1.Height of the Retaing Wall above ground = 2. unit weight of Earth = 16 3. Angle of repose, = 30 4.

. Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil, qa = 5. Co efficient of friction, = 0.5 6. concrete, M= 25 7. Foundation Depth = 1.50 8. Nominal Cover = 75 Fe = 415

m = = 0.866 0.577

KN/m3 Sin = 0.5 Cos tan 150 KN/m2

m mm

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Degree 10 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

sin 0.174 0.259 0.276 0.292 0.309 0.326 0.342 0.358 0.375 0.391 0.407 0.422 0.500 0.573 0.643 0.707 0.766 0.819 0.866 0.906

cos 0.985 0.966 0.961 0.956 0.951 0.946 0.940 0.934 0.927 0.921 0.924 0.906 0.866 0.819 0.766 0.707 0.643 0.574 0.500 0.423

tan 0.176 0.268 0.287 0.306 0.325 0.344 0.364 0.384 0.404 0.424 0.445 0.466 0.577 0.700 0.839 1.000 1.192 1.428 1.732 2.145

1 Given Data, h = f g q = = = =

8.5 m 30 0.5 16 KN/m3 150 KN/m2 Earth Pressure Co-efficient, Ca = 1 - Sin 1 + Sin 1 + Sin 1 - Sin = 0.333333
0

Cp 2 Preliminary Proportions

i The (triangular Shaped) counterforts are provided on the rear side of the wall, interconnecting the stem with the heel Slab Spacing of Counterforts one third to half of 'h' = 1/3 h to 1/2 h = 2.84 m to 4.25 m Provide Spacing between = 3 m counterforts Thickness of counterforts 0.05h = 0.425 m Provide thickness of counterforts = 0.45 m ii Thickness of Heel Slab Provide thickness of Heel Slab iii Thickness of Toe Slab Provide thickness of Toe Slab iv Thickness of Stem Slab Provide thickness of Stem Slab at base Provide thickness of Stem Slab at top of the wall = 0.05h = 0.08h = .06h = = 0.55 m 0.3 m = 0.45 m 0.68 m 0.70 m 0.51 m 0.425 m

v For an economical proportioning of the length L of the base slab, it is assumed that the reaction R at the Base of footing is in line with the front face of the Stem. For such a condition, X = ((Ca/3) x h = = (.33333/3) x 8.5 2.83 m = 1.5 x X = 4.245 L = 4.80

Assuming a triangular base pressure distribution, L = length of the base Slab Provide length of the base slab

m m

3 Stability against overturning i Forces due to active Pressure (per m length of the wall) Pa = Ca x g xh2/2 = 192.667 KN ii Overturning moment, Mo = =

Pa x h/3 545.890 Kn-m (per m length of wall)

iii Line of action of resultant of vertical forces with respect to the heel can be located by applying statics, considering 1 length of the wall (fig. 2) Force (KN) W1 = 16 x 2.7x (8.5-.45) W2 = 25 x 0.3x (8.5-.45) W3 = (25-16) x 0.5x0.25x (8.5-.45) W4 = 25 x3.00x0.45 W5 = 25 x1.5x0.70 = = = = = w = 322 60.38 9.06 31.5 35 457.94 distance from heel (m) 1.25 2.65 2.42 1.4 3.8 Mw = moment (KN-m) 402.500 160.007 21.925 44.100 133.000 761.532

Distance of Resultant Vertical force from Heel = Mw/W = 1.663 iv Stabilising Moment (about toe) Mr = = W (L-Xw) 1436.558 KN-m 0.9 Mr Mo > W = = Lr-L/2 0.456 = 1.40 OK (per m length of wall) (per m length of wall) Xw

(FS)overturning

= 2.368 4 Soil Pressures at Footing Base i Resultant vertical reaction R = ii Distance of R from Heel Lr iii Eccentricity e = =

457.94 KN (Mw+Mo)/R 2.856 m < (L/6) =

(0.80) OK resultant lies Well inside the midddle third of the base

=> =>

6e/L qmin

= = = =

0.570 R L

(1-6e/L) > < 0 qa = Safe OK 2 150 KN/m

2 41.02379 KN/m 2 149.7845 KN/m

5 Stability against Sliding i Sliding Force, Pa = 192.667 KN F ii Resisting force (ignoring Passive pressure), iii (F.S)sliding 0.9 x F Pa

(per m length of wall) = R 228.97 KN =

>

Pa

= 1.07 < 1.4 Unsafe against Sliding Hence a Shear key needs to be provided to generate the balance force through passive Resistance Providing a Shear Key 400 mm X 300 mm h2 = 1.2 + 0.3 + 2.4 tan(0) = 2.89 m Pp = Cpge(h2 -h1 )/2 = 165.891 KN
2 2

at 2.40 m from Toe as shown in fig. 3

=>

(FS)sliding

0.9 x (F + Pp) Pa

= 1.84 > 1.4 Safe Against Sliding 6 Design of Toe Slab i The loads considered for the design of the toe slab are shown in fig.4 The net pressure acting upward are obtained by reducing the uniformly distributed self weight of the toe Slab from the gross pressure at the base. KN/m2 Self Weight loading = 17.50 ii The Net upword presure varies from 132.3 KN/m2 to 87.0 KN/m2 as Shown in fig.4 iii Assuming a Clear Cover of 75 mm and bar dia. 16 mm effective depth, d = 617 mm iv Applying a load fector of 1.5, the design shear force (at d = 617 mm from the face of stem) and the design moment at the face of the stem are given by 1.5 x (132.3+87)/2 x (2-0.617) Vu = 227.42 KN/m Mu 1.5 x( (87x22/2)+(132.3-87)x0.5x2.02x2/3 = 351.54 KN-m Vu v Nominal Shear Stress c = bd MPa = 0.369 For c = 0.369 MPa the required Pt vi R = = => => Therefore => (Ast)reqd. (Pt)required 100 Pt Pt Mu bd2 0.923 = = = = MPa 25 2x415 0.268 % 0.27 % 1666 mm
2

0.27 %

(1 - (1 - 4.598 x R/fck)) < 0.27 required for Shear

using 16 mm bars, spacing required = 121 mm using 20 mm bars, spacing required = 189 mm Provide 16 bars @ 120 mm C/C Spacing at the bottom of the toe Slab. The bars should extend by atleast a distance Ld = 752 mm beyond the front face of the stem, on both sides. * Distribution Steel Provide 10 bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing for the transverse reinforcement. 7 Design of Heel Slab i The loads (net pressures) considered for the design of the Heel slab are as shown in fig. 4. The distributed loading acting downward on the heel slab is given by 2 a) Overbarden @ 16 x (8.5-0.45) = 128.80 KN/m b) Heel Slab @ 25 x 0.45 => = w= 11.25 140.05 KN/m
2

* *

KN/m2 and
2 99.03 KnN/m

2 The net pressure acts downwards, varing between 41.249 KnN/m as shown in fig. 4 * Design of Heel slab for continuous beam action Assuming a Clear Cover of 75 mm and 16 mm Bars, Effective Depth, d = 367 mm Considering 1 m wide strip near the free edge of the heel fig. 5

2 73.35 KN/m 2 Therefore the average loading on the strip is 86.19 KN/m 2 Applying a load fector of 1.5, Wu = 129.285 KN/m Effective Span, l = 3.367 m Max. Negative moment occuring in the heel slab at the counterfourt location is given by, Mu,-ve = Wul2/12

The intensity of pressure at a distance of 1 m from the free edge is

= 122.138 KN/m Max. mid span moment may be taken as, Mu,+ve = Wul2/16 0.75 x Mu,-ve = 91.604 KN/m Design Shear Force Vu = Wu x (Clear Span/2 - d) = 146.479 KN/m Design of top Reinforcement (for -ve moments) at the counterforts Vu * Nominal Shear Stress tv = bd MPa = 0.399 for * tc = Mu bd2 0.907 MPa 25 2x415 0.26% (1 - (1 - 4.598 x R/fck)) < 0.33 % required for shear 0.399 MPa 0.33 % With M 25 concrete required pt = R = = => (Pt)required 100 Therefore Ast = Uising

= =

2 1193 mm / m 16 mm Spacing required = 12 mm Spacing required =

(required at 1m from the free edge) 168 mm 95 mm

Minimum Ast = 0.12 % bd mm2 / m mm2 / m = 540 < 1193 At a distance beyound 1 m from the free edge, only minimum rft. Need to be provided Spaceing of 12 mm bars required for min. rft. = 209 mm OK

* Provide 12 mm bars @ 200 mm c/c Spacing at the top of the Heel Slab throughout, and introduce additional 12 mm bars in between two adjecent bars at the counterforts near the free edge over a distance of app. 1 m. * Design of Bottom Reinforcement (for +ve moment) at mid -Span of heel slab R = (Pt)required 100 0.75 x R (required for (-) ve moment) MPa 0.680 =

25 (1 - (1 - 4.598 x R/fck)) 2x415 = 0.19% 2 mm /m Therefore Ast = 714 > Minimum Ast = 540 Spaceing of 12 mm Spacing required = 158 mm * Provide 12 mm bars @ 150 mm C/C Spacing at the bottom of the heel slab throughout Distribution Steel Provide 12 mm bars @ 200 C/C Spacing =>

mm /m

* Design of Heel Slab for Cantilever action Cosidering a triangular loading on the heel slab Fig.5 to be carried by cantilever action with fixity at the face of the stem. KN/m2 The intensity of loading at the face of the stem = 41.25 The intensity of load at a distance of 1.50 m Total B.M due to loading on the triangular portion = from the face of the stem is 79.77 KN/m2

( x3.0x1.5) x [(41.25x1.5/3)+(79.77-41.25)x1.5/(2x3)]

2 = 68.073 KN/m This moment is distributed non uniformly across the width of 3.0 m. For design purpose, the max moment intensity may be taken as two times the average value. KN/m2 Mmax => = 45.382

Effective depth,d = 355 mm (for 12 mm bars) Applying a load factor of 1.5, Mu R = bd2 0.360 MPa = => (Pt)required 100 = 25 2x415 0.10% 360 210 180 mm (1 - (1 - 4.598 x R/fck)) mm2/m mm c/c Spacing mm2/m

= Therefore Ast = Provide 12 12 bars @ bars @

<

Minimum Ast =

540

at the top of the Heel Slab throughout

* Design of Vertical Stem Height of Stem above base, h = 8.05 m Intensity of Earth Pressure at the base of the Stem is Pa = Ca e h = 42.93 KN/m Applya load factor of 1.5 2 Wu = 64.40 KN/m Clearing spacing between counterfourts, =
2

(Linearly varing to zero at the top) at base 3.00 m

* Design of Stem for continuous Beam Action At Base Assuming a clear cover of 50 mm and 20 f effective depth, d = (550 50 20 ) = 480 mm and effective Span l = 3 + 0.48 = 3.48 m Max. -ve moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location is given by, Mu,-ve = Wul2/12 = 64.99 KNm/m Max. +ve moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location is given by, Mu,+ve = Wul2/16 = 48.74 KNm/m Design Shear force Vu = Wu x (clearspan/2 - d) = 65.688 KN/m Design of (rear face) reinforcement for -ve moments at the counterforts Mu R = 2 bd = 0.28 Mpa (Pt)required 25 (1 - (1 - 4.598 x R/fck)) => = 100 2x415 mm2/m (Ast)reqd. => = 381 Minimum Ast = 0.12 100 660 = = ( 1000 ) mm /m Vu bd 0.137
2

bars

0.000792

( 550 ) > 381 mm /m

2

= Check for shear at base tv

MPa

<

0.29 MPa (for minimum pt = 0.15)

OK Design of (front face) reinforcement for +ve moment in the mid span of Stem The minimum reinforcement requirment will govern the design on both faces, Since Mu,+ve < Mu, -ve Using Provide 12 mm bars, spacing required = 172 mm 12 mm bars (horizental) @ 170 mm C/C Spacing on both faces of the stem (upto one - third height above base)

At one third height above base depth of Stem at one third portion, d = Effective Span, I = 3.417 m 2 Mu,-ve = Wul /12 = 41.77 R = = => (Pt)required 100 (Ast)reqd. Ast = = 12 mm 12 mm KNm/m Mu bd 0.240 = = = 0.12 100 501 f f
2

417 mm

MPa 25 (1 - (1 - 4.598 x R/fck)) 2x415 0.000673 mm2/m 281 ( 1000 ) ( 417 )

=>

Minimum

Using Provide

> mm2/m mm2/m 281 bars, spacing required = 226 mm bars(horizental) @ 200 mm C/C Spacing on both faces of the stem (in the middle one third Height)

At two third heights above base 0.12 Min. Ast = ( 1000 ) ( 334 ) 100 mm2/m = 401 Using 12 mm f bars, spacing required = 282 mm Provide 12 mm bars(horizental) @ 250 mm C/C Spacing on both faces f of the stem (in the Upper one third Height) * Design of Stem for Cantilever action Considering the triangular loading on the stem (fig. 6) to be carried by Cantilever action about the face of the Stem as follows 2 The intensity of horizental pressure at the base of the stem = 42.93 KN/m The intensity of horizental pressure at a distance 1.50 m from the base of the stem is =
2 34.93 KN/m

300

2500

GL

7000

W1
W2

GL
1500 700

W3

8500

Counterforts @ Spacing

3.00 m

Pa

W5
2000

550

W4
2800

450 Cageh

h/3

L=

4800

Fig. 1 : Forces on Retaing Wall with preliminary proportions W =

457.94

KN Xw = 1663 m

Mo =
2000

545.890

41.02 149.78KN/m2

KN/m2

W=R
e = 456

Lr =2856 L/2 =2400

L = 4800
Fig. 2 : Calculations of Soil Pressures 300 mm Neglected GL 2000 h1 = 1200

h2

300

Pp

2400 400 Shear Key

Cageh Fig. 3 : Design of Shear Key

2000

550

2250

17.50 140.05

41.02 149.78 104.466 98.801 99.03

132.28 86.97

41.249

Fig. 4 : Net soil pressure acting on base slab 41.25 79.77 73.35

99.03

Stem Stem 450 Counterfort 45 TOE SLAB TOE SLAB Heel Slab

3000

Heel Slab 45 Counterfort

450

1500

1000 2250 2000 550 2250

2000

550

(a) Cantilever action

(a) continuous beam action

Fig. 5 : Loading consideration for simplified analysis of Heel slab

Stem

Counterfort h= 8050

34.93

KN/m2

1500

450

Heel Slab
2 42.93 KN/m

3000 450 450

Fig. 6 : Loading consideration for simplified analysis of Stem