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4.2 SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is meant by cell? The basic living unit of the body is cell. The function of organs and other structure of the body is understood by cell organization. 2. Give the abbreviation form for RNA, DNA? RNA Ribo Nucleic Acid DNADe- Oxy Nucleic Acid 3. What are resting and action potential & bio electric potential? The membrane potential caused by the different concentration of ions is called resting potential. It is caused by very rapid change of membrane permeability to sodium ions followed by recovery period. The positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation is called action potential. Certain systems of the body generate their own monitoring signals conveying useful information about the functions they represent. Such signals are bio electric potentials and are related to nerve conduction, brain activity, heart beat etc. 4.What is meant by Resting Potential? Equilibrium is reached with a potential difference across the membrane such that negative on inside and positive on outside. This membrane potential caused by the different concentration of irons is called Resting Potential. 5.What is meant by Action Potential? Cell has a slightly positive potential on the inside due to imbalance of potassium ions. This positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation is called Action Potential and is about 20 mV. 6.Give any 4 factors to be considered when we design any medical Instrument? Accuracy, Frequency Response, Linearity, S/N ratio, Stability, sensitivity 7.What is Electrode Potential? The voltage developed at an electrode-electrolyte interface is known as Electrode Potential. 8.What is the purpose of electrode paste? The electrode paste decreases the impedence of the contact the artifacts resulting from the movement of the electrode or patient. 9.Give the different types of electrodes? Microelectrodes, Depth and needle electrodes, Surface electrodes

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10.Give the different types of Surface electrodes? Metal Plate electrodes Suction cup electrodes Adhesive tape electrodes Multi point electrodes Floating electrodes 11.What is a Defibrillator? A defibrillator is an electronic device that creates a sustained myocardial depolarization of a patient s heart in order to stop ventricular fibrillation or artial fibrillation. 12.What are the characteristics of a DC amplifier? It may need balanced differential inputs giving a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).It should have an extremely good thermal and long term stability. 13. Enumerate the merits and demerits of a dc amplifier? It is easy to calibrate at low frequencies. It is able to recover from an overload condition unlike its AC counterpart. 14. Define transducers. Transducers are defined as a device which when actuated, transforms energy from one form to another. Generally, any physical parameters is converted into electrical form. 15.What are the 2 types of transducers? Electrical and Mechanical 16.Name the parameters that dictate the transducer capability Linearity Repeatability Resolution and Reliability 17.Define sensitivity Sensitivity is defines as the electrical output per unit change in the physical parameter. High sensitivity is generally desirable for a transducer. 18.Classify electrical transducers. Active Passive

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19.Name the 2 parts of a transducer Sensing element Transduction element 20.Mention the factors considered while selecting a transducer. Operating range Sensitivity Frequency response & resonant frequency Environmental compatibility Minimum sensitivity Accuracy Usage and ruggedness Electrical parameters 21.What is meant by POT? POT is a resistive potentiometer used for the purpose of voltage division. It consists for a resistive element provided with a sliding contact called as wiper. 22.Explain the working principle of a strain gauge. Strain gauge works on the principal that the resistance of a conductor or a semiconductor changes when strained. This property can be used for measurement of displacement, force and pressure. 23.Name the different types of strain gauges. Un-bonded metal strain gauge Bonded metal wire strain gauge Bonded metal foil strain gauge Vacuum deposited thin metal film strain gauge Sputter deposited thin metal strain gauge Bonded semiconductor strain gauge Diffused metal strain gauge 24.What is meant by rosette? It is a combination of strain gauges to a single element strain gauge. 25.Give the 3 working principles of variable inductance transducers Change of self inductance Change of mutual inductance Production of eddy currents. 26.Write notes on LVDT It is the linear variable differential transformer which is used to translate the linear motion into electrical signals. It consists of a single primary winding and 2 secondary winding.

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27.List the advantages of LVDT High range of displacement measurement Friction & electrical isolation Immunity from external effects High I/p and high sensitivity Ruggedness Low hysterisis & low power consumption. 28.What is a digitizer? It is a digital encoding transducer that enables a linear or rotary displacement to be directly converted into digital form without intermediate forms of analog to digital (A/D) conversion. 29. Classify the pacemakers Fixed rate pacemakers. Ventricular Synchronous pacemakers Demand pacemakers Atrial Synchronous pacemakers 30. Different methods of stimulation External stimulation,Internal stimulation 31.Define electrode , what are the type of electrodes. Devices that convert ionic potentials into electronic potentials are called electrodes. There are three types of electrodes, They are Micro electrode Depth and needle electrode Surface and needle electrode 35. Define neuron, nerve fibers. The basic Units of the nervous system is the neuron. A bundle of individual nerve fibers is called a nerve .A neuron is a single cell with a cell body, called soma, one or more inputs fibers called dendrites and a long transmitting fiber called axon. Both axons and dendrites are called nerve fibers. 36. What are parts of central nervous system? It consists of 1010 neurons. The brain consists of cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. Cerebrum consists of two hemispheres and there are divided into frontal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe. Cerebellum consists of two hemispheres. They regulated the coordination of muscular movements. 37. Name the pars that contain peripheral nervous system. The neve fibers outside the central nervous system called peripheral nerves. It consists of motor and sensory nerves.

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38. Define circulatory system It is a type of transport system. It helps in supplying the oxygen and digested food to different parts of our body and removing CO2 from the blood. The heart is the center of the circulatory system. 39.Define heart, lung? Heart is a pumping organ which eats regularly and continuously for years. It beats seventy times a minute at rest. Contraction is systole and relaxation is diastole. 40.Define circulation and respiration? We can define from the engineering point of view, the circulation is a high resistance circuit with a large pressure gradient between the arteries and veins The exchange of any gases in any biological process is termed as respiration 41.What is mean by transducer? It is a device which detects or senses the bio signal and converts it in to an electrical signal for bio signal processing 42.Define strain gauge? It is a electrical device which is used to measure stress or pressure in terms of strain using the principle of change of resistively due to mechanical stress 43.How are transducer are classified? They can be classified into different types based on the energy conversion, application and so on. They are two types Active transducer: A transducer that gives its output without the use of an excitation voltage or modulation of a carrier signal is called an active transducer Passive transducer: A transducer that gives its output using an excitation voltage or modulation of a carrier signal is called a passive transducer. Generally the active transducer converts a non- electrical energy into electrical energy and converts an electrical into non electrical energy.

16 mark questions
UNIT I PHYSIOLOGY AND TRANSDUCERS 1. Discuss in detail about action potential and resting potential.(16) 2. Explain with neat sketch anatomy and conducting system of heart. Also discuss cardio vascular circulating system with block diagram. (16) 3. Explain with neat sketch anatomy and physiology of central nervous and peripheral nervous system. (16) 4. Explain the process of propagation of electrical pulses along the axon with relevant diagrams. (16)

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5. Draw diagrams illustrating the process of respiration and circulation. States the purpose served by these two systems and explain the processes involved in the operation of these two system. (16) 6. What are the requirements of a good physiological transducer and explain the operation of any two types of physiological transducers with relevant sketches? (16) 7. Draw the structure of a living cell of a body and explain its constituents.(16) UNIT II ELECTRO PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 1. Explain the various types of amplifiers listed below, with a neat circuit diagram. i) differential amplifier ii) chopper amplifier iii) isolation amplifier (16) 2. Draw equivalent circuit of a biopotential electrode interface. Discuss in detail about various types of biopotential electrodes. (16) 3. Describe in detail about unipolar and bipolar limb lead system used for measuring ECG signal. (16) 4. Explain about a typical single channel ECG recorder with proper justification for the inclusion of each block of the system and give the normal ECG wave pattern. (16) 5. Explain the working principle of a ECG machine with a neat block diagram. (16) 6. State the basic elements of electro cardiograph and explain the working of each of these. What are the different ways in which ECG helps in providing medical care to patients? (16) 7. Design a simple medical preamplifier circuit and explain its action. Also derive its voltage gain. (16) 8. Write a short notes on i) Micro electrodes ii) Needle electrodes iii) Surface electrodes (16) 9. With a neat block diagram, explain the working principle of EEG machine. (16) 10. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of EMG. (16) 11. With a neat diagram, explain the working principle of ERG. (16) 12. Name three basic types of biopotential electrodes and explain their applications. (16) UNIT III NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS 1. i) Explain the working principle of a electromagnetic type blood flow meter. ii) Define cardiac output. Discuss a technique to determine cardiac output.(16) 2. Explain, a complete blood gas analyzer designed to measure pH, pCO2,pO2 from a sample of whole blood. (16) 3. Explain how the various Physiological parameters listed below could be measured. i) To measure the B.P ( any technique) ii) To measure the blood flow by electromagnetic blood flow meter.
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iii) To measure the respiratory measurement. (16) 4. i) Explain the principle of operation of an ultrasonic blood flow meter. (8) ii) How will you measure blood pressure using sphygmomanometer? (8) 5. Draw schematic diagram showing the essential components of U-V recorder. Explain the operation of this recorder and state the applications of this device. (16) 6. Explain with neat sketch a typical blood flow meter. Discuss working of digital pH meter. (16) 7. i) Explain the origin of different heart sounds. (8) ii) Explain the working principle of Plethysmography. (8) 8. i) What is GSR and ESR? (4) ii) Describe the method to determine the concentration of Oxygen in expired gas. (12)

UNIT IV MEDICAL IMAGING AND PMS 1. i) Discuss in detail about the basic components of a multichannel biotelemetry system.(8) ii) Explain various modulation techniques used in a telemetry system. (8) 2. i) Explain the working principle of single channel telemetry system with a neat block diagram. (8) ii) Write short notes on endoscopes. (8) 3. i) Draw an X-ray tube and explain generation of X-rays. (8) ii) List out the properties of X-rays. (8) 4. Discuss the working principle of an infrared thermographic equipment. Mention applications of thermography. (16) 5. Explain the working of a thermographic unit with a neat block diagram. (16) 6. i) Write down the application of Bio Telemetry. (6) ii) What are the Physiological parameters adaptable to Bio Telemetry.(6) iii) Draw a block diagram of a typical Bio Telemetry Transmitter(4) 7. With reference to Electrical Safety. Write about i) Grounding ii) Double Insulation iii) Protection by low voltage iv) Ground Fault circuit Interrupter v) Shock hazards from electrical equipment. (16) 8. How is magnetic resonance imaging system, useful in the medical field? Explain the operation of this system with relevant sketches. (16) 9. What is the role of computed tomography in diagonising a disease? Give examples. Describe the technique of obtaining tomography with relevant diagrams. (16) 10. Describe with neat sketch construction and working of various components in X-ray machine. (16) 11. i) Explain the working of Radiography and Fluoroscopy in detail. (8) ii) Distinguish between TDM and FDM. (8) 12. i) Draw a telemetry circuit to transmit ECG signals in a reliable manner. (8) ii) Explain with block diagram the patient monitoring system using telemetry. (8)

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UNIT V- ASSISTING AND THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENTS 1. Explain the basic principle of operation of an ultrasonic diathermy unit. List out its applications. (16) 2. Explain the working of a DC defibrillator with a neat block diagram. (16) 3. What is dialysis? Explain the principle of operation of a dialyser machine with a neat block diagram. (16) 4. Explain the working of Heart Lung machine. (16) 5. Write short notes on: i) Short wave diathermy ii) Microwave diathermy. (16) 6. Explain the working principle of surgical diathermy unit with a neat block diagram. (16) 7. Discuss different types of defibrillators with a neat sketch. (16) 8. Describe with diagram of peritoneal dialysis. Also discuss with block diagram of electrosurgical diathermy unit. (16) 9. Explain the process of dialysis with diagrams. How does this technique play a useful role in medical field? Give a few examples and state the limitations of this technique. (16) 10. i) Explain in detail about the instrumentation aspects of defibrillators. (8) ii) Draw the typical waveforms of DC defibrillator discharge waveform dual peak monophasic defibrillator discharge waveform truncated defibrillator discharge waveform. (8) 11. i) What are Internal Pace Maker, External Pace Maker, Competitive and Non Competitive Pacing modes, Demand mode, Standby mode. (8) ii) Draw the block diagram of a typical Internal pacemaker. (8) 12. What is a Synchronised defibrillator? Draw a block diagram of it and explain its working. (16) 13. Draw a circuit diagram of a Peripheral nerve stimulator and explain it and also discuss the different types of stimulator waveforms. (16) 14. i) Explain the principle of working of Ventilators. (8) ii) Explain about audiometers in bio-medical instrumentation. (8)

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