thi s pr ovi des a one- t i me i nvest ment f or t he cont r act or as wel l as compar ed t o wooden f or mwor k t hat can be used once and has t o be di sposed of af t er usage.
Types of staircase
Both of the sites are having the same type of staircase, which is concret e st ai rs. A concret e st ai r is designed as an inclined slab with steps formed on its upper surface. Hence, it often requires careful analysis of load, span and support conditions.
Shear key Steel dowel Nosing bars Steel reinforcement as required Horizontal bars extend into sidewall. Beam support Figuie S.S.2: Longituuinal section of a conciete staiicase Stai r Pl ans
1. De bunga
Uses quart er -t urn st ai r. Quar t er - t ur n st ai r is a L-shaped stair, which makes a right-angled turn in the path of travel and its two flights are connected by an intervening landing which are equal in size.
Figuie S.S.S: Quaitei-tuin staiicase 2. Al t i t ude 236
Uses hal f -t urn st ai r. A half turn-stair turns 180 degrees at an intervening landing and this kind of stair is more compact than a single straight-run stair. Two flights connected by the landing here are also equal in size. Figuie S.S.4: Balf-tuin staiicase
ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SYSTEM 1. ARRIVAL AND UNLOADING OF CONTAINER 2.MATERIAL VERIFICATION 3. PRELIMINARY TASK BY JOBSITE 4. PREPERATION FOR SETTING 5. WALL SETTING 6. OPENING AND SUNKEN SETTING
7. KICKER SETTING 8. AL-BRACKET SETTING 9.SLAB SETTING 10. CONCRETE SETTING 11. AL FORM DISMENTTLEMENT 12. INSTALLATION OF EXTERNAL WORKING BRACKETS STAIRCASE SETTING
5.5 Formwork
1.ARRIVAL AND UNLOADING OF CONTAINER 2.MATERIAL VERIFICATION The panels inside each container is unloaded The supervisor and clients representative will verify material received based on the packing list. Once the verification is completed the panels is put in order based on set up location. 3. PRELIMINARY TASK BY JOBSITE As preliminary task, the structural line must be drawn based on the shell plan. Based on the structural line the rebar must be installed. Before installing the panels, it is extremely Important to apply sufficient quantity of oil based form oil, in order to prevent the concrete to stick on the panel. 5. WALL SETTING When installing the wall panels, the job site workers must start on one side of the wall and install the wall panels with the flat ties. Once the set up for one side is completed the opposite side will be completed with the PVC slits. 6. OPENING AND SUNKEN SETTING Ones all wall panels had been installed, the installation of panels for opening area will start. Ones the up stand has been set up the installation of panels for window area is as follows. 4. PREPERATION FOR SETTING FLAT TIE AND PVC SLEEVE 1. BEAM CAP SLAB PANEL 2. BEAM CAP SC 3. WALL END PANEL 4. BEAM CAP SC 5. BEAM CAP PANEL 6. PROP AND PROP HEAD WALL PANELS WEDGE AND ROUND PIN " # # $ $ % % & ' Once the inner and outer panels had been installed, the kicker will be installed on the top of the wall panel in sure that the both four encore will be used while installing the kicker panel.
7. KICKER SETTING 8. AL-BRACKET SETTING In order the keep the horizontality of the wall, the AL bracket and square pipe will be installed.
The assembly of the main beam will be done by assembling the middle beam, end beam and prop head together. When installing the slab, start with one standard panel at the corner of the room and then install the main beam. Remaining slab panels will be installed. 9.SLAB SETTING Ones the assemble has been completed, the person in charge of the job site must clarify all panels and accessories had been installed correctly. When this clarification is done, concrete will be poured on wall, beam and slab . 10. CONCRETE SETTING 11. AL FORM DISMENTTLEMENT 24 hours after pouring the concrete, the dismantlement will start with wall panels. Ones dismantled leave the wall panels , leave the panels along the wall by type and by location. Furthermore, when the panels of opening areas are dismantled insure that the prop remains in its place. After dismantling the wall panels, the slab will be dismantled. While dismantling insure that the slab panel will not free fall on the floor or on the workers and the prop and prop head will stay in its place. The last area to be dismantled will be the slab corner.
KICKER AL-BRACKET SQUARE PIPE JOINT BAR BEAM SLAB PANELS PIPE SUPPORT PROP HEAD MIIDDLE BEAM When installing the external plat form, install them in a distance of 1.2 meters using the thyroids. Once the bracket of the plat form has been installed, install the timber for the platform and safety rail. 12. INSTALLATION OF EXTERNAL WORKING BRACKETS STAIRCASE SETTING The staircase must be installed as follows. Installation of the wall panels on the down area. Installation of the slab panel, beam and props. Installation of the upper part panels. Installation of the lower panels. Using the same method shown, the installation and dismantlement of the aluminum formwork will be repeated until all of the floors are completed. Installation of the side panels. Finally installation of the step and cap panels. Insure that there will always be props on two level, to support the slab .The external working platform must be installed on two levels. STEP PANEL CAP PANEL WALL PLATFORM TIMBER PLATFORM SAFETY RAIL ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SYSTEM SPEED UP CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
BETTER WORKING ENVIRONMENT
INCREASE IN WORKERS SAFETY
INCREASE IN WORKFORCES SKILL SLAB PANEL -used to support the concrete weight during concrete pouring and casting PROP HEAD- used to joint the beams together and the prop head was connected with the pipe support MIDDLE BEAM-Used to joint the prop heads and supports the slab panels JOINT BAR-Used to joint the prop heads with the beams WEDGE AND ROUND PIN- used to joint the Wall or Slab panels together. FLAT TIE- used to joint the wall panel to the opposite sides wall panel. PVC SLEEVE-installed between the wall panel and the opposite sides wall panels. Flat ties is inserted inside the PVC sleeve to prevent the casting of flat tie to the concrete. AL-BRACKET AND SQUARE PIPE- used to allow horizontal straightness of the wall panels. 5.WALL 9. BEAM AND SLAB DESCRIPTION OF ACCESSORIES FLAT TIE WALL PROP HEAD AND PIPE SUPPORT STAIRS CONCRETE PUMP PIPE EXTERNAL PLATFORM
Door
A door f rame is a building component used to hang a door. Frames used in residential buildings are typically made from wood. Its surrounds and supports the entire door system.
5. 6 DOOR
Figuie S.6.1: Woouen uooi fiame at Be'bunga Figuie S.6.2: Woouen uooi fiame at Altituue 2S6 Rough Openi ng An opening in a wall into which doorframe is fitted.
Head
Door j amb
St op/ Door st op The projecting part of doorframe against which a door closes.
Si l l Figuie S.6.S: Woouen uooi fiame at Altituue 2S6 To hold the doorframe before it gets harden/fix in position. To prevent from falling Casi ng (Tr i m) The moulding that surrounds the doorframe for looks.
J amb The door frame that surround the actual door. Attached to door by hinges.
St op Small st rip of wood that surrounds the entire inside perimeter of the door and stops the door from swinging in to far.
Hi nges Attach the door to the doorjamb (frame). Types of Door
Sl ab Door The most popular door that used by everyone Fr ench/ Hi nged Door Two door panels that lock in the middle and swing in or out Dut ch Door The top part can be move while the bottom shut. Gl i di ng Door A door with two or four panels that slide past one another Bi - Fol d Door A system of hinged doors that stack against a wall Sal oon Door A pair of lightweight swing doors often found in public bars Types of Mechanism Open
Close Hi nged Door The doors are hinged along one side to allow door to pivot away from the doorway in one direction but not in the other. The axis of rotation is usually vertical. Open
Close Fol di ng Door The door operated by fitting the pivots of one door into the top and bottom pivot brackets. Open
Close Sl i di ng Door Pivot door slides allow the door to pivot open then slide back into the sides of the cabinet. Open
Close Rot at i ng Door The door typically consists of three or four doors that hang on a central shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a cylindrical enclosure. It is either be mounted at the central pivot or attached to the door wings. Types of Windows
5.7 WINDOWS
Single Casement Window Casement windows are hinged on the either side and open outward to the right or left. It is usually taller than wide, their entire sash opens to provide top-to-bottom light and ventilation.
Picture Window Picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, generally without glazing bars, or glazed with only minimum reflection of glazing bars near the edge of the window. Picture window provides an unblocked vie, as if framing a picture on the wall. Single-hung Window Single-hung window has two sashes but typically the top sash is fixed and only the bottom sash slides. The advantage of sash window that it provides cooling effect of interiors during warm weather. By opening both top and bottom of a sash window by equal amounts allows warm air at the top of the room to escape, thus drawing cool air from the outside into the room through the bottom opening. Fixed Window A fixed window cannot be opened. Its function is limited to allow light to enter. This type of window is used in where only light or vision is needed and there is no ventilation is possible because the use of trickle vents or over glass vents is absent in this type of window.
The hardwood sill helps to improve its weathering qualities, which overhangs the face of the brickwork. Where the window is set well back from the outer wall face, it is necessary to incorporate a precast concrete sub sill.
Mullions should be through tenoned into heads and sills, an the transoms stubtenoned into jambs and mullions.
Opening casements are held in a closed position by casement fasteners, while both casement and ventlights can be fixed in a number of open positions by means of casement stays, which may be either the peg or sliding varieties.
Installation of Casement Window The window opening is spanned externally by a brick-on-edge arch backed by a reinforced concrete lintel. As the flat arch has little strength it is supported by a mild steel angle, with ends built into the brickwork. The exposed edge painted for protection.
The window frame may be fixed to the sides of brick jambs.The jamb may be fixed to the brickwork by screwing or nailing to hardwood plugs let into mortar joints.
6.0 ROOF
Cross Gable From the site at Debunga, the roof constructed is cross gable. Lookout A short bracket for supporting the overhang of roof. Fly rafter Either of the end rafters in the part of a gable root that projects beyond the gable wall. Valley Rafter A rafter connecting the ridge to the wall plate along a valley. Valley Jack A jack rafter extending from a valley rafter to a ridge. Cripple Jack A rafter joining a hip to a valley. Hip Rafter A rafter forming the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof. WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTION METAL STRAP PLAT E FLATTER SLOPES BACK TO BACK SHEAR PLATES GREATER SLOPES i. RIDGE CONNECTION ii. POST-BEAM CONNECTION METAL FRAMING ANGLE -BOTH SIDES OF BEAM METAL TIE STRAP FLAT ROOF LOAD BEARING WALLS 1. WEAR COURSE 2. ROOFING MEMBRANE 3. RIGID FORM OR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE INSULATION 4. VAPOR RETARDER 5. SMOOTH TROWELED FINISH TO RECEIVE INSULATION AND ROOFING 6. REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF SLAB PARAPET WALL ROOF SLAB ARE SUPPORTED BY BEARING WALLS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE. THE UPTURNED EDGE BEAM HAD FORM A PARAPET WALL. THE FLAT ROOF IS SLANTED FOR WATER DRAINAGE.
SUMMARY: Throughout the whole of this project, we manage to obtain more knowledge and guidance of Malaysian building construction methods compared to that of lecturers and in-class learning. Besides that, we have learned that throughout the process of building construction, compromises are made and the plans produced by architects are not finalized and its a process of evolutions that occurs from the beginning to the end of the project. In the first site, DeBunga Residence, we were able to witness a three-storey bungalow at its pre-roofing stage such that most of its structural components were already completed. We learned the different names of materials in which the contractors used such as splash dash, beam starter bars, wire mesh and key holes in the mortar walls for the door frame. All of which are rather new terms we have not learned in class. This help broaden our architectural vocabulary as some of these terms are not written in the books and vary from country to country. At the same time, we were able to improve our observation skills. During our second site at Altitude 236, we were fortunate enough to be able to visit a condominium in which we managed to experience a totally different variety of construction methods such as using reinforced concrete to construct everything from walls to roofs and floors. The machinery used in high-rise construction is very different as well such that they have to transport building materials from ground level all the way up to the construction area. Lastly, we as a team would like to thank the people in which has given us guidance and took time to patiently explain the different components of the construction site. We would also like to thank IJM the developer for allowing us to visit their construction site and for providing us with the information we need to complete our assignment.
7.0 Summary
7.1 Reference
1. Francis D.K. Ching (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4thth ed.). Canada : John Wiley & Sons . (Original work published 1943). - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.IAP1nV35.dpuf 2.Stephen Emmit and Christopher A. Gorse (2010). Scaffolding. Barry's Advance Construction of Buildings (2nd ed., pp. 13-63). United Kingdom, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. (Original work published 2006). -See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.CGtvjdMz.dpuf 3.Watts, A. (2010). Modern Construction Handbook (2nd ed.). London, England: SpringerWienNewYork. (Original work published 2001). - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.wuj9UxoZ.dpuf 4.Sarkar, S. K. (2012). Construction Technology (1st ed.). India: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 2008). -See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MMZ0Vo1i.dpuf 5.Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno (2005). Construction Technology (4th ed.). Harrold, England: Personal Education Limited. (Original work published 1973). - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.JpkMre3r.dpuf 6.Edward Allen and Joseph Iano (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. (Original work published 1938). -See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MfgdTH7J.dpuf 7. Deplazes, A. (2012). Constructing Architecture (2nd ed.). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser. (Original work published 1997) - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.XyPGNvQQ.dpuf 8. Francis D.K. Ching (2013). Introduction to Architecture (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and sons. - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.QFmEW525.dpuf 9.Broadhurst, T. (n.d.). About the Old House Web. Retrieved October 9, 2013, from http://www.oldhouseweb.com/about-the-old-house-web.shtml -See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MxlYMDQu.dpuf 10. Organizations of America States. (n.d.). Organizations of America States. Retrieved Oct 6, 2013, from http://www.oas.org/cdmp/document/codedraw/sectionb.htm See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.flvFOjAv.dpuf 11. bag, j. (2012, May 24). Kumkang Aluminium Formwork System [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved Oct 17,2013, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I85iQCvOT_I - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.xIkWGGwz.dpuf 12. Cheah, D. (2011, Dec 10). Casting of 1st Floor Beam & Slab [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved Oct 5,2013, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MquLVCiCYtw&feature=youtu.be - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.a6E3t6qM.dpuf