Instr 12102 Electrical Safety

Module 12102-01----------------------
Electrical Safety
COURSE MAP This course map shows all of the task modules in the first level of the Instrumentation curriculum. The suggested training order begins at the bottom and proceeds up. Skill levels increase as you advance on the course map. The Local Training Sponsor may adjust the training order. INSTRUMENTATION LEVEL ONE
Instrumentation Level One Trainee
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MODULE 12102 CONTENTS

1.0.0 INTRODUCTION $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ % 2.0.0 ELECTRICAL SHOCK $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ & ".!.# The 'ffect of (urrent
'lectrical Safety Trainee
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. & 2.1.1 Body Resistance $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. ) 2.1.2 Burns $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ) 3.0.0 REDUCING YOUR RISK $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. !# *.!.# +rotective ',uipment $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. !# 3.1.1 1910.335(a)(1)/1926.951(a) Rubber Protective Equi !ent $$$$$$$.. !" 3.1.2 Protective " are# $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$... !% 3.1.3 Persona# $#ot%in& $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !& 3.1.' (ot )tic*s $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. $. !& 3.1.5 +use Pu##ers $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !& 3.1.6 )%ortin& Probes $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !& 3.1., Eye and +ace Protection $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !*.".# .erify That (ircuits /re 0e1energi2ed $$$$$$$$$$$$.$ !*.*.# Other +recautions $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !4.0.0 OSHA $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. !3.!.# Safety Standards $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$... !4 '.1.1 1910.302-30./1926.'02-'0. /esi&n )a0ety )tandards 0or E#ectrica# )yste!s $.. !4 '.1.2 1910.302/1926.'02 E#ectric 1ti#i2ation )yste!s $$$$$$$$$$$ !) '.1.3 1910.303/1926.'03 3enera# Require!ents $$$$$$$$$$$$$ !) '.1.' 1910.30'/1926.'0' 4irin& /esi&n and Protection $$$$$$$$$$. !) '.1.5 1910.305/1926.'05 4irin& 5et%ods6 $o! onents6 and Equi !ent 0or 3enera# 1se $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ !) '.1.6 1910.306/1926.'06 ) eci0ic Pur ose Equi !ent and 7nsta##ations $$$$$. "# '.1., 1910.30,/1926.'0, (a2ardous ($#assi0ied) 8ocations $$$$$$$$..."# '.1.. 1910.30./1926.'0. ) ecia# )yste!s $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ "# '.1.9 1910.331/1926.'16 )co e
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. "# '.1.10 1910.332 9rainin& $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ "! '.1.11 1910.333/1926.'16'1, )e#ection and 1se o0 4or* Practices $$$$$$. "! '.1.12 1910.33'/1926.'31 1se o0 Equi !ent $$$$$$$$$$$$$... "! '.1.13 1910.335/1926.'16 )a0e&uards 0or Personne# Protection. $$$$$$$$ "! 3.".# Safety +hilosophy and 5eneral Safety +recautions $$$$$$$$... "! 3.*.# 'lectrical 6egulations $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. "3 '.3.1 :)(" 8oc*out/9a&out Ru#e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. "% 3.3.# Other OS7/ 6egulations $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ") '.'.1 9estin& 0or ;o#ta&e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. ") 5.0.0 LADDERS AND SCAFFOLDS $$.. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. *# %.!.# Ladders $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *# 5.1.1 )trai&%t and E<tension 8adders $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. *# 5.1.2 )te 8adders $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$... *! %.".# Scaffolds $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. *! 6.0.0 LIFTS, HOISTS, AND CRANES $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *"
7.0.0 LIFTING $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *" .0.0 !ASIC TOOL SAFETY $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. ** ".0.0 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURES $$$$$$$$$$. ** ).!.# 5eneral 5uidelines $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. *3 ).".# (onfined Space 7a2ard 6eview $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *3 ).*.# 'ntry and 8ork +rocedures $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. *%
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10.0.0 FIRST AID $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *11.0.0 SOLVENTS AND TO#IC VAPORS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. *!!.!.# +recautions 8hen 9sing Solvents $$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. *4 !!.".# 6espiratory +rotection $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *4 12.0.0 AS!ESTOS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *) !".!.# onitoring $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 3# !".".# 6egulated /reas $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 3# !".*.# ethods of (ompliance $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 3! 13.0.0 !ATTERIES $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 3! !*.!.# /cids $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 3! !*.".# 8ash Stations $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 3" 14.0.0 PC!S $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 3" 15.0.0 FALL PROTECTION $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 3" !%.!.# :all +rotection +rocedures $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$... 3" !%.".# Types of :all +rotection Systems $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 3* SUMMARY $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 3* REVIE$ %UESTIONS $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 33 GLOSSARY $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 3& REFERENCES ; ACKNO$LEDGMENTS $$$$$$$$$$$$$. 3-
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Electrical Safety
O&'()*+,(When you complete this module, you will be able to do the following: !. 0emonstrate safe working procedures in a construction environment. ". '<plain the purpose of OS7/ and how it promotes safety on the job. *. Identify electrical ha2ards and how to avoid or minimi2e them in the workplace. 3. '<plain safety issues concerning lockout=tagout procedures> personal protection using assured grounding and isolation programs> confined space entry> respiratory protection> and fall protection systems. P.(.(/0+-+*(?efore you begin this module> it is recommended that you successfully complete the following modules@ (ore (urriculum> Instrumentation Level One> odule !"!#!. R(/0+.(1 T.2+3(( M2*(.+24!. +encil and paper ". (opy of the latest edition of the =ationa# E#ectrica# $ode *. :)(" E#ectrica# )a0ety 3uide#ines Apocket guideB 3. /ppropriate personal protective e,uipment 1.0.0 5 INTRODUCTION Cou will be e<posed to many potentially ha2ardous conditions on the job site. Do training manual> set of rules and regulations> or listing of ha2ards can make working conditions completely safe. 7owever> it is possible to work a full career without serious accident or injury. To
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reach this goal> you need to be aware of potential ha2ards and stay constantly alert to these ha2ards. Cou must take the proper precautions and practice the basic rules of safety. Cou must be safety1conscious at all times. Safety should become a habit. Eeeping a safe attitude on the job will go a long way in reducing the number and severity of accidents. 6emember that your safety is up to you. /s an apprentice> you need to be especially careful. Cou should only work under the direction of e<perienced personnel who are familiar with the various job site ha2ards and the means of avoiding them. The most life1threatening ha2ards on a construction site are@ :alls when you are working in high places 'lectrocution caused by coming into contact with live electrical circuits The possibility of being crushed by falling materials or e,uipment The possibility of being struck by flying objects or moving e,uipment=vehicles such as trucks> forklifts> and construction e,uipment Other ha2ards include cuts> burns> back sprains> and getting chemicals or objects in your eyes. ost injuries> both those that are life1threatening and those that are less severe> are preventable if the proper precautions are taken. 2.0.0 5 ELECTRICAL SHOCK 'lectricity can be described as a potential that results in the movement of electrons in a conductor. This movement of electrons is called e#ectrica# current. Some substances> such as silver> copper> steel> and aluminum> are e<cellent conductors. The human body is also a conductor. The conductivity of the human body greatly increases when the skin is wet or moistened with perspiration. 'lectrical current flows along the path of least resistance to return to its source. The source return point is called the neutra# or &round of a circuit. If the human body contacts an electrically energi2ed point and is also in contact with the ground or another point in the circuit> the human body becomes a path for the current to return to its source. 9ab#e 1 shows the effects of current passing through the human body. One m/ is one milliamp> or one one1thousandth of an ampere. / primary cause of death from electrical shock is when the heartFs rhythm is overcome by an electrical current. Dormally> the heartFs operation uses a very low1level electrical signal to cause the heart to contract and pump blood. 8hen an abnormal electrical signal> such as current from an electrical shock> reaches the heart> the low1
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level heartbeat signals are overcome. The heart begins twitching in an irregular manner and goes out of rhythm with the pulse. This twitching is called fibrillation. 9nless the normal heartbeat rhythm is restored using special defibrillation e,uipment ApaddlesB> the individual will die. Do known case of heart fibrillation has ever been corrected without the use of defibrillation e,uipment by a ,ualified medical practitioner. Other effects of electrical shock may include immediate heart stoppage and bums. In addition> the bodyFs reaction to the shock can cause a fall or other accident. 0elayed internal problems can also result. T2&4( 1 (urrent Level 'ffects on the 7uman ?ody
Current Value
Less than !m/ ! to "#m/ "# to %Om/ %# to "##m/ Do sensation. Sensation of shock> possibly painful. ay lose some muscular control between !# and "#m/. +ainful shock> severe muscular contractions> breathing difficulties. Same symptoms as above> only more severe> up to !##m/. ?etween !## and "##m/> ventricular fibrillation may occur. Typically results In almost immediate death unless special medical e,uipment and treatment are available. Severe burns and muscular contractions. The chest muscles contract and stop the heart for the duration of the shock.
Typical Effect
Over "##m/
2.1.0 T6( E77()* 87 C0..(3* The amount of current measured in amperes that passes through a body determines the outcome of an electrical shock. The higher the voltage> the greater the chance for a fatal shock. In a one1year study in (alifornia> the following results were observed by the State 0ivision of Industry Safety@ Thirty percent of all electrical accidents were caused by contact with conductors. Of these accidents> && percent involved low1 voltage conductors Athose carrying &## volts G.I or lessB. N8*( 'lectric shocks or burns are a major cause of accidents in our industry. /ccording to the ?ureau of Labor Statistics> electrical shock is the leading cause of death in the electrical industry.
+ortable> electrically operated hand tools made up the second largest number of injuries A!% percentB. /lmost -# percent of these injuries happened when the frame or case of the tool
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became energi2ed. These injuries could have been prevented by following proper safety practices> using grounded or double1 insulated tools> and using 9.8031 7204* )+.)0+* +3*(..0:*(. ;GFCI< :.8*()*+83. In one ten1year study> investigators found )>-&% electrical injuries that occurred in accidents. Over !4 percent of these injuries involved contact with voltage levels of over &## volts. / little more than !* percent of these high1voltage injuries resulted in death. These high1voltage totals included limitedamperage contacts> which are often found on electronic e,uipment. 8hen tools or e,uipment touch high1voltage overhead lines> the chance that a resulting injury will be fatal climbs to "4 percent. Of the low1voltage injuries> !.3 percent were fatal. CAUTION 7igh voltage> defined as &## volts or more> is almost ten times as likely to kill as low voltage. 7owever> on the job you spend most of your time working on or near lower voltages. 0ue to the fre,uency of contact> most electrocution deaths actually occur at low voltages. /ttitude about the harmlessness of lower voltages undoubtedly contributes to this statistic. These statistics have been included to help you gain respect for the environment where you work and to stress how important safe working habits really are.
2.1.1 Body Resistance
'lectricity travels in closed circuits> and its normal route is through a conductor. Shock occurs when the body becomes part of the electric circuit A:igure !B. The current must enter the body at one point and leave at another. Shock normally occurs in one of three ways@ the person must come in contact with both wires of the electric circuitH one wire of the electric circuit and the groundH or a metallic part that has become hot by being in contact with an energi2ed wire while the person is also in contact with the ground.
Figure 1 5 ?ody resistance.
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To fully understand the harm done by electrical shock> we need to understand something about the physiology of certain body parts@ the skin> the heart> and muscles. Skin covers the body and is made up of three layers. The most important layer> as far as electric shock is concerned> is the outer layer of dead cells referred to as the %orny #ayer. This layer is composed mostly of a protein called *eratin6 and it is the keratin that provides the largest percentage of the bodyFs electrical resistance. 8hen it is dry> the outer layer of skin may have a resistance of several thousand ohms> but when it is moist> there is a radical drop in resistance> as is also the case if there is a cut or abrasion that pierces the horny layer. The amount of resistance provided by the skin will vary widely from individual to individual. / worker with a thick horny layer will have a much higher resis1 tance than a child. The resistance will also vary widely at different parts of the body. :or instance> the worker with high1resistance hands may have low1resistance skin on the back of his calf. The skin> like any insulator> has a breakdown voltage at which it ceases to act as a resistor and is simply punctured> leaving only the lower1resistance body tissue to impede the flow of current in the body. The breakdown voltage will vary with the individual> but is in the area of &##. Since most industrial power distribution systems operate at 34#. or higher> technicians working at these levels need to have special awareness of the shock potential. The heart is the pump that sends life1sustaining blood to all parts of the body. The blood flow is caused by the contractions of the heart muscle> which is controlled by electrical impulses. The electrical impulses are delivered by an intricate system of nerve tissue with built1in timing mechanisms> which make the chambers of the heart contract at e<actly the right time. /n out side electric current of as little as -% milliamperes can upset the rhythmic> coordinated beating of the heart by disturbing the nerve impulses. 8hen this happens> the heart is said to be in 0ibri##ation6 and the pumping action stops. 0eath will occur ,uickly if the normal beat is not restored. 6emarkable as it may seem> what is needed to defibrillate the heart is a shock of an even higher intensity. The other muscles of the body are also controlled by electrical impulses delivered by nerves. 'lectric shock can cause loss of muscular control> resulting in the inability to let go of an electrical conductor. 'lectric shock can also cause injuries of an indirect nature in which involuntary muscle reaction from the electric shock can cause bruises> fractures> and even deaths resulting from collisions or falls.
)everity o0 s%oc*-9%e severity of shock received when a person becomes a part of an electric circuit is affected by three primary factors@ the amount of current flowing through the body Ameasured
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in amperesB> the path of the current through the body> and the length of time the body is in the circuit. Other factors that may affect the severity of the shock are the fre,uency of the current> the phase of the heart cycle when shock occurs> and the general health of the person prior to the shock. 'ffects can range from a barely per1 ceptible tingle to immediate cardiac arrest. /lthough there are no absolute limits> or even known values that show the e<act injury at any given amperage range> 9ab#e 1 lists the general effects of electric current on the body for different current levels. /s this table illustrates> a difference of only !## milliamperes e<ists between a current that is barely perceptible and one that can kill. / severe shock can cause considerably more damage to the body than is visible. :or e<ample> a person may suffer internal hemorrhages and destruction of tissues> nerves> and muscle. In addition> shock is often only the beginning in a chain of events. The final injury may well be from a fall> cuts> burns> or broken bones.
2.1.2 Burns
The most common shock1related injury is a burn. ?urns suffered in electrical accidents may be of three types@ electrical burns> arc burns> and thermal contact burns. 'lectrical burns are the result of electric current flowing through the tissues or bones. Tissue damage is caused by the heat generated by the current flow through the body. /n electrical burn is one of the most serious injuries you can receive> and should be given immediate attention. Since the most severe burning is likely to be internal> what may appear at first to be a small surface wound could> in fact> be an indication of severe internal bums. /rc bums make up a substantial portion of the injuries from electrical malfunctions. The electric arc between metals can be up to *%>###I:> which is about four times hotter than the surface of the sun. 8orkers several feet from the source of the arc can receive severe or fatal burns. Since most electrical safety guidelines recommend safe working distances based on shock considerations> workers can be following these guidelines and still be at risk from arc. 'lectric arcs can occur due to poor electrical contact or failed insulation. 'lectrical arcing is caused by the passage of substantial amounts of current through the vapori2ed terminal material Ausually metal or carbonB. CAUTION Since the heat of the arc is dependent on the short circuit current available at the arcing point> arcs generated on 34#. systems can be just as dangerous as those generated at !*>###..
The third type of burn is a thermal contact burn. It is caused by
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contact with objects thrown during the blast associated with an electric arc. This blast comes from the pressure developed by the near1instantaneous heating of the air surrounding the arc> and from the e<pansion of the metal as it is vapori2ed. A(opper e<pands by a factor in e<cess of &%>### times in boiling.B These pressures can be great enough to hurl people> switchgear> and cabinets considerable distances. /nother ha2ard associated with the blast is the hurling of molten metal droplets> which can also cause thermal contact bums and associated damage. / possible beneficial side effect of the blast is that it could hurl a nearby person away from the arc> thereby reducing the effect of arc burns.
3.0.0 5 REDUCING YOUR RISK There are many things that can be done to greatly reduce the chance of receiving an electrical shock. /lways comply with your companyFs safety policy and all applicable rules and regulations> including job site rules. In addition> the Occupational Safety and 7ealth /dministration AOS7/B publishes the $ode o0 +edera# Re&u#ations ($+R). (:6 +art !)!# covers the OS7/ standards for general industry and (:6 +art !)"& covers the OS7/ standards for the construction industry. 0o not approach any electrical conductors closer than indicated in 9ab#e 2 unless you are sure they are de1energi2ed and your company has designated you as a ,ualified individual. /lso> the values given in the table are !ini!u! safe clearance distancesH if you already have standard distances established> these are provided only as supplemental information. These distances are listed in (:6 !)!#.***=!)"&.3!&. T2&4( 2 /pproach 0istances for Jualified 'mployees/lternating (urrent
V84*29( R239( ;P62-(=*8=P62-(< *##. and less Over *##.> not over -%#. Over -%#.> not over "k. Over "k. not over !%k. Over !%k. not over *-k. Over *-k.> not over 4-.%k. Over 4-.%k.> not over !"!k. Over !"! k.> not over !3#k. M+3+>0> A::.82)6 D+-*23)( /void contact ! ft. # in. A*#.% cmB ! ft. & in. A3& cmB ". ft. # in. A&! cmB *. ft. # in. A)! cmB * ft. & in. A!#- cmB 3 ft. # in. A!"" cmB 3 ft. & in. A!*- cmB
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3.1.0 P.8*()*+,( E/0+:>(3* Cou should also become familiar with common personal protective e,uipment. In particular> know the voltage rating of each piece of e,uipment. 6ubber gloves are used to prevent the skin from coming into contact with energi2ed circuits. / separate leather cover protects the rubber glove from punctures and other damage Asee +i&ure 2). OS7/ addresses the use of protective e,uipment> apparel> and tools in (:6 !)!#.**%AaB. This article is divided into two sections@ Persona# Protective Equi !ent and 3enera# Protective Equi !ent and 9oo#s.
Figure 2 5 6ubber gloves and leather protectors. The first section> Persona# Protective Equi !ent6 includes the following re,uirements@ 'mployees working in areas where there are potential electrical ha2ards shall be provided with> and shall use> electrical protective e,uipment that is appropriate for the specific parts of the body to be protected and for the work to be performed. +rotective e,uipment shall be maintained in a safe> reliable condition and shall be periodically inspected or tested> as re,uired by (:6 !)!#.!*-=!)"&.)%. If the insulating capability of protective e,uipment may be subject to damage during use> the insulating material shall be protected. 'mployees shall wear nonconductive head protection wherever there is a danger of head injury from electric shock or burns due to contact with e<posed energi2ed parts. 'mployees shall wear protective e,uipment for the eyes and face wherever there is danger of injury to the eyes or face from electric arcs or flashes> or from flying objects resulting from an electrical e<plosion. The second section> 3enera# Protective Equi !ent and 9oo#s6
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includes the following re,uirements@ 8hen working near e<posed energi2ed conductors or circuit parts> each employee shall use insulated tools or handling e,uipment if the tools or handling e,uipment might make contact with such conductors or parts. If the insulating capability of insulated tools or handling e,uipment is subject to damage> the insulating material shall be protected. :use handling e,uipment> insulated for the circuit voltage> shall be used to remove or install fuses when the fuse terminals are energi2ed. 6opes and handlines used near e<posed energi2ed parts shall be nonconductive. +rotective shields> protective barriers> or insulating materials shall be used to protect each employee from shock> burns> or other electrically related injuries while that employee is working near e<posed energi2ed parts that might be accidentally contacted or where dangerous electric heating or arcing might occur. 8hen normally enclosed live parts are e<posed for maintenance or repair> they shall be guarded to protect un,ualified persons from contact with the live parts. The types of electrical safety e,uipment> protective apparel> and protective tools available for use are ,uite varied. 8e will discuss the most common types of safety e,uipment. These include@ 6ubber protective e,uipment> including gloves and blankets +rotective apparel +ersonal clothing 7ot sticks :use pullers Shorting probes 'ye and face protection
3.1.1 1910.335(a)(1)/1926.951(a) Rubber Protective Equi !ent
/t some point during the performance of their duties> all electrical workers will be e<posed to energi2ed circuits or e,uipment. Two of the most important articles of protection for electrical workers are insulated rubber gloves and rubber blankets> which must be matched to the voltage rating for the circuit or e,uipment. 6ubber protective e,uipment is designed for the protection of the user. If it fails during use> a serious injury could occur. 6ubber protective e,uipment is available in two types. Type ! designates rubber protective e,uipment that is manufactured of natural or synthetic rubber that is properly vulcani2ed> and Type " designates e,uipment that is o2one resistant> made from any elastomer or combination of elastomeric compounds. O2one is a form of o<ygen that is produced from electricity and is present in the air surrounding a conductor under high voltages. Dormally>
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o2one is found at voltages of !#k. and higher> such as those found in electric utility transmission and distribution systems. Type ! protective e,uipment can be damaged by corona cuttin&6 which is the cutting action of o2one on natural rubber when it is under mechanical stress. Type ! rubber protective e,uipment can also be damaged by ultraviolet rays. 7owever> it is very important that the rubber protective e,uipment in use today be made of natural rubber or Type ! e,uipment. Type " rubber protective e,uipment is very stiff and is not as easily worn as Type ! e,uipment. ;arious c#asses-9%e /merican Dational Standards Institute A/DSIB and the /merican Society for Testing of aterials A/ST B have designated a specific classification system for rubber protective e,uipment. The voltage ratings are as follows@

(lass # !>###. (lass ! ->%##. (lass " !->%##. (lass * "&>%##. (lass 3 *&>###.
7ns ection o0 rotective equi !ent-Be0ore rubber protective e,uipment can be worn by personnel in the field> all e,uipment must have a current test date stenciled on the e,uipment> and it must be inspected by the user. Insulating gloves must be tested each day by the user before they can be used. They must also be tested during the day if their insulating value is ever in ,uestion. ?ecause rubber protective e,uipment is going to be used for personal protection and serious injury could result from its misuse or failure> it is important that an ade,uate safety factor be provided between the voltage on which it is to be used and the voltage at which it was tested. /ll rubber protective e,uipment must be marked with the appropriate voltage rating and last inspection date. The markings that are re,uired to be on rubber protective e,uipment must be applied in a manner that will not interfere with the protection that is provided by the e,uipment. $ARNING? Dever work on anything energi2ed without direct instruction from your employerK 3#oves-Bot% high1 and low1voltage rubber gloves are of the gauntlet type and are available in various si2es. To get the best possible protection and service life> here are a few general rules that apply whenever they are used in electrical work@
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/lways wear leather protectors over your gloves. /ny direct contact with sharp or pointed objects may cut> snag> or puncture the gloves and take away the protection you are depending on. Leather protectors are re,uired by the Dational :ire +rotection /ssociationFs Standard -#1' if the insulating capabilities of the gloves are subject to damage. AThe standards of the Dational :ire +rotection /ssociation GD:+/L are incorporated into the OS7/ standards.B /lways wear rubber gloves right side out Aserial number and si2e to the outsideB. Turning gloves inside out places a stress on the preformed rubber. /lways keep the gauntlets up. 6olling them down sacrifices a valuable area of protection. /lways inspect and field check gloves before using them. /lways check the inside for any debris. The inspection of gloves is covered in more detail later in this section. 9se light amounts of talcum powder or cotton liners with the rubber gloves. This gives the user more comfort> and it also helps to absorb some of the perspiration that can damage the gloves over years of use. 8ash the rubber gloves in lukewarm> clean> fresh water after each use. 0ry the gloves inside and out prior to returning to storage. Dever use any type of cleaning solution on the gloves. Once the gloves have been properly cleaned> inspected> and tested> they must be properly stored. They should be stored in a cool> dry> dark place that is free from o2one> chemicals> oils> solvents> or other materials that could damage the gloves. Such storage should not be in the vicinity of hot pipes or direct sunlight. ?oth gloves and sleeves should be stored in their natural shape and kept in a bag or bo< inside their protectors. They should be stored undistorted> right side out> and unfolded. 5loves can be damaged by many different chemicals> especially petroleum1based products such as oils> gasoline> hydraulic fluid inhibitors> hand creams> pastes> and salves. If contact is made with these or other petroleumbased products> the contaminant should be wiped off immediately. If any signs of physical damage or chemical deterioration are found Ae.g.> swelling> softness> hardening> stickiness> o2one deterioration> or sun checkingB> the protective e,uipment must not be used. Dever wear watches or rings while wearing rubber glovesH this can cause damage from the inside out and defeats the purpose of using rubber gloves. Dever wear anything conductive. 6ubber gloves must be tested every si< months by a certified testing laboratory. /lways check the inspection date before using gloves. 9se rubber gloves only for their intended purpose> not for handling chemicals or other work. This also applies to the leather protectors.
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?efore rubber gloves are used> a visual inspection and an air test should be made. This should be done prior to use and as many times during the day as you feel necessary. To perform a visual inspection> stretch a small area of the glove> checking to see that no defects e<ist> such as@

'mbedded foreign material 0eep scratches +inholes or punctures Snags or cuts
5loves and sleeves can be inspected by rolling the outside and inside of the protective e,uipment between the hands. This can be done by s,uee2ing together the inside of the gloves or sleeves to bend the outside area and create enough stress to the inside surface to e<pose any cracks> cuts> or other defects. 8hen the entire surface has been checked in this manner> the e,uipment is then turned inside out> and the procedure is repeated. It is very important not to leave the rubber protective e,uipment inside out. 6emember> any damage at all reduces the insulating ability of the rubber glove. Look for signs of deterioration from age> such as hardening and slight cracking. /lso> if the glove has been e<posed to petroleum products> it should be considered suspect because deterioration can be caused by such e<posure. 5loves that are found to be defective must be turned in for disposal. Dever leave a damaged glove lying aroundH someone may think it is a good glove and not perform an inspection prior to using it. /fter visually inspecting the glove> other defects may be observed by applying the air test. Step 1 Stretch the glove and look for any defects> as shown in +i&ure 3. Step 2 Twirl the glove around ,uickly or roll it down from the glove gauntlet to trap air inside> as shown in +i&ure '. Step 3 Trap the air by s,uee2ing the gauntlet with one hand. 9se the other hand to s,uee2e the palm> fingers> and thumb to check for weaknesses and defects. See +i&ures % and &. Step 4 7old the glove up to your ear to try to detect any escaping air. Step If the glove does not pass this inspection> it must be turned in for disposal. CAUTION Dever use compressed gas for the air test as this can damage the glove.
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Figure 3 5Inspection. Figure 4 5 Trapping air. Figure ! 5 Inspecting glove.
5 Inflated glove. Figure
7nsu#atin& b#an*ets-"n insulating blanket is a versatile cover1up device best suited for the protection of maintenance technicians against accidental contact with energi2ed electrical e,uipment. These blankets are designed and manufactured to provide insulating ,uality and fle<ibility for use in covering. Insulating blankets are designed only for covering e,uipment and should not be used on the floor. ASpecial rubber mats are available for floor use.B 9se caution when installing on sharp edges or covering pointed objects. ?lankets must be inspected yearly and should be checked before each use. To check rubber blankets> place the blanket on a flat surface and roll the blanket from one corner to the opposite corner. If there are any irregularities in the rubber> this method will e<pose them. /fter the blanket has been rolled from each corner> it should then be turned over and the procedure repeated. Insulating blankets are cleaned in the same manner as rubber gloves. Once the protective e,uipment has been properly cleaned> inspected> and tested> it must be properly stored. It should be stored in a cool> dry> dark place that is free from o2one> chemicals> oils> solvents> or other materials that could damage the e,uipment. Such storage should not be in the vicinity of hot pipes or direct sunlight. ?lankets may be stored rolled in containers that are designed for this useH the inside diameter of the roll should be at least two inches.
3.1.2 Protective " are#
?esides rubber gloves> there are other types of special application protective apparel> such as fire suits> face shields> and rubber sleeves. anufacturing plants should have other types of special application protective e,uipment available for use> such as high1voltage
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sleeves> highvoltage boots> nonconductive protective helmets> nonconductive eyewear and face protection> and switchboard blankets. /ll e,uipment should be inspected before use and during use> as necessary. The e,uipment used and the e<tent of the precautions taken depend on each individual situationH however> it is better to be overprotected than underprotected when you are trying to prevent electrocution. 8hen working with high voltages> flash suits may be re,uired in some applications. Some plants re,uire them to be worn for all switching and rack1in or rack1out operations. :ace shields should also be worn during all switching operations where arcs are a possibility. The thin plastic type of face shield should be avoided because it will melt when e<posed to the e<tremely high temperatures of an electrical arc. 6ubber sleeves are another type of protective apparel that should be worn during switching operations and breaker racking. Sleeves must be inspected yearly.
3.1.3
Persona# $#ot%in&
/ny individual who will perform work in an electrical environment or in plant substations should dress accordingly. /void wearing synthetic1fiber clothingH these types of materials will melt when e<posed to high temperatures and will actually increase the severity of a burn. 8ear cotton clothing> fiberglass1toe boots or shoes> and hard hats. 9se hearing protection where needed.
3.1.' (ot )tic*s
7ot sticks are insulated tools designed for the manual operation of disconnecting switches> fuse removal and insertion> and the application and removal of temporary grounds. / hot stick is made up of two parts> the head or %ood and the insulating rod. The head can be made of metal or hardened plastic> while the insulating section may be wood> plastic> laminated wood> or other effective insulating materials. There are also telescoping sticks available. ost plants have hot sticks available for different purposes. Select a stick of the correct type and si2e for the application.
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Storage of hot sticks is important. They should be hung up vertically on a wall to prevent any damage. They should also be stored away from direct sunlight and prevented from being e<posed to petroleum products. The preferred method of storage is to place the stick in a long section of capped pipe.
3.1.5 +use Pu##ers
9se the plastic or fiberglass style of fuse puller for removing and installing low1voltage cartridge fuses. /ll fuse pulling and replacement operations must be done using fuse pullers. The best type of fuse puller is one that has a spread guard installed. This prevents the puller from opening if resistance is met when installing fuses.
3.1.6 )%ortin& Probes
?efore working on de1energi2ed circuits that have capacitors installed> you must discharge the capacitors using a safety shorting probe. 8hen using a shorting probe> first connect the test clip to a good ground to make contact. If necessary> scrape the paint from the metal surface. Then> hold the shorting probe by the handle and touch the probe end of the shorting rod to the points to be shorted. The probe end can be hooked over the part or terminal to provide a constant connection to ground. Dever touch any metal part of the shorting probe while grounding circuits or components. 8henever possible> especially when working on or near any de1energi2ed high1 voltage circuits> shorting probes should be connected and then left attached to the de1energi2ed portion of any circuit for the duration of the work. This action serves as an e<tra safety precaution against any accidental application of voltage to the circuit.
3.1.,
Eye and +ace Protection
D:+/ -#1' re,uires that protective e,uipment for the eyes and face shall be used whenever there is danger of injury to the eyes or face from electrical arcs or flashes> or from flying or falling objects resulting from an electrical e<plosion. 3.2.0 V(.+7@ T62* C+.)0+*- A.( D(=(3(.9+A(1
Cou should always assume that all the circuits are energi2ed until you have verified that the circuit is de1energi2ed. :ollow these steps to verify that a circuit is de1energi2ed@ Step 1 'nsure that the circuit is properly tagged and locked out AOS7/ !)!#.*** =!)"&.3!-B. Step 2 .erify the test instrument operation on a known source.
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Step 3 9sing the test instrument> check the circuit to be de1 energi2ed. The voltage should be 2ero. Step 4 .erify the test instrument operation> once again on a known power source. 3.3.0 O*6(. P.()20*+83There are several other precautions you can take to help make your job safer. :or e<ample@ /lways remove all jewelry Ae.g.> rings> watches> bracelets> and necklacesB before working on electrical e,uipment. ost jewelry is made of conductive material and wearing it can result in a shock> as well as other injuries if the jewelry gets caught in moving components. 8hen working on energi2ed e,uipment> it is safer to work in pairs. In doing so> if one of the workers e<periences a harmful electrical shock> the other worker can ,uickly de1energi2e the circuit and call for help. +lan each job before you begin it. ake sure you understand e<actly what it is you are going to do. If you are not sure> ask your supervisor. Cou will need to look over the appropriate prints and drawings to locate isolation devices and potential ha2ards. Dever defeat safety interlocks. 6emember to plan your escape route before starting work. Enow where the nearest phone is and the emergency number to dial for assistance. If you reali2e that the work will go beyond the scope of what was planned> stop and get instructions from your supervisor before continuing. 0o not attempt to plan as you go. It is critical that you stay alert. 8ork places are dynamic> and situations relative to safety are always changing. If you leave the work area to pick up material> take a break> or have lunch> reevaluate your surroundings when you return. 6emember> plan ahead. 4.0.0 5 OSHA The purpose of the Occupational Safety and 7ealth /dministration AOS7/B is Mto assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women.M OS7/ is authori2ed to enforce standards and assist and encourage the states in their efforts to ensure safe and healthful working conditions. OS7/ assists states by providing for research> information> education> and training in the field of occupational safety and health. The law that established OS7/ specifies the duties of both the employer and employee with respect to safety. Some of the key re,uirements are outlined here. This list does not include every1
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thing> nor does it override the procedures called for by your employer.
'mployers shall provide a place of employment free from recogni2ed ha2ards likely to cause death or serious injury. 'mployers shall comply with the standards of the act. 'mployers shall be subject to fines and other penalties for violation of those standards.
$ARNING? OS7/ states that employees have a duty to follow the safety rules laid down by the employer. /dditionally> some states can reduce the amount of benefits paid to an injured employee if that employee was not following known> established safety rules. Cour company may also terminate you if you violate an established safety rule. 4.1.0 S27(*@ S*2312.1The OS7/ standards are split into several sections. /s discussed earlier> the two that affect you the most are (:6 !)"&> construction specific> and (:6 !)!#> which is the standard for general industry. 'ither or both may apply depending on where you are working and what you are doing. If a job site condition is covered in the !)"& book> then that standard takes precedent. 7owever> if a more stringent re,uirement is listed in the !)!# standard> it should also be met. /n e<cellent e<ample is the current difference in the two standards on confined spacesH if someone gets hurt or killed> the decision to use the less stringent !)"& standard could be called into ,uestion. OS7/Fs 3enera# /uty $#ause states that an employer should have known all recogni2ed ha2ards and removed the ha2ard or protected the employee. To protect workers from the occupational injuries and fatalities caused by electrical ha2ards> OS7/ has issued a set of design safety standards for electrical utili2ation systems. These standards are !)"&.3##133) and !)!#.*#"1*#4. OS7/ also recogni2es the =ationa# E#ectrica# $ode (=E$) for certain installations. N8*( OS7/ does not recogni2e the current edition of the D'(H ft generally takes several years for that to occur. The (:6 !)!# standard must be followed whenever the construction standard (:6 !)"& does not address an issue that is covered by (:6 !)!#> or for a pre1e<isting installation. If the (:6 !)!# standard is more stringent than (:6 !)"&> then the more stringent standard should be followed. OS7/ does not update their standards in a timely manner> and as such> there are often dif1 ferences in similar sections of the two standards. Safety should
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always be first> and the more protective work rules should always be chosen.
'.1.1 1910.302-30./1926.'02-'0. /esi&n )a0ety )tandards 0or E#ectrica# )yste!s
This section contains design safety regulations for all the electrical e,uipment and installations used to provide power and light to employee workplaces. The articles listed are outlined in the fol1 lowing sections.
'.1.2 1910.302/1926.'02 E#ectric 1ti#i2ation )yste!s
This article identifies the scope of the standard. Listings are included to show which electrical installations and e,uipment are covered under the standard> and which installations and e,uipment are not covered under the standard. :urthermore> certain sections of the standard apply only to utili2ation e,uipment installed after arch !%> !)-"> and some apply only to e,uipment installed after /pril !&> !)4!. /rticle !)!#.*#" A!)"&.3#"B addresses these oddities and provides guidance to clarify them.
'.1.3 1910.303/1926.'03 3enera# Require!ents
This article covers topics that mostly concern e,uipment installation clearances> identification> and e<amination. Some of the major subjects addressed in this article are@ ',uipment installation e<aminations Splicing arking Identification of disconnecting means 8orkspace around electrical e,uipment
'.1.' 1910.30'/1926.'0' 4irin& /esi&n and Protection
This article covers the application> identification> and protection re,uirements of grounding conductors> outside conductors> service conductors> and e,uipment enclosures. Some of the major topics discussed are@ 5rounded conductors Outside conductors Service conductors Overcurrent protection System grounding re,uirements
'.1.5 1910.305/1926.'05 4irin& 5et%ods6 $o! onents6 and Equi !ent 0or 3enera# 1se
In general> this article addresses the wiring method re,uirements of raceways> cable trays> pull and junction bo<es> switches> and switch1
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boardsH the application re,uirements of temporary wiring installationsH the e,uipment and conductor re,uirements for general wiringH and the protection re,uirements of motors> transformers> capacitors> and storage batteries. Some of the major topics are@ 8iring methods (abinets> bo<es> and fittings Switches Switchboards and panelboards 'nclosures for damp or wet locations (onductors for general wiring :le<ible cords and cables +ortable cables ',uipment for general use
'.1.6 1910.306/1926.'06 ) eci0ic Pur ose Equi !ent and 7nsta##ations
This article addresses the re,uirements of special e,uipment and installations not covered in other articles. Some of the major types of e,uipment and installations found in this article are@
'lectric signs and outline lighting (ranes and hoists 'levators> dumbwaiters> escalators> and moving walks 'lectric welders 0ata processing systems N1ray e,uipment Induction and dielectric heating e,uipment 'lectrolytic cells 'lectrically driven or controlled irrigation machines Swimming pools> fountains> and similar installations
'.1., 1910.30,/1926.'0, (a2ardous ($#assi0ied) 8ocations
This article covers the re,uirements for electric e,uipment and wiring in locations that are classified because they contain@ A!B flammable vapors> li,uids> and=or gases> or combustible dust or fibersH and A"B the likelihood that a flammable or combustible concentration or ,uantity is present. Some of the major topics covered in this article are@

Scope 'lectrical installations in ha2ardous locations (onduit ',uipment in 0ivision " locations
1910.30./1926.'0. ) ecia# )yste!s
'.1..
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This article covers the wiring methods> grounding> protection> identification> and other general re,uirements of special systems not covered in other articles. Some of the major subtopics found in this article are@
Systems over &## volts nominal 'mergency power systems (lass !> "> and * remote control> signaling> and power1limited
circuits :ire1protective signaling systems (ommunications systems

'.1.9 1910.331/1926.'16 )co e
This article serves as an overview of the following articles and also provides a summary of the installations that this standard allows ,ualified and un,ualified persons to work on or near> as well as the installations that this standard does not cover.
'.1.10 1910.332 9rainin&
The training re,uirements contained in this article apply to employees who face a risk of electric shock. Some of the topics that appear in this article are@ (ontent of training /dditional re,uirements for un,ualified persons /dditional re,uirements for ,ualified persons Type of training
'.1.11 1910.333/1926.'16-'1, )e#ection and 1se o0 4or* Practices
This article covers the implementation of safetyrelated work practices necessary to prevent electrical shock and other related injuries to the employee. Some of the major topics addressed in this article are listed here@ 5eneral 8orking on or near e<posed de1energi2ed parts 8orking on or near e<posed energi2ed parts
'.1.12 1910.33'/1926.'31 1se o0 Equi !ent
This article was added to reinforce the regulations pertaining to portable electrical e,uipment> test e,uipment> and load break switches. ajor topics include@ +ortable electric e,uipment
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'lectric power and lighting circuits Test instruments and e,uipment

'.1.13 1910.335/1926.'16 )a0e&uards 0or Personne# Protection
This article covers the personnel protection re,uirements for employees in the vicinity of electrical ha2ards. It addresses regulations that protect personnel working on e,uipment as well as personnel working nearby. Some of the major topics are@ 9se of protective e,uipment /lerting techni,ues Dow that background topics have been covered and an overview of the OS7/ electrical safety standards has been provided> it is time to move on to topics related directly to safety. /s we discuss these topics> we will continually refer to the OS7/ standards to identify the re,uirements that govern them. OS7/ !)"& Subpart E also addresses electrical safety re,uirements that are necessary for the practical safeguarding of employees involved in construction work. 4.2.0 S27(*@ P6+48-8:6@ 231 G(3(.24 S27(*@ P.()20*+83The most important piece of safety e,uipment re,uired when performing work in an electrical environment is common sense. /ll areas of electrical safety precautions and practices draw upon common sense and attention to detail. One of the most dangerous conditions in an electrical work area is a poor attitude toward safety. $ARNING? Only ,ualified individuals may work on electrical e,uipment. Cour employer will determine who is ,ualified. 6emember> your employerFs safety rules must always be followed. /s stated in (:6 !)!#.***AaB=!)"&.3#*> safetyrelated work practices shall be employed to prevent electric shock or other injuries resulting from either direct or indirect electrical contact when work is performed near or on e,uipment or circuits that are or may be energi2ed. The specific safety1related work practices shall be consistent with the nature and e<tent of the associated electrical ha2ards. The following are considered some of the basic and necessary attitudes and electrical safety precautions that lay the groundwork for a proper safety program. ?efore going on any elec1 trical work assignment> these safety precautions should be reviewed and adhered to. "## >or* on e#ectrica# equi !ent s%ou#d be done >it% circuits deener&i2ed and c#eared or &rounded-7t is obvious that working on
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energi2ed e,uipment is much more dangerous than working on e,uipment that is de1energi2ed. 8ork on energi2ed electrical e,uipment should be avoided if at all possible. (:6 !)!#.***AaB A!B=!)"&.3#* states that live parts to which an employee may be e<posed shall be de1energi2ed before the employee works on or near them> unless the employer can demonstrate that de1 energi2ing introduces additional or increased ha2ards or is not possible because of e,uipment design or operational limitations. Live parts that operate at less than %# volts to ground need not be de1energi2ed if there will be no increased e<posure to electrical burns or to e<plosion due to electric arcs. "## conductors6 buses6 and connections s%ou#d be considered ener&i2ed unti# roven ot%er>ise "s stated in !)!#.***AbB A!B=!)"&.3!-> conductors and parts of electrical e,uipment that have not been locked out or tagged out in accordance with this section should be considered energi2ed. 6outine operation of the circuit breakers and disconnect switches contained in a power distribution system can be ha2ardous if not approached in the right manner. Several basic precautions that can be observed in switchgear operations are@ 1 8ear proper clothing made of !## percent cotton or fire1 resistant fabric. 1 'ye> face> and head protection should be worn. Turn your head away whenever closing devices. 1 8henever operating circuit breakers in low voltage or medium1 voltage systems> always stand off to the side of the unit. 1 /lways try to operate disconnect switches and circuit breakers under a no1load condition. 1 Dever intentionally force an interlock on a system or circuit breaker. 1 /lways verify what you are closing a device intoH you could violate a lockout or close into a hard fault. Often> a circuit breaker or disconnect switch is used for providing lockout on an electrical system. To ensure that a lockout is not violated> perform the following procedures when using the device as a lockout point@
?reakers must always be locked out and tagged as discussed previously whenever you are working on a circuit that is tied to an energi2ed breaker. ?reakers capable of being opened and racked out to the disconnected position should have this done. /fterward> approved safety locks must be installed. The breaker may be removed from its cubicle completely to prevent une<pected mishaps. /lways follow the standard rack1out and removal procedures that were supplied with the switchgear. Once removed> a sign must be hung on the breaker identifying its use as a lockout point> and approved safety locks must be installed when the breaker is used for isolation. In addition> the closing
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springs should be discharged. Some of the circuit breakers used are e,uipped with keyed interlocks for protection during operation. These locks are generally called *ir*#oc*s and are relied upon to ensure proper se,uence of operation only. These are not to be used for the purpose of locking out a circuit or system. 8here disconnects are installed for use in isolation> they should never be opened under load. 8hen opening a disconnect manually> it should be done ,uickly with a positive force. /gain> lockouts should be used when the disconnects are open. 8henever performing switching or fuse replacements> always use the protective e,uipment necessary to ensure personnel safety. =ever make the assumption that because things have gone fine the last ))) times> they will not go wrong this time. /lways prepare yourself for the worst case accident when performing switching. 8henever re1energi2ing circuits following maintenance or removal of a faulted component> e<treme care should be used. /lways ver1 ify that the e,uipment is in a condition to be re1energi2ed safely. /ll connections should be insulated and all covers should be installed. 7ave all personnel stand clear of the area for the initial re1energi2ation. =ever assume everything is in perfect condition. .erify the conditions. The following procedure is provided as a guideline for ensuring that e,uipment and systems will not be damaged by reclosing low1volt1 age circuit breakers into faults. If a low1voltage circuit breaker has opened for no apparent reason> perform the following@ Step 1 .erify that the e,uipment being supplied is not physically damaged and shows no obvious signs of overheating or fire. Step 2 ake all appropriate tests to locate any faults. Step 3 6eclose the feeder breaker. Stand off to the side when closing the breaker. Step 4 If the circuit breaker trips again> do not attempt to reclose the breaker. In a plant environment> 'lectrical 'ngineering should be notified> and the cause of the trip should be isolated and repaired. The same general procedure should be followed for fuse replacement> with the e<ception of transformer fuses. If a transformer fuse blows> the transformer and feeder cabling should be inspected and tested before reenergi2ing. /blown fuse to a trans former is very significant because it normally indicates an internal fault. Transformer failures are catastrophic in nature and can be e<tremely dangerous. If applicable> contact the in1plant 'lectrical 'ngineering 0epartment prior to commencing any effort to reenergi2e a transformer.
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+ower must always be removed from a circuit when removing and installing fuses. The air break disconnects Aor ,uick disconnectsB provided on the upstream side of a large transformer must be opened prior to removing the transformerFs fuses. Otherwise> severe arcing will occur as the fuse is removed. This arcing can result in personnel injury and e,uipment damage. To replace fuses servicing circuits below &## volts@ Secure power to fuses or ensure all downstream loads have been disconnected. /lways use a positive force to remove and install fuses.
8hen replacing fuses servicing systems above &## volts@ Open and lock out the disconnect switches. 9nlock the fuse compartment. .erify that the fuses are de1energi2ed. /ttach the fuse removal hot stick to the fuse and remove it. 4.3.0 E4()*.+)24 R(9042*+83OS7/ has certain regulations that apply to job site electrical safety. These regulations include@ /ll electrical work shall be in compliance with the latest D'( and OS7/ standards. N8*( OS7/ may not recogni2e the current edition of the D'(> which can sometimes cause problemsH however> OS7/ typically will not cite for any differences.
The noncurrent1carrying metal parts of fi<ed> portable> and plug1 connected e,uipment shall be grounded. It is best to choose 9.8031(1 *884-. 7owever> portable tools and appliances protected by an approved system of double insulation need not be grounded. +i&ure , shows an e<ample of a 180&4(=+3-042*(1B 039.8031(1 *884.
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Figure " 5 0ouble1insulated electric drill.
'<tension cords shall be the three1wire type> shall be protected from damage> and shall not be fastened with staples or hung in a manner that could cause damage to the outer jacket or insulation. Dever run an e<tension cord through a doorway or window that can pinch the cord. /lso> never allow vehicles or e,uipment to drive over cords. '<posed lamps in temporary lights shall be guarded to prevent accidental contact> e<cept where lamps are deeply recessed in the reflector. Temporary lights shall not be suspended> e<cept in accordance with their listed labeling. 6eceptacles for attachment plugs shall be of an approved type and properly installed. Installation of the receptacle will be in accordance with the listing and labeling for each receptacle and shall be 5:(I1protected if the setting is a temporarily wired construction site. If permanent receptacles are used with e<tension cords> then you must use 5:(I protection. 'ach disconnecting means for motors and appliances and each service feeder or branch circuit at the point where it originates shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose and voltage. :le<ible cords shall be used in continuous lengths Ano splicesB and shall be of a type listed in #E$ %able 4&&'4( +ersonnel safety ground fault protection for temporary construction is re,uired. There are two methods for accomplishing this@ an assured grounding program Athis method is still used but should be used in conjunction with a 5:(I programB or ground fault protection receptacles or breakers. 'ach employer will set the standard and method to be used. +i&ure . shows a typical ground1fault circuit interrupter.
4(3(1 )S*+ ,oc-out.%agout /ule OS7/ released the ") (:6 !)"& lockout=tagout rule in 0ecember
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!))!. This rule covers the specific procedure to be followed for the Mservicing and maintenance of machines and e,uipment in which the une<pected energi2ation or startup of the machines or e,uipment> or releases of stored energy> could cause injury to employees. This standard establishes minimum performance re,uirements for the control of such ha2ardous energy.M
Figure 0 5 Typical 5:(I. The purpose of the OS7/ procedure is to ensure that e,uipment is isolated from all potentially ha2ardous energy Ae.g.> electrical> mechanical> hydraulic> chemical> or thermalB> and tagged and locked out before employees perform any servicing or maintenance activities in which the une<pected energi2ation> startup> or release of stored energy could cause injury. /ll employees shall be instructed in the lockout=tagout procedure. CAUTION /lthough )) percent of your work may be electrical> be aware that you may also need to lock out mechanical e,uipment. The following is an e<ample of a lockout= tagout procedure. ake sure to use the procedure that is specific to your employer or job site. $ARNING? This procedure is provided for your information only. The OS7/ procedure provides only the minimum re,uirements for lockoutsltagouts. (onsult the lockout=tagout procedure for your company and the plant or job site at which you are working. 6emember that your life could depend on the lockout=tagout procedure. It is critical that you use the correct procedure for your site. 7. 7ntroduction /. This lockout=tagout procedure has been established for the protection of personnel from potential e<posure to ha2ardous en1 ergy sources during construction> installation> service> and maintenance of electrical energy systems. ?. This procedure applies to and must be followed by all personnel who may be potentially e<posed to the une<pected startup or
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release of ha2ardous energy Ae.g.> electrical> pneumatic> hydraulic> chemical> or thermalB.
mechanical>
E<ce tion? This procedure does not apply to process and=or utility e,uipment or systems with cord and plug power supply systems when the rd and plug are the only source of ha2ardous energy are removed from the source> and remain under the e<clusive control of the authori2ed employee. E<ce tion? This procedure does not apply to troubleshooting AdiagnosticB procedures and installation of electrical e,uipment and systems when the energy source cannot be de1energi2ed because continuity of service is essential or shutdown of the system is impractical. /dditional personal protective e,uipment for such work is re,uired and the safe work practices identified for this work must be followed. 77. /e0initions /ffected employee1/ny person working on or near e,uipment or machinery when maintenance or installation tasks are being performed by others during lockout=tagout conditions. /ppointed authori2ed employee1/ny person appointed by the job site supervisor to coordinate and maintain the security of a group lockout=tagout condition. /uthori2ed employee1/ny person authori2ed by the job site supervisor to use lockout=tagout procedures while working on electrical e,uipment. /uthori2ed supervisor1The assigned job site supervisor who is in charge of coordination or procedures and maintenance of security of all lockout=tagout operations at the job site. 'nergy isolation device1/n approved electrical disconnect switch capable of accepting approved lockout=tagout hardware for the purpose of isolating and securing a ha2ardous electrical source in an open or safe position. Lockout=tagout hardware1/ combination of padlocks> danger tags> and other devices designed to attach to and secure electrical isolation devices. 777. 9rainin& /. 'ach authori2ed supervisor> authori2ed employee> and appointed authori2ed employee shall receive initial and as1 needed user1level training in lockout=tagout procedures. ?. Training is to include recognition of ha2ardous energy sources> the type and magnitude of energy sources in the workplace> and the procedures for energy isolation and control. (. 6etraining will be conducted on an asneeded basis whenever lockout=tagout procedures are changed or there is evidence that procedures are not being followed properly.
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7;. Protective Equi !ent and (ard>are /. Lockout=tagout devices shall be used e<clusively for controlling ha2ardous electrical energy sources. ?. /ll padlocks must be numbered and assigned to one employee only. (. Do duplicate or master keys will be made available to anyone e<cept the site supervisor. 0. / current list with the lock number and authori2ed employeeFs name must be maintained by the site supervisor. '. 0anger tags must be of the standard white> red> and black 0/D5'610O DOT O+'6/T' design and shall include the autho1 ri2ed employeeFs name> the date> and the appropriate network company Ause permanent markersB. :. 0anger tags must be used in conjunction with padlocks> as shown in +i&ure 9. ;. Procedures /. +reparation for lockout=tagout@ !. (heck the procedures to ensure that no changes have been made since you last used a lockout= tagout. ". Identify all authori2ed and affected employees involved with the pending lockout=tagout. ?. Se,uence for lockout=tagout@ !. Dotify all authori2ed and affected personnel that a lockout=tagout is to be used and e<plain the reason why. ". Shut down the e,uipment or system using the normal O:: or STO+ procedures. *. Lock out energy sources and test disconnects to be sure they cannot be moved to the OD position and open the control cutout switch. If there is no cutout switch> block the magnet in the switch open position before working on electrically operated e,uipment=apparatus such as motors> relays> etc. 6emove the control wire. 3. Lock and tag the re,uired switches in the open position. 'ach authori2ed employee must affi< a separate lock and tag. /n e<ample is shown in +i&ure 10. %. 0issipate any stored energy by attaching the e,uipment or system to ground. &. .erify that the test e,uipment is functional via a known power source. -. (onfirm that all switches are in the open position and use test e,uipment to verify that all parts are de1energi2ed. 4. If it is necessary to temporarily leave the area> upon returning> retest to ensure that the e,uipment or system is still deenergi2ed.
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Figure 1 O Lockout=tagout device.
Figure 1& 5
ultiple lockout=tagout device.
(. 6estoration of energy@ !. (onfirm that all personnel and tools> including shorting probes> are accounted for and removed from the e,uipment or system. ". (ompletely reassemble and secure the e,uipment or system. *. 6eplace and=or reactivate all safety con
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trols. 3. 6emove locks and tags from isolation switches. /uthori2ed employees must remove their own locks and tags. %. Dotify all affected personnel that the lockout=tagout has ended and the e,uipment or system is energi2ed. &. Operate or close isolation switches to restore energy. ;7. E!er&ency Re!ova# "ut%ori2ation /. In the event a lockout=tagout device is left secured> and the authori2ed employee is absent> or the key is lost> the authori2ed supervisor can remove the lockout=tagout device. ?. The authori2ed employee must be informed that the lockout=tagout device has been removed. (. 8ritten verification of the action taken> including informing the authori2ed employee of the removal> must be recorded in the job journal.
4.4.0 O*6(. OSHA R(9042*+83There are other OS7/ regulations that you need to be aware of on the job site. :or e<ample@
OS7/ re,uires the posting of hard hat areas. ?e alert to those areas and always wear your hard hat properly> with the bill in front. 7ard hats should be worn whenever overhead ha2ards e<ist> or there is the risk of e<posure to electric shock or burns. Cou should wear safety shoes on all job sites. Eeep them in good condition. 0o not wear clothing with e<posed metal 2ippers> buttons> or other metal fasteners. /void wearing loose1fitting or torn clothing. +rotect your eyes. Cour eyesight is threatened by many activities on the job site. /lways wear safety glasses with full side shields. In addition> the job may also re,uire protective e,uipment such as face shields or goggles.
9estin& 0or :o#ta&e
'.'.1
OS7/ also re,uires that you inspect or test e<isting conditions before beginning work on electrical e,uipment or lines. 9sually> you will use a voltmeter=sensor or voltage tester to do this. Cou should assume that all electrical e,uipment and lines are energi2ed until you have determined that they are not. 0o not proceed to work on or near energi2ed parts until the operating voltage is determined. /fter the electrical e,uipment to be worked on has been locked and
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tagged out> the e,uipment must be verified as de1energi2ed before work can proceed. This section sets the re,uirements that must be met before any circuits or e,uipment can be considered de1 energi2ed. :irst> and most importantly> only ,ualified persons may verify that a circuit or piece of e,uipment is de1energi2ed. ?efore approaching the e,uipment to be worked on> the ,ualified person shall operate the e,uipmentFs normal operating controls to check that the proper energy sources have been disconnected. 9pon opening a control enclosure> the ,ualified person shall note the presence of any components that may store electrical energy. Initially> these components should be avoided. To verify that the lockout was ade,uate and the e,uipment is indeed de1energi2ed> a ,ualified person must use appropriate test e,uipment to check for power> paying particular attention to induced voltages and unrelated feedback voltage. 'nsure that your testing e,uipment is working properly by performing the #ive-dead-#ive check before each use. To perform this test> first check your voltmeter on a known live voltage source. This known source must be in the same range as the electrical e,uipment you will be working on. De<t> without changing scales on your voltmeter> check for the presence of power in the e,uipment you have locked out. :inally> to ensure that your voltmeter did not malfunction> check it again on the known live source. +erforming this test will assure you that your voltage testing e,uipment is reliable. In accordance with OS7/ section !)!#.***AbB A"BAivB=!)"&.3!-AdBA3B AiiB> if the circuit to be tested normally operates at more than &## volts> the livedead1live check must be performed. Once it has been verified that power is not present> stored electrical energy that might endanger personnel must be released. / ,ualified person must use the proper devices to release the stored energy> such as using a shorting probe to discharge a capacitor. 5.0.0 LADDERS AND SCAFFOLDS Ladders and scaffolds account for about half of the injuries from workplace electrocutions. The involuntary recoil that can occur when a person is shocked can cause the person to be thrown from a ladder or high place. 5.1.0 L211(.any job site accidents involve the misuse of ladders. ake sure to follow these general rules every time you use any ladder. :ollowing
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these rules can prevent serious injury or even death. ?efore using any ladder> inspect it. Look for loose or missing rungs> cleats> bolts> or screws> and check for cracked> broken> or badly worn rungs> cleats> or side rails. If you find a ladder in poor condition> do not use it. 6eport it and tag it for repair or disposal. Dever modify a ladder by cutting it or weakening its parts. 0o not set up ladders where they may be run into by others> such as in doorways or walkways. If it is absolutely necessary to set up a ladder in such a location> protect the ladder with barriers. 0o not increase a ladderFs reach by standing it on bo<es> barrels> or anything other than a flat surface. (heck your shoes for grease> oil> or mud before climbing a ladder. These materials could make you slip. /lways face the ladder and hold on with both hands when climbing up or down. Dever lean out from the ladder. Eeep your belt buckle centered between the rails. If something is out of reach> get down and move the ladder. $ARNING? 8hen performing electrical work> always use ladders made of nonconductive material.
5.1.1 )trai&%t and E;tension 8adders
There are some specific rules to follow when working with straight and e<tension ladders@ /lways place a straight ladder at the proper angle. The distance from the ladder feet to the base of the wall or support should be about one1fourth the working height of the ladder Asee +i&ure 11). Secure straight ladders to prevent slipping. 9se ladder shoes or hooks at the top and bottom. /nother method is to secure a board to the floor against the ladder feet. :or brief jobs> someone can hold the straight ladder. Side rails should e<tend above the top support point by at least *& inches Asee +i&ure 11).
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Figure 11 5 Straight ladder positioning.

It takes two people to safely e<tend and raise an e<tension ladder. '<tend the ladder only after it has been raised to an upright position. Dever carry an e<tended ladder. Dever use two ladders spliced together. Ladders should not be painted because paint can hide defects.
5.1.2 )te 8adders
There are also a few specific rules to use with a step ladder@ /lways open the step ladder all the way and lock the spreaders to avoid collapsing the ladder accidentally. 9se a step ladder that is high enough for the job so that you do not have to reach. 5et someone to hold the ladder if it is more than !# feet high. Dever use a step ladder as a straight ladder. Dever stand on or straddle the top two rungs of a step ladder. Ladders are not shelves. $ARNING? 0o not leave tools or materials on a step ladder. Sometimes you will need to move or remove protective e,uipment> guards> or guardrails to complete a task using a ladder. 6emember> always replace what you moved or removed before leaving the area. 5.2.0 S)2778418orking on scaffolds also involves being safe and alert to ha2ards. In general> keep scaffold platforms clear of unnecessary material or scrap. These can become deadly tripping ha2ards or falling objects. (arefully inspect each part of the scaffold as it is erected. Cour life
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may depend on itK akeshift scaffolds have caused many injuries and deaths on job sites. 9se only scaffolding and planking materials designed and marked for their specific use. 8hen working on a scaffold> follow the established specific re,uirements set by OS7/ for the use of fall protection. 8hen appropriate> wear an approved harness with a lanyard properly anchored to the structure. N8*( The following re,uirements represent a compilation of the more stringent re,uirements of both (:6 !)!# and (:6 !)"&. The following are some of the basic OS7/ rules for working safely on scaffolds@ Scaffolds must be erected on sound> rigid footing that can carry the ma<imum intended load. 5uardrails and toe boards must be installed on the open sides and ends of platforms that are higher than si< feet above the ground or floor. There must be a screen of P1inch ma<imum openings between the toe board and the midrail where persons are re,uired to work or pass under the scaffold. Scaffold planks must e<tend over their end supports not less than si< inches nor more than !" inches and must be properly blocked. If the scaffold does not have built1in ladders that meet the standard> then it must have an attached ladder access. /ll employees must be trained to erect> dismantle> and use scaffoldAsB. 9nless it is impossible> fall protection must be worn while building or dismantling all scaffolding. 8ork platforms must be completely decked for use by employees. Cour hard hat is the first line of protection from falling objects. Cour hard hat> however> cannot protect your shoulders> arms> back> or feet from the danger of falling objects. The person work1 ing below depends on those working above. 8hen you are working above the ground> be careful so that material> including your tools> cannot fall from your work site. 9se trash containers or other similar means to keep debris from falling and never throw or sweep material from above. 6.0.0 5 LIFTS, HOISTS, AND CRANES On the job> you may be working in the operating area of lifts> hoists> or cranes. The following safety rules are for those who are working in the area with overhead e,uipment but are not directly involved in its operation. Stay alert and pay attention to the warning signals from operators. Dever stand or walk under a load> regardless of whether it is moving or stationary.
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/lways warn others of moving or approaching overhead loads. Dever attempt to distract signal persons or operators of overhead e,uipment. Obey warning signs. 0o not use e,uipment that you are not ,ualified to operate.
7.0.0 5 LIFTING ?ack injuries cause many lost working hours every year. That is in addition to the misery felt by the person with the hurt backK Learn how to lift properly and si2e up the load. To lift> first stand close to the load. Then> s,uat down and keep your back straight. 5et a firm grip on the load and keep the load close to your body. Lift by straightening your legs. ake sure that you lift with your legs and not your back. 0o not be afraid to ask for help if you feel the load is too heavy. See +i&ure 12 for an e<ample of proper lifting.
Figure 12 5 +roper lifting.
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.0.0 5 !ASIC TOOL SAFETY 8hen using any tools for the first time> read the operatorFs manual to learn the recommended safety precautions. If you are not certain about the operation of any tool> ask the advice of a more e<perienced worker. ?efore using a tool> you should know its function and how it works. /lways use the right tool for the job. Incorrectly using tools is one of the leading causes of job site injury. 9sing a hammer as a pry bar or a screwdriver as a chisel can cause damage to the tool and injure you in t%e rocess. ".0.0 5 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURES Occasionally> you may be re,uired to do your work in a manhole or vault. If this is the case> there are some special safety considerations that you need to be aware of. :or details on the subject of working in manholes and vaults> refer to !)!#.!3&=!)"&."!AaBA&BAiB and AiiB and the =ationa# E#ectrica# )a0ety $ode. The general precautions are listed in the following paragraphs. ".1.0 G(3(.24 G0+1(4+3(-
/ confined space includes Abut is not limited toB any of the following@ a manhole> boiler> tank> trench Afour feet or deeperB> tunnel> hopper> bin> sewer> vat> pipeline> vault> pit> air duct> or vessel. / confined space is identified as follows@ It has limited entry and e<it. It is not intended for continued human occupancy. It has poor ventilation. It has the potential for entrapment=engulfment. It has the potential for accumulating a dangerous atmosphere. 'ntry into a confined space occurs when any part of the body crosses the plane of entry. Do employee shall enter a confined space unless the employee has been trained in confined space entry procedures. /ll ha2ards must be eliminated or controlled before a confined space entry is made. /ll appropriate personal protective e,uipment shall be worn at all times during confined space entry and work. The minimum re,uired e,uipment includes a hard hat> safety glasses> full body harness> and life line. Ladders used for entry must be secured. / rescue retrieval system must be in use when entering confined spaces and while working in permit1re,uired confined spaces Adiscussed laterB. 'ach employee must be capable of being
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rescued by the retrieval system. Only no1entry rescues will be performed by company personnel. 'ntry rescues will be performed by trained rescue personnel identified on the entry permit. The area outside the confined space must be properly barricaded> and appropriate warning signs must be posted. 'ntry permits can be issued and signed by job site supervisors only. +ermits must be kept at the confined space while work is being conducted. /t the end of the shift> the entry permits must be made part of the job journal and retained for one year. ".2.0 C837+3(1 S:2)( H2A2.1 R(,+(C ?efore determining the proper procedure for confined space entry> a ha2ard review shall be performed. The ha2ard review shall include> but not be limited to> the following conditions@
The past and current uses of the confined space The physical characteristics of the space including si2e> shape> air circulation> etc. +ro<imity of the space to other ha2ards '<isting or potential ha2ards in the confined space> such as@ 1 /tmospheric conditions Ao<ygen levels> flammable=e<plosive levels> and=or to<ic levelsB 1 +resence=potential for li,uids 1 +resence=potential for particulates +otential for mechanical=electrical ha2ards in the confined space Aincluding work to be doneB
Once the ha2ard review is completed> the supervisor> in consultation with the project managers and=or safety manager> shall classify the confined space as one of the following@ / nonpermit confined space / permit1re,uired confined space controlled by ventilation / permit1re,uired confined space Once the confined space has been properly classified> appropriate entry and work procedures must be followed. ".3.0 E3*.@ 231 $8.D P.8)(10.(=on er!it s aces-" ha2ard review checklist must be completed before a confined space is designated as a non er!it s ace. The checklist must be made part of the job journal> and a copy of the checklist must be sent to the safety office. / nonpermit confined space must meet the following criteria@
There is no actual or potential atmospheric ha2ard.
the
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N8*( 9sing ventilation to clear the atmosphere does not meet this criterion
There are no actual or potential physical> electrical> or mechanical ha2ards capable of causing harm or death.
0ocumentation using the ha2ards checklist and entry permit forms> and verifying that the confined space is ha2ard1free> must be made available to employees and maintained at the confined space while work is conducted. If it is necessary to enter the space to verify that it is ha2ard1free or to eliminate ha2ards> entry must be made under the re,uirements of a permit1re,uired space. /n employee may enter the confined space using the minimum fall protection of harness and anchored life line. Once in the space> the employee may disconnect the life line and reconnect it before e<iting. If the work being done creates a ha2ard> the space must be reclassified as a permit1re,uired space. If any other atmospheric> physical> electrical> or mechanical ha2ards arise> the space is to be evacuated immediately and reclassified as a permit1re,uired entry space. Per!it-required s aces contro##ed by venti#ation-" ha2ard review checklist must be completed before a confined space is designated as a er!it-required s ace contro##ed by venti#ation. The checklist must be made part of the job journal> and a copy of the checklist must be sent to the safety office. / permitre,uired confined space controlled by ventilation must meet the following criteria@
The only ha2ard in the confined space is an actual=potential atmospheric ha2ard. (ontinuous forced1air ventilation maintains a safe atmosphere Ai.e.> within the limits designated on the entry permitB. Inspection and monitoring data are documented. Do other physical> electrical> or mechanical ha2ard e<ists.
/n entry permit must be issued and signed by the job site supervisor and be kept at the confined space while work is being conducted. /tmospheric testing must be conducted before entry into the confined space and in the following order@
O<ygen content :lammable gases and vapors To<ic contaminants
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9nacceptable atmospheric conditions must be eliminated with forced air ventilation. If continuous forced air ventilation is re,uired to maintain an acceptable atmosphere> employees may not enter until forced air ventilation has eliminated any ha2ardous atmosphere. +eriodic atmospheric testing must be conducted during the work shift to ensure that the atmosphere remains clear. +eriodic monitoring must be documented on the entry permit. If atmospheric conditions change> employees must e<it the confined space immedi1 ately> and atmospheric conditions must be re1evaluated. (ontinuous communication must be maintained with the employees working in the confined space. If hot work is to be performed> a hot work permit is re,uired> and the ha2ard analysis must document that the hot work does not create additional ha2ards that are not controlled by ventilation only. 7ot work is defined as any work that produces arcs> sparks> flames> heat> or other sources of ignition. / rescue plan using trained rescue personnel must be in place prior to the start of work in the confined space. /ll employees should be aware of the rescue plan and how to activate it. Per!it-required con0ined s aces-" ha2ard review checklist must be completed before a confined space is designated as a er!itrequired con0ined s ace. The checklist must be made part of the job journal> and a copy must be sent to the safety office. / permit1 re,uired space meets the following criteria@ There are actual=potential ha2ards> other than a ha2ardous atmosphere. .entilation alone does not eliminate atmospheric ha2ards. (onditions in and around the confined space must be continually monitored.
/n entry permit must be issued and signed by the job site supervisor. The permit is to be kept at the confined space while work is being performed in the space. /tmospheric testing must be conducted before entry into the confined space and in the following order@ O<ygen content :lammable gases and contaminants To<ic contaminants 9nacceptable atmospheric conditions must be eliminated=controlled prior to employee entry. ethods of elimination may include isolation> purging> flushing> or ventilating. (ontinuous atmospheric monitoring must be conducted while employees are in the confined
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space. Triggering of a monitoring alarm means employees should evacuate the confined space immediately. /ny other physical ha2ards must be eliminated or controlled by engineering and work practice controls before entry. /dditional personal protective e,uipment should be used as a follow1up to the above methods. /n attendant> whose job it is to monitor conditions in and around the confined space and to maintain contact with the employees in the space> must be stationed outside the confined space for the duration of entry operations. If hot work is to be performed> a hot work permit is re,uired> and the ha2ard analysis must document the additional ha2ards and precautions to be considered. / rescue plan using trained rescue personnel must be in place before confined space entry. The attendant should be aware of the rescue plan and have the means to activate it. 10.0.0 5 FIRST AID Cou should be prepared in case an accident does occur on the job site or anywhere else. :irst aid training that includes certification classes in (+6 and artificial respiration could be the best insurance you and your fellow workers ever receive. ake sure that you know where first aid is available at your job site. /lso> make sure you know the accident reporting procedure. 'ach job site should also have a first aid manual or booklet giving easy1to1find emergency treatment procedures for various types of injuries. 'mergency first aid telephone numbers should be readily available to everyone on the job site. 6efer to (:6 !)!#.!%!=!)"&."* and !)"&.%# for specific re,uirements. 11.0.0 5 SOLVENTS AND TO#IC VAPORS any solvents give off vapors that are to<ic enough to make people temporarily ill or even cause permanent injury. any solvents are skin and eye irritants. Solvents can also be systemic poisons when they are swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Solvents in spray or aerosol form are dangerous in another way. Small aerosol particles or solvent vapors mi< with air to form a combustible mi<ture with o<ygen. The slightest spark could cause an e<plosion in a confined area because the mi< is perfect for fast ignition. There are procedures and methods for using> storing> and disposing of most solvents and chemicals. These procedures are normally found in the aterial Safety 0ata Sheets A S0SsB available at your facility. /n S0S is re,uired for all materials that could be ha2ardous to
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personnel or e,uipment. These sheets contain information on the material> such as the manufacturer and chemical makeup. /s much information as possible is kept on the ha2ardous material to prevent a dangerous situationH or> in the event of a dangerous situation> the information is used to rectify the problem in as safe a manner as possible. See +i&ure 13 for an e<ample of procedures you may find on the job.
Figure 13 5 +ortion of an
S0S.
11.1.0 P.()20*+83- $6(3 U-+39 S84,(3*It is always best to use a nonflammable> nonto<ic solvent whenever possible. 7owever> any time solvents are used> it is essential that your work area be ade,uately ventilated and that you wear the appropriate personal protective e,uipment@ / chemical face shield with chemical goggles should be used to protect the eyes and skin from sprays and splashes. / chemical apron should be worn to protect your body from sprays and splashes. 6emember that some solvents are acid1 based. If they come into contact with your clothes> solvents can eat through your clothes to your skin. / paper filter mask does not stop vaporsH it is used only for nuisance dust. In situations where a paper mask does not supply ade,uate protection> chemical cartridge respirators might be needed. These respirators can stop many vapors if the correct cartridge is selected. In areas where ventilation is a serious
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problem> a self1contained breathing apparatus AS(?/B must be used. ake sure that you have been given a full medical evaluation and that you are properly trained in using respirators at your site. 11.2.0 R(-:+.2*8.@ P.8*()*+83
+rotection against high concentrations of dust> mist> fumes> vapors> gases> and=or o<ygen deficiency is provided by appropriate respirators. /ppropriate respiratory protective devices should be used for the ha2ardous material involved and the e<tent and nature of the work performed. /n air1purifying respirator is> as its name implies> a respirator that removes contaminants from air inhaled by the wearer. The respirators may be divided into the following types@ particulate1 removing Amechanical filterB> gas1 and vaporremoving Achemical filterB> and a combination of particulate1removing and gas1 and vaporremoving. +articulate1removing respirators are designed to protect the wearer against the inhalation of particulate matter in the ambient atmosphere. They may be designed to protect against a single type of particulate> such as pneumoconiosis1producing and nuisance dust> to<ic dust> metal fumes or mist> or against various combinations of these types. 5as1 and vapor1removing respirators are designed to protect the wearer against the inhalation of gases or vapors in the ambient atmosphere. They are designated as gas masks> chemical cartridge respirators Anonemergency gas respiratorsB> and self1rescue respirators. They may be designed to protect against a single gas such as chlorineH a single type of gas> such as acid gasesH or a combination of types of gases> such as acid gases and organic vapors. If you are re,uired to use a respiratory protective device> you must be evaluated by a physician to ensure that you are physically fit to use a respirator. Cou must then be fitted and thoroughly instructed in the respiratorFs use. /ny employee whose job entails having to wear a respirator must keep his face free of facial hair in the seal area. 6espiratory protective e,uipment must be inspected regularly and maintained in good condition. 6espiratory e,uipment must be properly cleaned on a regular basis and stored in a sanitary>
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dustproof container. $ARNING? 0o not use any respirator unless you have been fitted for it and thoroughly understand its use. /s with all safety rules> follow your employerFs respiratory program and policies. 12.0.0 5 AS!ESTOS /sbestos is a mineral1based material that is resistant to heat and corrosive chemicals. 0epending on the chemical composition> asbestos fibers may range in te<ture from coarse to silky. The properties that make asbestos fibers so valuable to industry are its high tensile strength> fle<ibility> heat and chemical resistance> and good frictional properties. /sbestos fibers enter the body by inhalation of airborne particles or by ingestion and can become embedded in the tissues of the respiratory or digestive systems. Cears of e<posure to asbestos can cause numerous disabling or fatal diseases. /mong these diseases are asbestosis> an emphysema1like conditionH lung cancerH mesothelioma> a cancerous tumor that spreads rapidly in the cells of membranes covering the lungs and body organsH and gastrointestinal cancer.
12.1.0
M83+*8.+39
'mployers who have a workplace or work operation covered by OS7/ *#)& ("sbestos )tandard 0or t%e $onstruction 7ndustry) must perform initial monitoring to determine the airborne concentrations of asbestos to which employees may be e<posed. If employers can demonstrate that employee e<posures are below the action level and=or e<cursion limit by means of objective or historical data> initial monitoring is not re,uired. If initial monitoring indicates that employee e<posures are below the action level and=or e<cursion limit> then periodic monitoring is not re,uired. 8ithin regulated areas> the employer must conduct daily monitoring unless all workers are e,uipped with supplied1air respirators operated in the positive1pressure mode. If daily monitoring by statistically reliable measurements indicates that employee e<posures are below the action level and=or e<cursion limit> then no further monitoring is re,uired for those employees >%ose e< osures are represented by such monitoring. 'mployees must be given the chance to observe monitoring> and affected employees must be notified as soon as possible following the employerFs receipt of the results.
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12.2.0
R(9042*(1 A.(2-
The employer must establish a regulated area where airborne concentrations of asbestos e<ceed or can reasonably be e<pected to e<ceed the locally determined e<posure limit> or when certain types of construction work are performed> such as cutting asbestos1 cement sheets and removing asbestos1containing floor tiles. Only authori2ed personnel may enter regulated areas. /ll persons entering a regulated area must be supplied with an appropriate respirator. Do smoking> eating> drinking> or applying cosmetics is permitted in regulated areas. 8arning signs must be displayed at each regulated area and must be posted at all approaches to regulated areas. These signs must bear the following information@ DANGER /S?'STOS (/D('6 /D0 L9D5 0IS'/S' 7/Q/60 /9T7O6IQ'0 +'6SODD'L ODLC 6'S+I6/TO6S /D0 +6OT'(TI.' (LOT7ID5 /6' 6'J9I6'0 ID T7IS /6'/ 8here feasible> the employer shall establish negative1pressure enclosures before commencing asbestos removal> demolition> and renovation operations. The setup and monitoring re,uirements for negative1pressure enclosures are as follows@ / competent person shall be designated to set up the enclosure and ensure its integrity and supervise employee activity within the enclosure. '<emptions are given for small1scale> short duration maintenance or renovation operations. The employer shall conduct daily monitoring of the e<posure of each employee who is assigned to work within a regulated area. Short1term monitoring is re,uired whenever asbestos concentrations will not be uniform throughout the workday and where high concentrations of asbestos may reasonably be e<pected to be released or created in e<cess of the local limit. In addition> warning labels must be affi<ed on all asbestos products and to all containers of asbestos products> including waste containers> that may be in the workplace. The label must include the following information@ DANGER (ODT/IDS /S?'STOS :I?'6S /.OI0 (6'/TID5 09ST (/D('6 /D0 L9D5 0IS'/S' 7/Q/60
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12.3.0
M(*681- 87 C8>:4+23)(
To the e<tent feasible> engineering and work practice controls must be used to reduce employee e<posure to within the permissible e<posure limit A+'LB. The employer must use one or more of the following control methods to achieve compliance@ Local e<haust ventilation e,uipped with highefficiency particulate air A7'+/B filter dust collection systems 5eneral ventilation systems .acuum cleaners e,uipped with 7'+/ filters 'nclosure or isolation of asbestos dust1producing processes 9se of wet methods> wetting agents> or removal encapsulants during asbestos handling> mi<ing> removal> cutting> application> and cleanup +rompt disposal of asbestos1containing wastes in leak1tight containers +rohibited work practices include the following@ The use of high1speed abrasive disc saws that are not e,uipped with appropriate engineering controls The use of compressed air to remove asbestoscontaining materials> unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with an enclosed ventilation system 8here engineering and work practice controls have been instituted but are insufficient to reduce employee e<posure to a level that is at or below the +'L> respiratory protection must be used to supplement these controls. 13.0.0 5 !ATTERIES 8orking around wet cell batteries can be dangerous if the proper precautions are not taken. ?atteries often give off hydrogen gas as a by1product. 8hen hydrogen mi<es with air> the mi<ture can be e<plosive in the proper concentration. :or this reason> smoking is strictly prohibited in battery rooms> and only insulated tools should be used. +roper ventilation also reduces the chance of e<plosion in battery areas. :ollow your companyFs procedures for working near batteries. /lso> ensure that your companyFs procedures are followed for lifting heavy batteries. 13.1.0 A)+1-
?atteries also contain acid> which will eat away human skin and many other materials. +ersonal protective e,uipment for battery work typically includes chemical aprons> sleeves> gloves> face shields> and goggles to prevent acid from contacting skin and eyes. :ollow your site procedures for dealing with spills of these materials. /lso> know the location of first aid when working with these
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chemicals. CAUTION If you come in contact with battery acid> report it immediately to your supervisor. 13.2.0 $2-6 S*2*+83-
?ecause of the chance that battery acid may contact someoneFs eyes or skin> wash stations are located near battery rooms. 0o not connect or disconnect batteries without proper supervision. 'veryone who works in the area should know where the nearest wash station is and how to use it. ?attery acid should be flushed from the skin and eyes with large amounts of water or with a neutrali2ing solution. 14.0.0 5 PC!P84@)648.+32*(1 &+:6(3@4- ;PC!-< are chemicals that were marketed under various trade names as a li,uid insulator=cooler in older transformers. In addition to being used in older transformers> +(?s are also found in some large capacitors and in the small ballast transformers used in street lighting and ordinary fluorescent light fi<tures. 0isposal of these materials is regulated by the '+/ and must be done through a regulated disposal companyH use e<treme caution and follow your facility procedures. $ARNING? 0o not come into contact with +(?s. They present a variety of serious health risks> including lung damage and cancer. 15.0.0 5 FALL PROTECTION :all protection is e<tremely important on the job site. The following sections cover many of the relevant fall protection procedures and systems you will use. 15.1.0 F244 P.8*()*+83 P.8)(10.(-
:all protection must be used when employees are on a walking or working surface that is si< feet or more above a lower level and has an unprotected edge or side. The areas covered include> but are not limited to@

:inished and unfinished floors or me22anines Temporary or permanent walkways=ramps :inished or unfinished roof areas 'levator shafts and hoist1ways :loor> roof> or walkway holes 8orking si< feet or more above dangerous e,uipment
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E<ce tion? If the dangerous e,uipment is unguarded> fall protection must be used at all heights regardless of the fall distance. :all protection is not re,uired during inspection> investigation> or assessment of job site conditions before or after construction work.
N8*( 8alking=working surfaces do not include ladders 6 scaffolds> vehicles> or trailers. /lso> an unprotected edge or side is an edge=side where there is no guardrail system at least *) inches high. These fall protection guidelines do not apply to the following areas. :all protection for these areas is located in the subparts cited in parentheses.
(ranes and derricks A!)"& subpart D= !)!# subpart DB Scaffolding A!)"& subpart L=!)!# subpart 0B 'lectrical power transmission and distribution A!)"& subpart .=!)!# subpart 6B Stairways and ladders A!)"& subpart N=!)!# subpart 0B '<cavations A!)"& subpart +B
:all protection must be selected in order of preference as listed below. Selection of a lower1level system> such as safety nets> must be based only on feasibility of protection. The list includes> but is not limited to> the following@
5uardrail systems and hole covers +ersonal fall arrest systems Safety nets
These fall protection procedures are designed to warn> isolate> restrict> or protect workers from a potential fall ha2ard. 15.2.0 T@:(- 87 F244 P.8*()*+83 S@-*(>The type of system selected shall depend on the fall ha2ards associated with the work to be performed. :irst> a ha2ard analysis shall be conducted by the job site supervisor prior to the start of work. ?ased on the ha2ard analysis> the job site supervisor and project manager> in consultation with the safety manager> will select the appropriate fall protection system. /ll employees will be instructed in the use of the fall protection system before starting work.
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S0>>2.@ Safety must be your concern at all times so that you do not become either the victim of an accident or the cause of one. Safety re,uirements and safe work practices are provided by OS7/ and your employer. It is essential that you adhere to all safety re,uirements and follow your employerFs safe work practices and procedures. /lso> you must be able to identify the potential safety ha2ards of your job site. The conse,uences of unsafe job site conduct can often be e<pensive> painful> or even deadly. 6eport any unsafe act or condition immediately to your supervisor. Cou should also report all work1related accidents> injuries> and illnesses to your supervisor immediately. 6emember> proper construction techni,ues> common sense> and a good safety attitude will help to prevent accidents> injuries> and fatalities. R(,+(C %0(-*+83!. The most life1threatening ha2ards on a construction site include all of the following e<ce t@@@@@@@@@@. a. falls b. electrocution c. being crushed or struck by falling or flying objects d. chemical e<posure ". If a personFs heart begins to fibrillate due to an electrical shock> the solution is to RRRRR. a. leave the person alone until the fibrillation stops b. administer heart massage c. use the 7eimlich maneuver d. have a ,ualified person use emergency defibrillation e,uipment *. The majority of injuries due to electrical shock are caused by RRRRRRRRRR. a. electrically operated hand tools b. contact with low1voltage conductors c. contact with high1voltage conductors d. lightning 3. (lass # rubber gloves are used when working with voltages less than RRRRRRRRR. a. !>### volts b. ->%## volts c. !->%## volts d. "&>%## volts
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%. /n important use of a hot stick is to RRRRRRRRRRR. a. keep cattle moving b. keep your hands warm c. replace fuses d. test circuits to -(( if they are live &. The following statement correctly describes a double1insulated power tool. a. There is twice as much insulation on the power cord. b. It can safely be used in place of a grounded tool. c. It is made entirely of plastic or other nonconducting material. d. The entire tool is covered in rubber. -. The following applies in a lockout=tagout procedure. a. Only the supervisor can install lockout= tagout devices. b. If several employees are involved> the lockout=tagout e,uipment is applied only by the first employee to arrive at the disconnect. c. Lockout=tagout devices applied by one employee can be removed by another employee as long as it can be verified that the first employee has left for the day. d. Lockout=tagout devices are installed by every authori2ed employee involved in the work.
4. The proper distance from the feet of a straight ladder to the wall isRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. a. one1fourth the working height of the ladder b. one1half the height of the ladder c. three feet d. one1fourth of the s,uare root of the height of the ladder ). The minimum and ma<imum distances Ain inchesB that a scaffold plank can e<tend beyond its end support are RRRRRRRRRRR. a. 3> 4 b. &>!# c. &>!" d. 4>!" !#. The following condition applies to a permitre,uired confined space> but not to a permitre,uired space controlled by ventilation. a. / ha2ard review checklist must be completed. b. /n attendant> whose job is to monitor the space> must be stationed outside the space. c. 9nacceptable atmospheric conditions must be eliminated. d. /tmospheric testing must be conducted.
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%rade %erms 2ntroducedin %his 3odule

4ouble'insulated.ungrounded tool: /n electrical tool that is constructed so that the case is insulated from electrical energy. The case is made of a nonconductive material. Fibrillation: .ery rapid irregular contractions of the muscle fibers of the heart that result in the heartbeat and pulse going out of rhythm with each other. 5rounded tool: /n electrical tool with a threeprong plug at the end of its power cord or some other means to ensure that stray current travels to ground without passing through the body of the user. The ground plug is bonded to the conductive frame of the tool. 5round fault circuit interrupter 65F$27: / protective device that functions to de1energi2e a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground e<ceeds some
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predetermined value that is less than that re,uired to operate the overcurrent protective device of the supply circuit. 8olychlorinated biphenyls 68$9s7: To<ic chemicals that may be contained in li,uids used to cool certain types of large transformers and capacitors.
+dditional /esources
This module is intended to present thorough resources for task training. The following reference works are suggested for further study. These are optional materials for continued education rather than for task training. 29 $+R Parts 1900-19106 )tandards 0or 3enera# 7ndustry.Occupational Safety and 7ealth /dministration> 9.S. 0epartment of Labor. 29 $+R Parts 19266 )tandards 0or t%e $onstruction 7ndustry.
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Occupational Safety and 7ealth /dministration> 9.S. 0epartment of Labor. =ationa# E#ectrica# $ode (andboo*. Juincey> +rotection /ssociation. =ationa# E#ectrica# )a0ety $ode. Juincey> +rotection /ssociation. /@ Dational :ire
/@ Dational :ire
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Instr 12102 Electrical Safety

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Module 12102-01----------------------

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

MODULE 12102 CONTENTS

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Figure 1 5 ?ody resistance.

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

'mbedded foreign material 0eep scratches +inholes or punctures Snags or cuts

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

Figure 3 5Inspection. Figure 4 5 Trapping air. Figure ! 5 Inspecting glove.

5 Inflated glove. Figure

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

Eye and +ace Protection

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

circuits :ire1protective signaling systems (ommunications systems

'.1.10 1910.332 9rainin&

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectric power and lighting circuits Test instruments and e,uipment

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

Figure " 5 0ouble1insulated electric drill.

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

release of ha2ardous energy Ae.g.> electrical> pneumatic> hydraulic> chemical> or thermalB.

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

Figure 1 O Lockout=tagout device.

ultiple lockout=tagout device.

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

Figure 11 5 Straight ladder positioning.

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

Figure 12 5 +roper lifting.

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee

Instrumentation Level One Trainee

'lectrical Safety Trainee