A. TITLE : Isolation of Ginger oil B. DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 3rd April 2013 C.

PURPOSE After the experiment done, the students are expected to be able to (1) Determining the appropriate equipment for the experiment (2) Determining the appropriate materials for the experiment (3) Isolating the ginger oil with appropriate method D. SUPPORTHING THEORY Ginger or ginger root is the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, consumed as a delicacy, medicine, or spice. It lends its name to its genus and family (Zingiberaceae). Other notable members of this plant family are turmeric, cardamom, and galangal.Ginger cultivation began in South Asia and has since spread to East Africa and the Caribbean. Ginger seems to originate from Southern China. Today, it is cultivated all over tropic and subtropical Asia (50% of the worlds harvest is produced in India), in Brazil, Jamaica (whence the best quality is exported) and Nigeria, whose ginger is rather pungent, but lacks the fine aroma of other provenances. Ginger produces a hot, fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a very mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or just cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can also be steeped in boiling water to make ginger tea, to which honey is often added; sliced orange or lemon fruit may also be added. Ginger can also be made into candy. Mature ginger roots are fibrous and nearly dry. The juice from old ginger roots is extremely potent and is often used as a spice in Indian recipes, and is a quintessential ingredient of Chinese, Korean, Japanese and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood or goat meat and vegetarian cuisine. Ginger acts as a useful food preservative. Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of 6 to 1, although the flavors of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavoring for recipes such as gingerbread, cookies, crackers and cakes, ginger ale, and ginger beer. Candied ginger is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type of confectionery.Fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag and refrigerated or frozen.

Essential oils contained in plants and is usually obtained and certain parts of plants such as flowers, fruits, roots, leaves, bark and roots. In fact there are whole parts of plants containing essential oils. The content of essential oils will not always be the same between the one with the other parts, such as sample contains volatile oil contained in the different flowers found on the leaves (Toni, 1994). Essential oil is one of the final process of secondary metabolism in plants. Essential oils have been known and used several centuries ago, at that time the essential oil that is used is limited only to certain essential oils derived from herbs only. With the advance of civilization and human culture is the use of essential oils have also increased. The increase is in line with market developments, so the technology to get the essential oil is growing. The discovery of synthetic compounds which are rivals for the fragrant natural essential oils for cheaper, yet still natural essential oils are superior because the content of chemical components consist of chemical compounds resulting from the biosynthesis of naturally. Extensive use of essential oils in various fields of industry, among others in the cosmetics industry such as soap, toothpaste, powder and shampoo, the food is used as a flavoring ingredient or as a flavor enhancer in food imagery, whereas in the pharmaceutical industry is used as an anti-pain, anti-infective or used as an antibacterial. In the perfume industry for its fragrance in a variety of scented oils and oil products atseri can also be used as a preservative, and as an insecticide. (Toni, 1994). Ginger or ginger root is the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, consumed as a delicacy, medicine, or spice. It lends its name to its genus and family (Zingiberaceae). Other notable members of this plant family are turmeric, cardamom, and galangal.

GINGER ROOT

The characteristic odor and flavor of ginger is caused by a mixture of zingerone, shogaols and gingerols, volatile oils that compose one to three percent of the weight of fresh ginger. In laboratory animals, the gingerols increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and have analgesic, sedative, antipyretic and antibacterial properties. Ginger oil has been shown to prevent skin cancer in mice and a study at the University of Michigan demonstrated that gingerols can kill ovarian cancer cells. [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) is the major pungent principle of ginger. The chemopreventive potentials of [6]-gingerol present a promising future alternative to expensive and toxic chemotherapeutic agents. Ginger contains up to three percent of a fragrant essential oil whose main constituents are sesquiterpenoids, with (-)-zingiberene as the main component. Smaller amounts of other sesquiterpenoids (-sesquiphellandrene, bisabolene and farnesene) and a small monoterpenoid fraction (-phelladrene, cineol, and citral) have also been identified. The pungent taste of ginger is due to nonvolatile phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, particularly gingerols and shogaols, which form from gingerols when ginger is dried or cooked. Zingerone is also produced from gingerols during this process; this compound is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma. Ginger is also a minor chemical irritant, and because of this was used as a horse suppository by preWorld War I mounted regiments for feaguing. Ginger has a sialagogue action, stimulating the production of saliva, which makes swallowing easier

The essential oil of ginger in clear glass vial Essential oils are soluble in fat contained in the skin, can be absorbed into the blood stream, does not damage the environment and biodegradable and is part of the balance of the ecosystem for thousands of years. (Rozak, et al., 1996). Isolation of Essential Oils Components of essential oils in plants found only in very small quantities, so that the necessary raw materials large enough numbers to generate adequate amounts of essential oils to be investigated. There are several methods for the isolation of essential oils from plants, namely: Distillation method (Distillation) There are several methods that are often used in the processing of essential oils include: a. Distillation With Water Water distillation method with the most common and simplest way to isolate the essential oils from plants. In this method the material to be distilled is fed into the boiler which contains water, then heated. The resulting steam and boiling water condenser materials flowed through the pipes, resulting in condensation. b. Distillation With Water and steam This method is called by the method of steaming, the steaming method is the material placed above the plate or steel plate with holes like a sieve which is located a few cm above the water surface. In principle this method of distillation using low pressure steam. Compared with the first way that the difference only

lies in the separation of materials and water, but the placement of both are still in a kettle. When boiled to form steam which will pass through small holes and cracks through the material. Essential oils in the ingredients will also come with hot steam through the condenser tube. Further oil and water vapor will condense. Separation of water with oil based on its density. The advantage with this method the vapor penetration occurs evenly into the network and the temperature remains constant. c. Distillation with steam (Steamdistillation) On this system as a source of water vapor contained in the boiler heat a boiler located separately with refiners. The resulting vapor has a higher pressure than the outside air pressures. By steam distillation process is best when used to extract essential oil feedstock in the form of wood, bark and seeds are relatively hard. d. Maceration With Fats / Oils Most materials are oil soluble flavor or fat but have a wide renge polarity. Oil can act as a solvent and a medium that can protect the material easy to menuap (Screiber, et al, 1997) process is used exclusively for oil extration flowers, in order to get the quality and rendamen oil if fat tinggi. In this contact with interest, the fat will absorb the oils secreted such interest, then the oil is extracted with alcohol of interest then separated from the alcohol. e. Solvent Extraction Another method that can be used to isolate the essential oil is used to evaporate the solvent extraction method (Mondello et al, 1997). Examples of solvents used were diethyl ether to extract Citrus aurantium leaves. (Juchelka, et al, 1996). When compared to the quality of the resultant rate of oil refining, then the resultant oil by solvent extraction using natural flower fragrance is closer, however, this method also has drawbacks, namely the difficulty eliminating residual solvent from the extract.

Soxhlet extractor is one of the instruments used to extract a compound. And general methods used in this instrument is to extract the limited solubility of compounds in a solvent, but if a compound has a high solubility in a particular solvent, it is usually the method of filtration (filtration / separation) can be used to separate the regular compound of a sample . As such, the working principle of the Soxhlet extractor is one of the model extraction (separation / collection) using a solvent to extract them so that is always new in the continuous extraction occurs in the presence of a constant amount of solvent which is also aided by the return air (condenser). 1. Boiling point solvent should be lower than the compounds that we take from the sample because it will affect the structure of the compounds (fear structure will be destroyed by heating). 2. Solvent should be inert (not readily react with compounds that we extract). 3. Chiffon position should be higher than in the sample (because of fear, later on a sample that is positioned on top of not submerged by the solvent)

The names of the instruments and their functions: 1. Condenser: serves as a coolant, and also to speed up the process of condensation. 2. Lead: serves as a container for the sample substance to be retrieved. 3. Pipe F: serves as a course of vapor, the solvent is evaporated from the evaporation process. 4. Chiffon: serves as the calculation of the cycle, when the chiffon full solution to the flask and then fell round the base then it is called a cycle 5. Round bottom flask: serves as a container for the sample and solvent 6. Hot plate: serve as a heating solution

E. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Equipment 1. 1 set of Soxhlet Extractor 2. Mortar 3. Pastel 4. Beaker glass 5. Evaporator 6. Refractometer 7. Electric stove 8. Graduated cylinder 9. Round Botton Flask 10. Filter paper Materials 1. Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) 2. n-Hexane

F. PROCEDURE Determining the amount of water in ginger powder

1 gram ginger powder Oven at 110 C Measured the weight until constant

Weight of ginger extract

Isolating the ginger Old Ginger Washed and dried Grinded become smooth powder

Powder of Ginger Taken 5 grams Extracted by soxhlet Added 100 mL of petroleum ether in extractor flask Extracted until colorless Extract of Ginger

Solvent

Extract of Ginger Determined the refraction index

Refraction index

G. OBSERVATION RESULT No. 1. Ginger Washed and dried Grinded become smooth powder TREATMENT RESULT ginger powder : brown petroleum ether : colorless HYPOTHESIS the petroleum ether is used as the solvent in ginger extraction extract of ginger : brownish yellow Powder of Ginger Taken 5 grams Extracted by soxhlet Added 100 mL of petroleum ether in extractor flask Extracted until colorless Extract of Ginger because it has far different boiling point with the ginger extract (astiri oil) CONCLUSION the petroleum ether can be used as the solvent in ginger extraction because it has far different boiling point with the ginger extract (astiri oil)

mass of extract : 0.4 gram rendemen ;

petroleum ether can be separated from ginger extract by using evaporator

ginger extract can be extracted by using soxhlet extraction method

the refraction index of n- the refraction index is Refraction n-hexane :1,372432 Solvent Extract of Ginger Determined the refraction index refraction index : 1.426583 hexane theoretically is 1.428 1.426583

Refraction index

2. 1 gram ginger powder Oven at 110 C Measured the weight until constant

weight of constant ginger powder the water contains of : 0.8 gram contain of water in ginger : 1 gram 0.8 gram = 0.2 gram ginger powder is 20 %

The water contains of ginger powder is 20 %. It is appropriate with the theory

Weight of ginger extract

percentage =

H. ANALYSIS The first step in this experiment is choose old ginger. The function of choose old ginger is to make the production of ginger oil is bigger, because the old ginger can contain more oil in their body. Then washed and dried until the structure of ginger become dry. The function of washed ginger is to release the impurity in. And the function of dried ginger is to make easy when make it become powder. The next step is grinded ginger until become powder. The function of make ginger powder is to make the solvent more easy to dissolve the compenent of ginger. It influence with surface area of ginger, so bigger surface area make the reaction to dissolve ginger component become faster. The next step is take 10 grams of ginger powder. Then take it in the filter paper and closed it. Entered in the soxhlet tolls. The reason why we choose soxhlet tools is because the principle of soxhlet tools as extractor that is filtration method. Another reason is because sample is solid. Soxhlet is very great as tools when the sample is solid. The solvent that used to separate by using soxhlet tools is inert solvent because if the solvent is inert it not readily reacts with compounds that we extract. So we used petroleum ether as solvent. Next is take 100 ml n-Hexane in the extractor flask. The function of n-hexane is as solvent, the characteristic of it is hidrofob, so it can isolate ginger oil that also has hidrofob characteristics. The other characteristics of n-hexane are stabil and very volatil, so it appropiate as solvent to extraction. It also selective to dissolve the element. The other cause why we choose n-hexane is because ginger oil can dissolve in n-hexane because the component in ginger is include in no-ionic compound, this compound can not make hydrogen bond. The next step is arrange the tools to extraction process. The result of this extraction is produce brownish yellow solution. This process is do until the color of solution become colorless. It needed 36 times. The changing color of solution indicate that ginger extract is dissolve into solvent. After get the extract of ginger, added with Na2SO4 to separate extract ginger that still contain n-hexane. We get extract of gingger The solution from extraction process is entered into evaporator. The function of evaporator is to evaporated the solvent, so the solution only contain of ginger extract. The color of ginger extract is brownish yellow and the volume is only 0,4 ml.

Then calculate the refraction index of ginger extract. The refraction index is 1.426583. This refraction index is approximate with the theory that is 1.428. The mass of ginger extract is 0.75 gram, so we can calculate : Rendemen = mass of ginger extract X 100% mass of initial ginger rendemen = 0.4 gram X 100% 10 gram =4% Determining percentage of water Zingiber officinale dry powder is enter in oven in 1100C in order to make water contained is vapor. From the heating process the constant mass of Zingiber officinale dry powder is 0.801 gram. To determine the percentage using formula : x 100 %

x 100 %

= 20 %

So the percentage of water in Zingiber officinale dry powder is 20 %. So the result use in calculation for determining percentage water in sample, dry mass and rendemen.

I. CONCLUSION 1. The appropriate equipment for this experiment is soxhlet extractor because because the principle of soxhlet tools as extractor that is filtration method. Another reason is because sample is solid. Soxhlet is very great as tools when the sample is solid. 2. The suitable solvent for the extraction of the insulating oil of ginger is petroleum ether because the characteristic of petroleum ether is hidrofob, so it can isolate ginger oil that also has hidrofob characteristics. The other characteristics of petroleum ether are the boiling point is 300C-700C, it is stabil and very volatil, so it appropiate as solvent to extraction. It also selective to dissolve the element. The other cause why we choose petroleum ether is because the component in ginger is include in no-ionic compound, this compound can not make hydrogen bond.

3. Isolating of ginger powder can obtained

0.4 grams of ginger oil and the

randemen is 4%. Then the amount of water that content in the ginger powder that is used for this experiment is 20%.

J. ANSWER QUESTION 1. Explain the work priciple of soxhlet extraction used in this experiment! In this experiment the work principle based on the evaporate the solvent extraction method. 2. When the separation of solvent using evaporator? Give a reason! The separtion of solvent using the evaporatort when the solvent that contain is volatile nature, the working principle of evaporator is in a way to evaporate the solvent. 3. Based on the result of essensial oil is obtained, is the drying and smoothing process in the ginger powder effected on the outcome? Explain! Based on the experiment, the drying and smoothing can influence the result of ginger essential oil. Because if do dried process by using a high temperature it make the damange of content in the ginger oil. While, if a subtle ginger powder in the smoothing process, it influence the large of surface area, so the faster solvent to dissolve the componenets ginger oil. 4. What is the function of Na2SO4 in this experiment? The funtion to separate the oil ginger from the solvent, or as a drying agent. 5. Mention 5 compounds that contain in the ginger essential oils! And write down its structure!

REFERENCES Carey, Francis A. 2001. Organic Chemistry Fourth Edition. New York. Mc Graw Hill

Tim Dosen Kimia Organik. 2013. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Organik II. Surabaya : Unipress Anonymous.2012.Ginger.http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Zing_off.html.Access April 2013 Anonymous.2012.Ginger.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger.Access on 25 April 2012 Anonymous.2012.Prinsip Kerja Ekstraktor. on 9

http://khoirulazam89.blogspot.com/2012/01/prinsip-kerja-ekstraktor-soxhlet.html. Access on 9 April 2013 Carey, Francis A. 2001. Organic Chemistry Fourth Edition. New York. Mc Graw Hill

ATTACHMENT

10 gr ginger taken in soxhlet

Arrange the equipment.

n-hexane

Ginger extract