Thermodynamics-1 for UPSC IES and GATE 2014 Mechanical Engineering By

Himanshu Vasistha

Thermodynamics
The branch of science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy, and of the relationships between all forms of energy.

System and Surroundings

! A system is a nite quantity of matter or a prescribed region of space." ! The actual or hypothetical envelope enclosing the system is called Boundary." ! Boundary may be xed or moveable. " ! Everything external to the system is called Surroundings. " ! A System and its Surroundings together comprise a Universe.

Types of System
! Open System- In this matter and energy ow in or out of the system. Most of the Engineering Systems are Open Systems." ! Closed System- In this the boundary is impervious to the ow of matter. A mass of gas and vapour in an engine cylinder, with a continuous boundary may be regarded as a Closed System." ! Isolated System- In this the system neither exchanges energy nor matter with another system or surroundings.

Adiabatic System vs Isolated System

An adiabatic system is one which is thermally insulated from its surroundings. This means no heat exchange across system boundary. Work transfer can take place across the system boundary. If work transfer does not occur across the boundary, it becomes an ISOLATED SYSTEM.

Macroscopic and Microscopic Points of View

Thermodynamic studies are undertaken by the two different approaches: Macroscopic approach - means Big or Total. Microscopic approach - means small Although both approaches are different, but when applied to a system, both provide same results.

Properties, Processes and Cycles

When properties like, volume, pressure, temperature etc. of a system have denite values, then the system is said to exist at a denite State. Properties are the coordinates which describe the state of a system. An operation in which one or more properties of a system changes is called change of state. The succession of States passed during a change of state is called a process.

 A cycle is dened as a series of state changes in which the initial and nal states are identical. Two types of properties:- Intensive properties, which are independent of the mass of the system; e.g. Pressure, Temperature etc. Extensive properties, are related to mass; e.g. Volume, Energy etc. If mass is increased, the values of extensive properties also increase. Specic extensive properties, i.e. Extensive properties per unit mass, are intensive properties, e.g. Specic volume etc.

Process and Cycle

Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Thermodynamic equilibrium exists in a system when no change of macroscopic properties is registered, if the system is isolated from its surroundings. An isolated system always reaches in course of time a state of thermodynamic equilibrium and can never depart from it spontaneously. If a system is in equilibrium, no spontaneous change in macroscopic property can occur. Thermodynamic equilibrium exists when, Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical equilibrium exist simultaneously.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also separately with a body C, then B and C will be in thermal equilibrium with each other.

! Zeroth law is the basis of temperature measurement. " ! There are ve kinds of thermometer, each with its own thermometric property."

Thermometer Constant vol. gas thermometer Constant pressure gas thermometer Electrical Resistance Thermometer Thermocouple Mercury in glass thermometer

Thermometric property Pressure Volume Resistance Thermal e.m.f Length

Work transfer
Work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force. When work is done by a system, it is taken to be positive, and if work is done on a system, it is taken to be negative. Work is one of the forms in which a system and its surroundings interact.

Displacement work
! When the piston moves, the volume changes, and the work done can be calculated as described in the gure." ! The magnitude of the work done is the area under the P-V diagram." ! The path shown on the P-V diagram must pass through equilibrium states; i.e. must be Quasi Static." ! The integration to calculate the work done can be performed only if the process is quasi static.

Path Function and Point Function

Area under the PV curve gives the amount of work done, so it is not a function of the end states of a process, but depends upon the path the process takes. Therefore, work is called a path function. Thermodynamic properties are point functions, since for a given state, there is a denite value for each property. Path Functions are called inexact or imperfect differential. Point Functions are called exact or perfect differential.

Work in various Quasi Static Processes

PVk = constant

Open and closed system work

! The open system work is calculated by plotting it on volume axis." ! The closed system work is calculated by plotting it on pressure axis.

Zero work transfer

Work transfer is ONLY identied at the boundaries of a system. Therefore, it can be termed as a boundary phenomenon. The expansion of a gas against vacuum is called free expansion. In this case the work done by the system is zero, as no work crosses the boundary. This free expansion process is not a quasi static process, although the initial and end states are in equilibrium.

Heat Transfer
It is dened as a form of energy that is transferred across a boundary due to a temperature difference. The direction of heat transfer is from a body at high temperature to a body at lower temperature. Heat ow into a system is taken to be positive, and heat ow out of a system is taken to be negative. Heat transfer is a transit, and occurs only at the boundary.

Important points for a Heat and Work Transfer

Heat and work transfer are energy interactions. The same e#ect in a closed system can be brought about either by heat transfer or work transfer.
Both transfers are boundary phenomena, and both represent energy crossing the boundaries of the system.
It is wrong to say 'total heat' of a closed system as heat and work are not a property of a system. They cannot be stored in the system. Both are energies in transit Heat transfer is the energy interaction due to temperature di#erence only. All other energy interactions can be termed as work transfer

Next topic:- First Law of Thermodynamics

For any doubts regarding this lecture feel free to drop me an email at, himanshu.vasistha@gmail.com.