The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Explained

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories

John Huerta
Department of Mathematics UC Riverside
Oral Exam Presentation
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Introduction
This talk is an introduction to the representation theory used in The Standard Model of Particle Physics (SM); Certain extensions of the SM, called Grand Unied Theories (GUTs).
Theres a lot I wont talk about: quantum eld theory; spontaneous symmetry breaking; any sort of dynamics. This stuff is essential to particle physics. What I discuss here is just one small piece.
Theres a loose correspondence between particle physics and representation theory:
Theres a loose correspondence between particle physics and representation theory: Particles basis vectors in a representation V of a Lie group G. Classication of particles decomposition into irreps. Unication G H ; particles are unied into fewer irreps. Grand Unication as above, but H is simple. The Standard Model a particular representation VSM of a particular Lie group GSM .
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories The Standard Model The Group
The Standard Model group is GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3)
The Standard Model group is GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) The factor U(1) SU(2) corresponds to the electroweak force. It represents a unication of electromagnetism and the weak force.
The Standard Model group is GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) The factor U(1) SU(2) corresponds to the electroweak force. It represents a unication of electromagnetism and the weak force. Spontaneous symmetry breaking makes the electromagnetic and weak forces look different; at high energies, theyre the same.
The Standard Model group is GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) The factor U(1) SU(2) corresponds to the electroweak force. It represents a unication of electromagnetism and the weak force. Spontaneous symmetry breaking makes the electromagnetic and weak forces look different; at high energies, theyre the same. SU(3) corresponds to the strong force, which binds quarks together. No symmetry breaking here.
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories The Standard Model The Particles
Name
Standard Model Representation Symbol GSM -representation L eL

b r uL , uL , uL g b r dL , dL , dL g
Left-handed leptons
C1 C2 C C 1 C2 C3
3
Left-handed quarks Right-handed neutrino Right-handed electron Right-handed up quarks Right-handed down quarks
R
eR r b uR , uR , uR r b dR , dR , dR g g
C0 C C C2 C C C 4 C C3
3
C 2 C C3
3
Here, weve written a bunch of GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) irreps as U V W , where
Here, weve written a bunch of GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) irreps as U V W , where
1 Z. The underlying vector U is a U(1) irrep CY , where Y 3 space is just C, and the action is given by
z = 3Y z ,
U(1), z C
V is an SU(2) irrep, either C or C2 . W is an SU(3) irrep, either C or C3 .
Physicists use these irreps to classify the particles:
Physicists use these irreps to classify the particles: The number Y in CY is called the hypercharge. C2 = u , d ; u and d are called isospin up and isospin down. C3 = r , g , b ; r , g , and b are called red, green, and blue.
Physicists use these irreps to classify the particles: The number Y in CY is called the hypercharge. C2 = u , d ; u and d are called isospin up and isospin down. C3 = r , g , b ; r , g , and b are called red, green, and blue. For example:
r = 1 u r C C2 C3 , say the red left-handed up uL 1
quark is the hypercharge 1 3 , isospin up, red particle.

eR = 1 1 1 C2 C C, say the right-handed electron is the hypercharge 2 isospin singlet which is colorless.
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories The Standard Model The Representation
We take the direct sum of all these irreps, dening the reducible representation, F = C 1 C2 C C 2 C C3
3
which well call the fermions.
3
which well call the fermions. We also have the antifermions, F , which is just the dual of F.
3
which well call the fermions. We also have the antifermions, F , which is just the dual of F. Direct summing these, we get the Standard Model representation VSM = F F
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories
The GUTs Goal: GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) is a mess!
The GUTs Goal: GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) is a mess! VSM = C1 C2 C C 2 C C3 is a 3 mess!
The GUTs Goal: GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) is a mess! VSM = C1 C2 C C 2 C C3 is a 3 mess! Explain the hypercharges!
The GUTs Goal: GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) is a mess! VSM = C1 C2 C C 2 C C3 is a 3 mess! Explain the hypercharges! Explain other patterns:
dim VSM = 32 = 25 ; symmetry between quarks and leptons; asymmetry between left and right.
The GUTs trick: if V is a representation of G and GSM G, then
The GUTs trick: if V is a representation of G and GSM G, then V is also representation of GSM ; V may break apart into more GSM -irreps than G-irreps.
More precisely, we want: A homomorphism : GSM G. A unitary representation : G U(V ). An isomorphism of vector spaces f : VSM V . Such that /G GSM

U(f )
U(VSM ) commutes.
/ U(V )
More precisely, we want: A homomorphism : GSM G. A unitary representation : G U(V ). An isomorphism of vector spaces f : VSM V . Such that /G GSM

U(f )
U(VSM ) commutes.
/ U(V )
In short: V becomes isomorphic to VSM when we restrict from G to GSM .
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories The SU(5) Theory
The SU(5) GUT, due to Georgi and Glashow, is all about 2 isospins + 3 colors = 5 things:
The SU(5) GUT, due to Georgi and Glashow, is all about 2 isospins + 3 colors = 5 things: Take C5 = u , d , r , g , b . C5 is a representation of SU(5), as is the 32-dimensional exterior algebra: C 5 = 0 C 5 1 C 5 2 C 5 3 C 5 4 C 5 5 C 5
The SU(5) GUT, due to Georgi and Glashow, is all about 2 isospins + 3 colors = 5 things: Take C5 = u , d , r , g , b . C5 is a representation of SU(5), as is the 32-dimensional exterior algebra: C 5 = 0 C 5 1 C 5 2 C 5 3 C 5 4 C 5 5 C 5 Theorem Theres a homomorphism : GSM SU(5) and a linear isomorphism h : VSM C5 making GSM

/ SU(5) / U(C5 )
U(VSM ) commute.
U(h)
Proof Let S(U(2) U(3)) SU(5) be the subgroup preserving the 2 + 3 splitting C2 C3 = C5 .
Proof Let S(U(2) U(3)) SU(5) be the subgroup preserving the 2 + 3 splitting C2 C3 = C5 . Can nd : GSM S(U(2) U(3)) SU(5).
Proof Let S(U(2) U(3)) SU(5) be the subgroup preserving the 2 + 3 splitting C2 C3 = C5 . Can nd : GSM S(U(2) U(3)) SU(5). The representation C5 of SU(5) is isomorphic to VSM when pulled back to GSM .
Proof Let S(U(2) U(3)) SU(5) be the subgroup preserving the 2 + 3 splitting C2 C3 = C5 . Can nd : GSM S(U(2) U(3)) SU(5). The representation C5 of SU(5) is isomorphic to VSM when pulled back to GSM . We dene by : (, g , h) U(1)SU(2)SU(3) 3 g 0 0 2 h SU(5)
maps GSM onto S(U(2) U(3)), but it has a kernel: ker = {(, 3 , 2 )|6 = 1} = Z6
maps GSM onto S(U(2) U(3)), but it has a kernel: ker = {(, 3 , 2 )|6 = 1} = Z6 Thus GSM /Z6 = S(U(2) U(3)) The subgroup Z6 GSM acts trivially on VSM .
Because GSM respects the 2 + 3 splitting C 5 = (C2 C3 ) = C 2 C 3
Because GSM respects the 2 + 3 splitting C 5 = (C2 C3 ) = C 2 C 3 As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 0 0 C 2 C 1 1 C 2 C 2 2 C 2
Because GSM respects the 2 + 3 splitting C 5 = (C2 C3 ) = C 2 C 3 As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 0 0 C 2 C 1 1 C 2 C 2 2 C 2
As a GSM -representation, C 3 = C0 0 C3 C 2 1 C3
3
C 4 2 C3
3
C2 3 C3
Then tensor them together, use C2 = C2 and CY1 CY2 = CY1 +Y2 to see how VSM = C 5 as GSM -representations.
Then tensor them together, use C2 = C2 and CY1 CY2 = CY1 +Y2 to see how VSM = C 5 as GSM -representations. Thus theres a linear isomorphism h : VSM C5 making GSM

/ SU(5) / U(C5 )
U(VSM ) commute.
U(h)
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories The PatiSalam Model
The idea of the PatiSalam model, due to Pati and Salam:
The idea of the PatiSalam model, due to Pati and Salam: Unify the C3 C representation of SU(3) into the irrep C4 of SU(4). This creates explicit symmetry between quarks and leptons.
The idea of the PatiSalam model, due to Pati and Salam: Unify the C3 C representation of SU(3) into the irrep C4 of SU(4). This creates explicit symmetry between quarks and leptons. Unify the C2 C C representations of SU(2) into the representation C2 C C C2 of SU(2) SU(2). This treats left and right more symmetrically.
Name
Standard Model Representation Symbol GSM -representation L eL

b r uL , uL , uL g b r dL , dL , dL g
Left-handed leptons
C1 C2 C C 1 C2 C3
3
Left-handed quarks Right-handed neutrino Right-handed electron Right-handed up quarks Right-handed down quarks
R
eR r b uR , uR , uR r b dR , dR , dR g g
C0 C C C2 C C C 4 C C3
3
C 2 C C3
3
Name
The PatiSalam representation Symbol SU(2) SU(2) SU(4)representation

b r L , uL , uL , uL g r b eL , dL , dL , dL r b R , uR , uR , uR g r b eR , dR , dR , dR g g
Left-handed fermions
C2 C C4
Right-handed fermions
C C2 C4
Name

C2 C C4
C C2 C4
Write GPS = SU(2) SU(2) SU(4).
Name

C2 C C4
C C2 C4
Write GPS = SU(2) SU(2) SU(4). Write VPS = C2 C C4 C C2 C4 dual.
To make the PatiSalam model work, we need to prove Theorem There exists maps : GSM GPS and f : VSM VPS which make the diagram GSM

/G PS / U(V PS )
U(VSM ) commute.
U(f )
Proof Want : GSM SU(2) SU(2) SU(4):
Proof Want : GSM SU(2) SU(2) SU(4): Pick so GSM maps to a subgroup of SU(2) SU(2) SU(4) that preserves the 3 + 1 splitting C4 = C3 C and the 1 + 1 splitting C C2 =CC
We need some facts:
We need some facts: Spin(2n) has a representation Cn , called the Dirac spinors. SU(2) SU(2) = Spin(4), and C2 C C C2 = C 2 SU(4) = Spin(6), and C4 C4 = C 3 .
We need some facts: Spin(2n) has a representation Cn , called the Dirac spinors. SU(2) SU(2) = Spin(4), and C2 C C C2 = C 2 SU(4) = Spin(6), and C4 C4 = C 3 . VPS = C2 C3 as a representation of GPS = Spin(4) Spin(6).
We need some facts: Spin(2n) has a representation Cn , called the Dirac spinors. SU(2) SU(2) = Spin(4), and C2 C C C2 = C 2 SU(4) = Spin(6), and C4 C4 = C 3 . VPS = C2 C3 as a representation of GPS = Spin(4) Spin(6). 4 C = odd C3 = 1 C3 3 C3 has a 3 + 1 splitting the grading!
We need some facts: Spin(2n) has a representation Cn , called the Dirac spinors. SU(2) SU(2) = Spin(4), and C2 C C C2 = C 2 SU(4) = Spin(6), and C4 C4 = C 3 . VPS = C2 C3 as a representation of GPS = Spin(4) Spin(6). 4 C = odd C3 = 1 C3 3 C3 has a 3 + 1 splitting the grading! C C2 = ev C2 = 0 C2 2 C2 has a 1 + 1 splitting the grading!
Build so that maps GSM onto the subgroup S(U(3) U(1)) Spin(6) that preserves the 3 + 1 splitting: (, x , y ) U(1) SU(2) SU(3) y 0 0 3
Build so that maps GSM onto the subgroup S(U(3) U(1)) Spin(6) that preserves the 3 + 1 splitting: (, x , y ) U(1) SU(2) SU(3) y 0 0 3
maps GSM onto the subgroup SU(2) S(U(1) U(1)) Spin(4) that preserves the 1 + 1 splitting: (, x , y ) U(1) SU(2) SU(3) x, 3 0 0 3
The payoff: As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 1 0 C 2 C 0 1 C 2 C 1 2 C 2
The payoff: As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 1 0 C 2 Earlier, we had C 2 = C 0 0 C 2 C 1 1 C 2 C 2 2 C 2 C 0 1 C 2 C 1 2 C 2
As a GSM -representation, C 3 = C1 0 C3 C 1 1 C3
3
C 1 2 C3
3
C1 3 C3
As a GSM -representation, C 3 = C1 0 C3 Earlier, we had C 3 = C0 0 C3 C 2 1 C3

3
C 1 1 C3
3
C 1 2 C3
3
C1 3 C3
C 4 2 C3
3
C2 3 C3
We can recycle the fact that VSM = C2 C3 from the SU(5) theory.
We can recycle the fact that VSM = C2 C3 from the SU(5) theory. Thus theres an isomorphism of vector spaces f : VSM C2 C3 such that GSM

/ Spin(4) Spin(6) / U(C2 C3 )
U(VSM ) commutes.
U(f )
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories The Spin(10) Theory
Extend the SU(5) theory to get the Spin(10) theory, due to Georgi: In general, SU(n)
/ Spin(2n) KK KK KK KK K%
U(Cn )
Extend the SU(5) theory to get the Spin(10) theory, due to Georgi: In general, SU(n)
/ Spin(2n) KK KK KK KK K%
U(Cn )
Set n = 5: SU(5)

/ Spin(10) / U(C5 )
U(C5 )
Or extend the PatiSalam model: In general, Spin(2n) Spin(2m)

/ Spin(2n + 2m) / U(Cn+m )
U(Cn Cm )
U(g )
Or extend the PatiSalam model: In general, Spin(2n) Spin(2m)

/ Spin(2n + 2m) / U(Cn+m )
U(Cn Cm ) Set n = 2 and m = 3:
U(g )
Spin(4) Spin(6)

/ Spin(10) / U(C5 )
U(C2 C3 )
U(g )
The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Conclusion
Theorem The cube of GUTs G n SM n n nnn nnn n n v n n
Spin(4) Spin(6)
/ Spin(10)
/ SU(5) s s ss sss s s y s
U(C2 C3 ) commutes.
n nnn v nn n
U(f ) nnnn
U(VSM )
U(g )
U(h)
/ U(C5 )
/ U(C5 ) ss 1 sss s s y ss s
Proof The vertical faces of the cube commute.
Proof The vertical faces of the cube commute. The two maps from GSM to U(C5 ) are equal: GSM

/ SU(5)
Spin(4) Spin(6)
/ Spin(10)
/ U(C5 )
Proof The vertical faces of the cube commute. The two maps from GSM to U(C5 ) are equal: GSM

/ SU(5)
Spin(4) Spin(6)
/ Spin(10)
/ U(C5 )
C5 is a faithful representation of Spin(10) the top face commutes: GSM

/ SU(5)
Spin(4) Spin(6)
/ Spin(10)
The intertwiners commute: VSM

f
C 2
C 3
/ C 5 s9 s s ss ssg s ss
h
The intertwiners commute: VSM

f
C 2
C 3
/ C 5 s9 s s ss ssg s ss
h
The bottom face commutes: U(VSM )

U(f ) U(h)
/ U(C5 )
1
U(C2 C3 )
U(g )
/ U(C5 )
Thus the cube G n SM n n nnnn nnn n n v n
Spin(4) Spin(6)
/ Spin(10)
/ SU(5) s s ss sss s s y s
U(C2 C3 ) commutes.
n nnn v nn n
U(f ) nnnn
U(VSM )
U(g )
U(h)
/ U(C5 )
/ U(C5 ) ss 1 sss s s y ss s

The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories Explained

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The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories

Oral Exam Presentation

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Introduction

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Introduction

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Introduction

Theres a loose correspondence between particle physics and representation theory:

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Introduction

The Standard Model group is GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3)

Standard Model Representation Symbol GSM -representation L eL

V is an SU(2) irrep, either C or C2 . W is an SU(3) irrep, either C or C3 .

Physicists use these irreps to classify the particles:

quark is the hypercharge 1 3 , isospin up, red particle.

which well call the fermions.

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories

The GUTs Goal: GSM = U(1) SU(2) SU(3) is a mess!

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories

The GUTs trick: if V is a representation of G and GSM G, then

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Grand Unied Theories

In short: V becomes isomorphic to VSM when we restrict from G to GSM .

Because GSM respects the 2 + 3 splitting C 5 = (C2 C3 ) = C 2 C 3

Because GSM respects the 2 + 3 splitting C 5 = (C2 C3 ) = C 2 C 3 As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 0 0 C 2 C 1 1 C 2 C 2 2 C 2

Because GSM respects the 2 + 3 splitting C 5 = (C2 C3 ) = C 2 C 3 As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 0 0 C 2 C 1 1 C 2 C 2 2 C 2

The idea of the PatiSalam model, due to Pati and Salam:

Standard Model Representation Symbol GSM -representation L eL

The PatiSalam representation Symbol SU(2) SU(2) SU(4)representation

The PatiSalam representation Symbol SU(2) SU(2) SU(4)representation

Write GPS = SU(2) SU(2) SU(4).

The PatiSalam representation Symbol SU(2) SU(2) SU(4)representation

Write GPS = SU(2) SU(2) SU(4). Write VPS = C2 C C4 C C2 C4 dual.

Proof Want : GSM SU(2) SU(2) SU(4):

We need some facts:

The payoff: As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 1 0 C 2 C 0 1 C 2 C 1 2 C 2

The payoff: As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 1 0 C 2 Earlier, we had C 2 = C 0 0 C 2 C 1 1 C 2 C 2 2 C 2 C 0 1 C 2 C 1 2 C 2

The payoff: As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 1 0 C 2 Earlier, we had C 2 = C 0 0 C 2 C 1 1 C 2 C 2 2 C 2 C 0 1 C 2 C 1 2 C 2

The payoff: As a GSM -representation, C 2 = C 1 0 C 2 Earlier, we had C 2 = C 0 0 C 2 C 1 1 C 2 C 2 2 C 2 C 0 1 C 2 C 1 2 C 2

As a GSM -representation, C 3 = C1 0 C3 Earlier, we had C 3 = C0 0 C3 C 2 1 C3

/ Spin(4) Spin(6)  / U(C2 C3 )

Or extend the PatiSalam model: In general, Spin(2n) Spin(2m)

/ Spin(2n + 2m)  / U(Cn+m )

Or extend the PatiSalam model: In general, Spin(2n) Spin(2m)

/ Spin(2n + 2m)  / U(Cn+m )

U(Cn Cm ) Set n = 2 and m = 3:

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Conclusion

Theorem The cube of GUTs G n SM n n nnn nnn n n v n n

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Conclusion

Proof The vertical faces of the cube commute.

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Conclusion

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Conclusion

C5 is a faithful representation of Spin(10) the top face commutes: GSM

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Conclusion

The intertwiners commute: VSM

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Conclusion

The intertwiners commute: VSM

The bottom face commutes: U(VSM )

The Algebra of Grand Unied Theories Conclusion

Thus the cube G n SM n n nnnn nnn n n v n

/ Spin(4) Spin(6) / U(C2 C3 )

/ Spin(2n + 2m) / U(Cn+m )

/ Spin(2n + 2m) / U(Cn+m )