LTE Adv

LTE, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel.
10-12) Focus: Carrier Aggregation

June 2013
Andreas Roessler
andreas.roessler@rohde-schwarz.com
Technology Manager Rohde & Schwarz USA, Inc.
Disclaimer This presentation contains statements based on latest developments for LTE covered in 3GPP Release 10,11 and 12 and shows the current understanding of the technology. Even with careful analysis there is a certain risk that latest changes or improvements are not covered in this presentation. This should be considered while reading. Furthermore any roadmap or product information is subject to change.
A video says more then a 1.000 words
LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation (CA) Andreas Roessler | Jan 2013 | 2
Outline
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Introduction & overview.

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Where is LTE today? What about Rel-9? Why LTE is not 4G?
LTE-Advanced features as of 3GPP Rel-10.

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Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC). MIMO enhancements in Downlink and Uplink. Enhanced SC-FDMA.
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Focus topic: Carrier Aggregation. Rohde&Schwarz test solutions for LTE-Advanced.

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Impact on device testing; focus: Carrier Aggregation.
Beyond LTE-Advanced: An outlook to 3GPP Rel-11 and 12.

Where is LTE today?

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97 LTE networks have been launched in 20121).

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175 commercial LTE networks (FDD: 159, TDD: 16) in 70 countries. Forecast: 248 commercial networks in 87 countries by the end of 2013.
821 LTE-capable devices launched, incl. 261 smartphones and 67 tablets from 97 different manufacturers2). U.S. dominates the LTE market space.
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90.2 mio. global subscription, 54.2% of all subscribers are located in the US3). Verizon Wireless still leads the global race: ~26.3+ mio. connections4).
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U.S. first country with inter-operable LTE FDD / TD-LTE network. by the way LTE is not 4G!
(May (Mar 3) http://www.gsacom.com/downloads/pdf/LTE_subscriptions_growth_to_Q1_2013.php4 (May 4) http://gigaom.com/2013/04/18/verizon-grows-by-another-720000-subs-continues-shift-toward-lte/ (Oct
2) http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/GSA_LTE_devices_form_factors.php4 1) http://www.gsacom.com//downloads/charts/LTE_global_map.php4
10, 27, 22, 24,
2013) 2013) 2013) 2012)
What has changed? More FDD frequency bands

Band# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band 2110 MHz 1920 MHz 1850 MHz 1710 MHz 1710 MHz 824 MHz 830 MHz 2500 MHz 880 MHz 1749.9 MHz 1710 MHz 1427.9 MHz 698 MHz 777 MHz 788 MHz 704 MHz 815 MHz 830 MHz 832 MHz 1447.9 MHz 3410 MHz 2000 MHz 1625.5 MHz 1850 MHz 814 MHz 807 MHz 703 MHz 1980 MHz 2170 MHz 1910 MHz 1785 MHz 1755 MHz 849 MHz 840 MHz 2570 MHz 915 MHz 1784.9 MHz 1770 MHz 1452.9 MHz 716 MHz 787 MHz 798 MHz 716 MHz 830 MHz 845 MHz 862 MHz 1462.9 MHz 3500 MHz 2020 MHz 1660.5 MHz 1915 MHz 849 MHz 824 MHz 1930 MHz 1805 MHz 2110 MHz 869 MHz 875 MHz 2620 MHz 925 MHz 1844.9 MHz 2110 MHz 1475.9 MHz 728 MHz 746 MHz 758 MHz 734 MHz 860 MHz 875 MHz 791 MHz 1495.9 MHz 3510 MHz 2180 MHz 1525 MHz 1930 MHz 859 MHz 852 MHz 1990 MHz 1880 MHz 2155 MHz 894MHz 885 MHz 2690 MHz 960 MHz 1879.9 MHz 2170 MHz 1500.9 MHz 746 MHz 756 MHz 768 MHz 746 MHz 875 MHz 890 MHz 821 MHz 1510.9 MHz 3600 MHz 2200 MHz 1560 MHz 1995 MHz 894 MHz 869 MHz
PCS band (e.g. AT&T, Sprint) AWS band (MetroPCS, T-Mobile,

AT&T, Verizon, others)
UMTS850 MHz (e.g. AT&T)
e.g. US Cellular
Public Safety (US)
Lightsquared
LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation (CA) 748 MHz 758 MHz 803 MHz Andreas Roessler | Jan 2013 | 5
716 MHz 728 MHz
Source: 3GPP TS 36.101 V11.2.0
more TD-LTE frequency bands too!

E-UTRA Operating Band 33 34 35 36 37 38 39*) 40 41*) 42*) 43*) 44 Uplink (UL) BS receive UE transmit FUL_low FUL_high 1900 MHz 2010 MHz 1850 MHz 1930 MHz 1910 MHz 2570 MHz 1880 MHz 2300 MHz 2496 MHz 3400 MHz 3600 MHz 703 MHz 1920 MHz 2025 MHz 1910 MHz 1990 MHz 1930 MHz 2620 MHz 1920 MHz 2400 MHz 2690 MHz 3600 MHz 3800 MHz 803 MHz Downlink (DL) BS transmit UE receive FDL_low FDL_high 1900 MHz 1920 MHz 2010 MHz 2025 MHz 1850 MHz 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 1990 MHz 1910 MHz 1930 MHz 2570 MHz 2620 MHz 1880 MHz 1920 MHz 2300 MHz 2400 MHz 2496 MHz 2690 MHz 3400 MHz 3600 MHz 3600 MHz 3800 MHz 703 MHz 803 MHz
*) LTE
Region Europe, Asia (not Japan) Europe, Asia US, Russia US former PCS band (US) Europe China China, Europe, India U.S.
band only, no UTRA band
The LTEvolution path
Anticipated completion date in 3GPP*)
Rel-12
09/2014(+)
Rel-11
03/2013(+)
Rel-10
finished
Rel-9
finished
Rel-8
finished
Commercial products
2017+
2016+
2014+
2013+
*) targeted
today
ASN.1 freeze date
Pimp my LTE
Rel-9
Public Warning System (PWS) Positioning
Home eNodeB
Self Organizing Networks eMBMS enhancements Dual Layer Beamforming
LTE Release 8 FDD / TDD
Multi carrier / Multi-RAT Base Stations
Public Warning System (PWS) in LTE

Two subsystems
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ETWS (= Earthquake Tsunami Warning System).

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Mainly integrated and designed for Asia (Japan), supported since Rel.8. Primary and secondary warning notifications within notification areas.
CMAS (= Commercial Mobile Alert System).

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Introduced with Rel.9, targeting North America (USA). Three types of warning messages defined.
Presidential. Any alert message issued by the President for local, regional, or national emergencies and are the highest priority CMAS alert. Imminent Threat. Notification of emergency conditions, such as hurricanes or tornadoes, where there is an imminent threat to life or property and some immediate responsive action should be taken. Child Abduction Emergency (AMBER alert). Alerts related to missing or endangered children due to an abduction or runaway situation.
Public Warning System (PWS) testing i.e. CMAS

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CMAS message is displayed. Repeats of messages not displayed. Messages displayed if serial number changes. On Handover system wide messages not re-displayed, but cell specific messages are displayed. Error cases e.g. segments not in order.
Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) for Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA)
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Cell-specific reference signals (CRS) are not sufficient for positioning, introduction of positioning reference signals (PRS) for antenna port 6.
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SINR for synchronization and reference signals of neighboring cells needs to be at least -6 dB.
PRS is a pseudo-random QPSK sequence similar to CRS; PRS pattern:

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Diagonal pattern with time varying frequency shift. PRS mapped around CRS to avoid collisions; never overlaps with PDCCH; example shows CRS mapping for usage of 4 antenna ports.
OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival

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UE position is estimated based on measuring TDOA of Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) embedded into overall DL signal received from different eNBs.
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Each TDOA measurement describes a hyperbola (line of constant difference 2a), the two focus points of which (F1, F2) are the two measured eNB-s (PRS sources), and along which the UE may be located. UEs position = intersection of hyperbolas for at least 3 pairs of eNBs.
eMBMS really? Really!
Source: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2414062,00.asp
We do eMBMS!
R&SCMW500 LTE Protocol Tester with V29.30
Features
l V29.30 eMBMS feature set l MCCH / MTCH transmission for FDD and TDD l Verification for FDD completed, outstanding for TDD l Supported procedures l MBMS reception in idle mode, connected mode and during connected mode HO l MTCH contents provided by data generator on top of PDCP layer l MBSFN Aera Reconfiguration (session addition & removal) l 4 test scripts available in CMW-KF500 software package l ml_035a: eMBMS basic setup with cell reselection l ml_035b: eMBMS MBSFN Area reconfiguration l ml_035c: eMBMS Connected mode HO l ml_035d: 2 MBSFN areas with cell reselection l Applications l Verification of eMBMS PHY and protocol stack implementation l Support for TS 36.523 eMBMS protocol test cases l Support for TS 36.521 eMBMS RF test cases l U-Plane end-to-end eMBMS IP connection is TBD
I still owe you an answer Why is LTE not 4G?
IMT-Advanced Transmission bandwidth (MHz) Peak data rate (DL/UL) (Mbps) Peak spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) DL (4x4/8x8) UL (2x2/4x4) User plane Control plane 40 / 100 MHz 1000 (low mobility) 100 (high mobility) 15/6.75 <10 <100
LTE LTE-Advanced 3GPP Rel.8 3GPP Rel.10 20 300/75 15/3.75 <6 50 100 1000/500 16/30 8.4/16.8 (FDD) 8.1/16.1 (TDD) <6 50
Latency (ms)
Thats 4G
Thats not... (speaking strictly technical!)
Pimp my LTE
To achieve peak data rates and spectral efficiency in Downlink and Uplink to become a true 4G technology!
Relaying eICIC DL MIMO 8x8 Public Warning System (PWS) Carrier Aggregation Positioning UL MIMO 2x2 Enhanced SC-FDMA Home eNodeB
Rel-9
Rel-10
SON enhancements
Self Organizing Networks eMBMS enhancements Dual Layer Beamforming
LTE Release 8 FDD / TDD
Multi carrier / Multi-RAT Base Stations
Outline
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eICIC and Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)

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Interference can be managed in time domain by using empty subframes called Almost Blank Sub-frames (ABS). Synchronization between base stations is required.
= Almost blank sub-frame (ABS)
Sub-frame (1 ms)
= Sub-frame with normal transmission

Radio Frame (10 ms)
Macro BTS
Pico BTS
Pico cell can serve also Pico cell can reuse same such UEs that receive frequency as macro when (CA) LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation 2013 18 stronger macro cellAndreas signalRoessler | JanUE is | closer to pico
Enhanced Downlink MIMO schemes

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Increased number of layers: up to 8x8 MIMO.

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New Transmission Mode 9 (TM9), scheduled by new DCI format 2B.
In addition the downlink reference signal structure has been enhanced compared with LTE Rel-8 by:
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DeModulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) targeting PDSCH demodulation.

UE-specific, i.e. an extension to multiple layers of the concept of Release 8 UEspecific reference signals used for beamforming.
Reference signals targeting Channel State Information (CSI-RS) estimation for CQI / PMI / RI reporting when needed.
Cell-specific, sparse in the frequency and time domain and punctured into the data region of normal subframes.
Challenge: antenna correlation!
Uplink MIMO
Extension up to 4x4
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LTE in 3GPP Rel-8.

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UEs must have 2 antennas for reception. But only 1 amplifier for transmission is available (costs/complexity). Uplink MIMO only as antenna switching mode (switched diversity).
LTE in 3GPP Rel-10.

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4x4 UL SU-MIMO is needed to fulfill peak data rate requirement of 15 bps/Hz. However, 4 Tx in Uplink have been postponed to 3GPP Release 11. Schemes are very similar to Downlink MIMO modes. Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) enables link and SU-MIMO adaptation. New DCI format 4 for scheduling MIMO in Uplink.
Challenges: antenna correlation, power consumption!

What means Enhanced SC-FDMA?

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On top of 3GPP Release 8 principles allow simultaneous transmission of PUSCH and PUCCH; dynamic switch is possible.
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Improve uplink spectral efficiency as required by IMT-Advanced.

7%...23% improvement taking no impairments (intermodulation, errors in channel estimation or power control) into account, still 2%...13% doing so.
Avoid new mechanism of multiplexing control information and data, while utilizing for example:
Higher-order MIMO (up to 8x8) in the downlink. Asymmetric carrier aggregation (e.g. 2 DL, 1 UL).
More efficient resource (bandwidth) utilization.

Worst case scenario shows that up to 66% of PUSCH bandwidth might be used for uplink control information (UCI).
Reliable control information, control information to non-serving cells. Referred to as clustered DFT-spread-OFDM, instead of localized SC-FDMA.
Frequency-selective transmission/scheduling (multi-cluster).

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Simultaneous PUSCH-PUCCH transmission, multicluster transmission

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Uplink feature support is optional , indicated by PhyLayerParameters-v1020 IE*).

PUCCH and allocated PUSCH PUCCH and fully allocated PUSCH
f [MHz]
f [MHz]
PUCCH
PUSCH
PUCCH and partially allocated PUSCH
partially allocated PUSCH
f [MHz]
*) see
f [MHz]
3GPP TS 36.331 RRC Protocol Specification
Outline
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Carrier aggregation: motivation, types

Intra-band contiguous
Frequency band A Frequency band B
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Enables higher peak data rates to meet IMT-Advanced requirements. NWOP: spectrum aggregation, enabling Heterogonous Networks. Two or more component carriers are aggregated in LTE-Advanced in order to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz.
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Component Carrier (CC)
Intra-band non-contiguous
Frequency band B
Frequency band A
2012 by Rohde&Schwarz
Inter-band
Frequency band A Frequency band B
Support of contiguous and non-contiguous component carrier aggregation (intra-band) and inter-band carrier aggregation. Different bandwidths per component carrier (CC) are possible. Each CC limited to a max. of 110 RB using the 3GPP Rel-8 numerology (max. 5 carriers, 20 MHz each). TDD: all CC have same UL-DL configuration.
Aggregation bandwidth
Intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation
BWChannel_CA = Fedge,high Fedge,low
Foffset,low = 0.18NRB,low/2 + BW GB [MHz]
Foffset,high = 0.18NRB,high/2 + BW GB [MHz]
Nominal Guard Band (BWGB) is dependent on BW of aggregated carriers!

Specification work in 3GPP RAN4

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Due to time constraints within 3GPP (RAN4 responsible working group), the following scenarios are worked on first.
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Intra-band is prioritized over inter-band [TS 36.101].

Intra-band CA operating bands E-UTRA CA Band CA_1 CA_40 CA_41 E-UTRA Band 1 40 41 Uplink (UL) operating band 1920 1980 MHz 2300 2400 MHz 2496 2690 MHz Downlink (DL) operating band 2110 2170 MHz 2300 2400 MHz 2496 2690 MHz Duplex Mode FDD TDD TDD
V11.0.0
Inter-band CA operating bands E-UTRA CA Band CA_1-5 E-UTRA Band 1 5 Uplink (UL) operating band 1920 1980 MHz 824 849 MHz Downlink (DL) operating band 2110 2170 MHz 869 894 MHz Duplex Mode FDD
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RAN4 limits carrier aggregation for Rel-10 to 2 component carrier (CC) only. Even if uplink carrier aggregation is completely specified within 3GPP Release 10, it might not be initially deployed asymmetric CA first!
Intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation

E-UTRA CA Band CA_1 CA_7 CA_38 CA_40 CA_41 E-UTRA Band 1 7 38 40 41 Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive / UE transmit 1920 MHz 2500 MHz 2570 MHz 2300 MHz 2496 MHz 1980 MHz 2570 MHz 2620 MHz 2400 MHz 2690 MHz Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit / UE receive 2110 MHz 2620 MHz 2570MHz 2300 MHz 2496 MHz 2170 MHz 2690 MHz 2620 MHz 2400 MHz 2690 MHz Duplex Mode FDD FDD TDD TDD TDD
RAN WG4: intra-band non-contiguous carrier aggregation was postponed to 3GPP Release 11.
Source: 3GPP TS 36.101 V11.2.0 (Sep-2012)
Inter-band carrier aggregation

3GPP TS 36.521-1 V10.5.0
E-UTRA CA Band CA_1-5 CA_1-18 E-UTRA Band 1 5 1 18 1 19 1 21 2 17 2 29 3 5 3 7 3 8 3 20 4 12 4 13 4 17 7 20 1710 MHz 824 MHz 1710 MHz 2500 MHz 1710 MHz 880 MHz 1710 MHz 832 MHz 1710 MHz 699 MHz 1710 MHz 777 MHz 1710 MHz 704 MHz 2500 MHz 832 MHz Uplink (UL) BS receive / UE transmit 1920 MHz 824 MHz 1920 MHz 815 MHz 1920 MHz 830 MHz 1920 MHz 1447.9 MHz 1850 MHz 704 MHz 1850 MHz N/A 1785 MHz 849 MHz 1785 MHz 2570 MHz 1785 MHz 915 MHz 1785 MHz 862 MHz 1755 MHz 716 MHz 1755 MHz 787 MHz 1755 MHz 716 MHz 2570 MHz 862 MHz 1980 MHz 849 MHz 1980 MHz 830 MHz 1980 MHz 845 MHz 1980 MHz 1462.9 MHz 1910 MHz 716 MHz 1910 MHz Downlink (DL) BS transmit / UE receive 2110 MHz 869 MHz 2110 MHz 860 MHz 2110 MHz 875 MHz 2110 MHz 1495.9 MHz 1930 MHz 734 MHz 1930 MHz 717 MHz 1805 MHz 869 MHz 1805 MHz 2620 MHz 1805 MHz 925 MHz 1805 MHz 791 MHz 2110 MHz 729 MHz 2110 MHz 746 MHz 2110 MHz 734 MHz 2620 MHz 791 MHz 2170 MHz 894 MHz 2170 MHz 875 MHz 2170 MHz 890 MHz 2170 MHz 1510.9 MHz 1990 MHz 746 MHz 1990 MHz 728 MHz 1880 MHz 894 MHz 1880 MHz 2690 MHz 1880 MHz 960 MHz 1880 MHz 821 MHz 2155 MHz 746 MHz 2155 MHz 756 MHz 2155 MHz 746 MHz 2690 MHz 821 MHz Duplex Mode FDD Network Operator 3GPP
FDD
KDDI
CA_1-19 CA_1-21 CA_2-17 CA_2-29 CA_3-5 CA_3-7 CA_3-8 CA_3-20 CA_4-12 CA_4-13 CA_4-17
FDD
NTT DoCoMo
FDD
NTT DoCoMo
FDD FDD
AT&T
AT&T
SK Telecom
FDD
FDD
Telia Sonera
FDD
KT
FDD
Vodafone
FDD
Cox Communications
FDD
Verizon Wireless
FDD
AT&T
CA_7-20 CA_11-18
FDD
Orange
LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation (CA) 11 1427.9 MHz 1447.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz 1495.9 MHz Andreas Roessler | Jan 2013 | 28 FDD
18 815 MHz 830 MHz 860 MHz 875 MHz
KDDI
All easy combinations?

It really depends
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What defines ONE challenging frequency band?

UL
fmiddle BW duplex distance duplex gap
Example: AWS (3GPP Bd.4):

UL DL
2110 2155
DL
1710 1755
frequency
duplex gap: 2110 MHz 1755 MHz = 355 MHz fmiddle: (1755+1710) MHz / 2 = 1732.5 MHz Duplex gap relation: 355 MHz / 1732.5 MHz 0.204 ~ 20.4% Bandwidth relation: 45 MHz / 1732.5 MHz 2.59% OK
OK
Rule of thumbs:
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Example PCS (3GPP Bd.2):

UL
1850 1910
duplex gap / fmiddle 2% BW relation 3%
DL
1930 1990
General: though bands have a short duplex distance, high bandwidth.

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For Inter-band CA: similar frequency bands are more though then low-high combos!
duplex gap: 1930 MHz 1910 MHz = 20 MHz fmiddle: (1910+1850) MHz / 2 = 1880 MHz Duplex gap relation: 20 MHz / 1880 MHz 0.0106 ~ 1.1% Challenge! Bandwidth relation: 60 MHz / 1880 MHz = 3.2% Challenge!
Source: TDK-EPCOS presentation at R&S LTE Innovation Summit, April 2013, San Diego, CA
Example: Inter-band CA with Bd. 2 and Bd. 4
UL
UL
1850 1910
DL
1930 1990
DL
1710
1755
2110
2155
Source: TDK-EPCOS presentation at R&S LTE Innovation Summit, April 2013, San Diego, CA
Primary, secondary component carrier (PCC, SCC)

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A device capable of carrier aggregation has 1 DL primary component carrier and 1 associated primary UL component carrier.
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Basic linkage between DL and UL is signaled in SIB Type 2. Configuration of primary component carrier (PCC) is UE-specific.
Downlink: cell search / selection, system information, measurement and mobility. Uplink: access procedure on PCC, control information (PUCCH) on PCC. Network may decide to switch PCC for a device handover procedure is used.
Device may have one or several secondary component carriers. Secondary Component Carriers (SCC) added in RRC_CONNECTED mode only.
Symmetric carrier aggregation. Asymmetric carrier aggregation (= THE initial deployment scenario).
Downlink SCC SCC SCC PCC SCC SCC SCC Uplink SCC PCC SCC
PDSCH and PDCCH PDSCH, PDCCH is optional
PUSCH and PUCCH PUSCH only
Step 1: How does the device indicate that it supports CA?

Sent on PRACH resources associated with RA-RNTI
UE
Parameter how to access PRACH and generate the preamble (RACH config) are provided within SIB Type 2
eNB
Random Access Preamble

(RAP sent on PRACH with RA-RNTI)
Generated by MAC sent on DL-SCH with RA-RNTI; assignment of Temporary C-RNTI, timing advance, initial uplink grant
Sent on UL-SCH; includes NAS UE identifier and RRC CONNECTION REQUEST
Random Access Response

(RAR sent on PDSCH, addressed by PDCCH using RA-RNTI)
l Hopping flag l Fixed size resource block assignment l Truncated modulation coding scheme l TPC command for scheduled PUSCH l UL delay l CQI request
Scheduled Transmission
(Data send on PUSCH)
on!en!ion Resolu!ion
(PDCCH / CR on PDSCH using TC/C-RNTI)
"
Default EPS bearer setup
Early contention resolution (mirroring of uplink message) generated by MAC sent on DL-SCH
Default EPS bearer setup (3GPP Rel-8)

UE EUTRAN
Initial access and RRC connection establishment attach request and PDN connectivity request
Additional information being submitted by a 3GPP Rel-10 device
Authentication NAS security UE capability procedure AS security
RRC connection reconfiguration Attach accept and default EPS bearer context request Default EPS bearer context accept
Source: 3GPP TS 36.508 V10.0.0, section 4.5.3.3
UE category in Rel-10
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Defines the buffer size / memory requirements of the device.

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Contains no direct information about the CA capability of the UE!

ue-Category -v1020 (optional) 6 7 8
Rel-10 categories are signaled via a mandatory plus an optional IE.
UE ue-Category category (mandatory) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 4 4 5
UE category in Rel-10
UE categories 68 (DL and UL)
UE Category Category 4 Category 6 Category 7 Category 8 Maximum number of DL-SCH transport block bits received within a TTI 150752 301504 301504 2998560 Maximum number of bits of a DL-SCH transport block received within a TTI 75376 149776 (4 layers) 75376 (2 layers) 149776 (4 layers) 75376 (2 layers) 299856 Total number of soft channel bits 1827072 3654144 3654144 35982720 Maximum number of supported layers for spatial multiplexing in DL 2 2 or 4 2 or 4 8
~3 Gbps peak DL data rate for 8x8 MIMO, 64QAM
UE Category Category Category 6 Category 7 Category 8
Maximum number of UL-SCH transport block bits transmitted within a TTI 51024 51024 102048 1497760
Maximum number of bits of an UL-SCH transport block transmitted within a TTI 51024 51024 51024 149776
Support for 64QAM in UL No No No Yes
Total layer 2 buffer size [bytes] 1900 3 300 000 3 800 000 42 200 000
LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation (CA) 4x4 Andreas Roessler | Jan 2013 | 35
~1.5 Gbps peak, UL data rate, MIMO, 64QAM
Carrier Aggregation capabilities

What frequency bands, band combination (CA and MIMO capabilities, inter-band, intra-band contiguous and non-contiguous, bandwidth class does the device support?
Carrier aggregation capabilities are signaled separately for DL, UL.
Not all combinations are allowed!
Bandwidth classes
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Bandwidth classes = UE (device) capability.

CA Bandwidth Class A B C D E F Aggregated Transmission Bandwidth Configuration NRB,agg 100 NRB,agg 100 100 < NRB,agg 200 200 < NRB,agg [300] [300] < NRB,agg [400] [400] < NRB,agg [500]
contiguous Intra-band CA
Maximum number of CC 1 2 2 FFS FFS FFS
Nominal Guard Band BWGB 0.05BWChannel(1) FFS 0.05 max(BW Channel(1),BW Channel(2)) FFS FFS FFS
BW Channel(1) and BW Channel(2) are channel bandwidths of two E-UTRA component carriers according to Table 5.6-1. non-contiguous Intra-band CA E-UTRA frequency band number Inter-band CA
CA_1C 1C
CA_25A_25A 25A 25A

Supported bandwidth class
CA_4A_13A 4A 13A
Source: R4-122764
Maximum aggregated bandwidth for intra-band contiguous carrier aggregation
CA Configuration / NRB_agg CA Config. CA_1C CA_7C CA_38C CA_40C CA_41C E-UTRA Band 1 7 38 40 41 Yes Yes 50RB+100RB (10 + 20 MHz) 75RB+75RB (15 + 15 MHz) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 75RB+100RB (15 + 20 MHz) 100RB+100RB (20 + 20 MHz) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 40 40 0 0 Max. aggregated Bandwidth [MHz] 40 Bandwidth Combination Set 0
Maximum aggregated bandwidth for inter-band CA

CA Config. CA_1A-5A CA_1A-18A CA_1A-19A CA_1A-21A CA_2A-17A CA_2A-29A E-UTRA Bands 1 5 1 18 1 19 1 21 2 17 2 29 3 CA_3A-5A 5 3 5 CA_3A-7A 3 7 3 CA_3A-8A 8 3 8 CA_3A-20A CA_4A-12A CA_4A-13A CA_4A-17A CA_7A-20A CA_11A-18A 3 20 4 12 4 13 4 17 7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 20 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 30 20 0 1 Yes Yes 30 20 0 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 20 0 Yes Yes 35 0 Yes 15 MHz 20 MHz Maximum Aggr. Bandwidth [MHz] 20 Bandwidth combination set 0
LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation (CA) 20 Yes Yes Andreas Roessler | Jan 2013 | 11 Yes Yes 39
18 Yes Yes Yes
Carrier Aggregation signaling
Non-Access Stratum (NAS):

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UE is connected to the PCell. PCell provides:

Security keys at handover. Tracking area for Tracking Area Updates (TAUs).
SCell(s) is only considered as (an) additional transmission resources.
Carrier aggregation is transparent to higher layers:

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Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP). Radio Link Control (RLC) like Rel-8, except higher data rate support. UEs are configured to handle SCells on RRC (3GPP TS 36.331). SCells are (de-)activated by MAC control elements (3GPP TS 36.321).
Step 2: SCell setup

Basic rules
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PSS and SSS are transmitted on every CC. Cell connection as for Rel-8 / Rel-9 on Pcell / PCC. After initial security activation procedure optional configuration of one or more SCells. PCell provides security inputs, NAS mobility information and system information (SI) for serving cells. One RRC connection on the PCell controls ALL configured CCs.
Step 2: SCell Addition / Release / Modification

UE
Rel-8 standard procedure
RRCConnectionRequest
EUTRAN
RRCConnectionSetup
RRCConnectionSetupComplete
SRB1 establishment, NAS dedicated information message Three alternatives: A) Set Scell parameters B) Release command C) Release command and set new Scell parameters
RRCConnectionReconfiguration with sCellToAddModList / sCellToReleaseList RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete SCell added / released / modified

Step 2: RRCConnectionReconfiguration
maximum 4 SCells
SCellIndex-r10 = 1, 2, , 7
DL: bandwidth, antennas, MBSFN subframe configuration, PHICH configuration, PDSCH configuration, TDD config (if TD-LTE SCell) UL: bandwidth, carrier frequency, additional spectrum emission, P-Max, power control info, uplink channel configuration (PRACH, PUSCH)
UE-specific information; DL: cross-carrier scheduling, CSI-RS configuration, PDSCH UL: PUSCH, uplink power control, CQI, SRS
Source: 3GPP TS 36.331 V10.5.0
Step 3: Activation / Deactivation of SCells

Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, basic rules
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Mechanism for UE power saving. PCells can never be deactivated. Activated SCell:
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If activation in subframe n, then from subframe n+8 on availability of:

PDCCH (UL grants and DL assignments), SRS, CSI reports, CSI measurements ( n+8), power headroom reporting, SCell deactivation timer is started.
Deactivated SCell:
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If deactivation in subframe n, then from subframe n+8 on the operation is stopped. No PUSCH transmissions (as soon as SCell is deactivated pending retransmissions are stopped). Can be used as path-loss reference for measurement for UL power control (but less frequent than with activated cell).
Handling of Activation / Deactivation of SCells

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Activation / deactivation is controlled by eNB.

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After addition of a new SCell, the lower layers are configured to consider the SCell to be in deactivated state. As soon as DL CC is activated / deactivated the SIB-2 linked UL CC follows suit, deactivation of UL CC includes SRS and all PUSCH transmissions Activation / Deactivation MAC control element (8-bit bitmap) (de-)activates one or more SCells. Automatic deactivation by timer (if no data or sCellDeactivationTimer-r10: n PDCCH msg. are received for a certain period). 2 radio frames with n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
In case of RRC reconfiguration:

Including mobility control information (i.e. a handover) all SCells = deactivated. Without mobility control info added SCells = deactivated and remaining SCells = unchanged status.
Source: 3GPP TS 36.321 V10.4.0, section 5.13 and 6.1.3.8
Activation / Deactivation of Scells, contd.

R/R/E/LCID sub-header R/R/E/LCID/F/L sub-header R/R/E/LCID/F/L sub-header R/R/E/LCID padding sub-header
MAC header
MAC Control MAC Control Element 1 Element 2
MAC SDU MAC payload
MAC SDU
Padding
(optinal)
MAC Packet Data Unit (PDU)
Index 00000 00001-01010 01011-11010 11011 11100 11101 11110 11111
LCID values CCCH Identity of the logical channel Reserved Activation/Deactivation UE Contention Resolution Identity Timing Advance Command DRX Command Padding
LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation (CA) Andreas Roessler | Jan 2013 | 46 LCID Logical Channel ID [5 bit]
Summary: Impact of CA on chipset/device design

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Protocol.
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Downlink CC.
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RRC layer.
Minor changes: configuration, measurements, mobility.
Single or multiple FFT? Increase peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) Multiple bands antenna design. RFIC design, filter, PA, switches = higher power consumption. Ways forward.
See 3GPP TR 36.807. Wideband PA, highly efficient switches, digitalized RFIC? Tunable antennas / active matching, large band antenna.
Uplink CC.
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RLC / PDCP layer.

Transparent.
MAC layer.
MAC is multiplexing entity for CC.
Major challenges RF front-end.

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One PHY layer per CC, but:

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Uplink power control. Link budget might be different on various CC. Timing Advance. One TA per CC? Closed-loop operation.
HARQ, CSI feedback. Power Head Room (PHR). Buffer Status Report (BSR).
Cross-carrier scheduling.
Outline
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CA in 3GPP (1)
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RAN 1-4
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LTE_CA-Core (R1-4) LTE_CA_Perf (R4) CA Configurations (R4)
Completed (Rel-10, RP#52, Jun 11) Completed (Rel-10, RP#54, Dec 11) Ongoing (Rel-11/12)
One WI for each CA Configuration Intra-band contiguous Intra-band contiguous Inter-band Intra-band non-contiguous Inter-band C B A-A A-A A-A 2DL + 1/2UL (Rel-10 Requirements) 2DL + 1/2UL (Rel-? Requirements) 2DL + 1UL (Rel-10 Requirements) 2DL + 1/2UL (Rel-? Requirements) 2DL + 2UL (Rel-12 Requirements)
LTE_CA_enh (R1-4)
Ongoing (Rel-11)
1CMG | LTE Rel-10: UE RF-Conformance
| 49
CA in 3GPP (2)
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RAN 5
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LTE_CA-UEConTest
Rapporteur
Completed (Rel-10, RP#58, Dec 12)
Nokia (R5-125042) 59 TCs = 22Tx + 24Rx + 13Px (8/5) + [2CQI] 16 TCs = 8Event + 8Meas 4 TCs = 4RSTD 36 TCs
Test overview
RF RRM OTDOA/E-CID SIG
LTE_CA_intraC_inter_UEConTest

Ongoing (15%) (Rel-11, Aug 12 Sep 13)
All remaining CA configurations of RAN4, no new tests Consisted of many Sub-WIs, one for each CA Configurations Rapporteur WI Nokia (R5-130052) Rapporteur Sub-WI Interested Operator / UE-Vendor Intra-band contiguous C 2DL + 1/2UL (Rel-10 Requirements) Inter-band A-A 2DL + 1UL (Rel-10 Requirements)
1CMG | LTE Rel-10: UE RF-Conformance
| 50
RF conformance testing due to CA

Status according to R5-125024; Date: December 2012
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In total 59 impacted TC for RF conformance.

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Transmitter characteristics adaptation of measurements for CA:

Max. power (100%), MPR (90%), A-MPR, Min. power (both 100%). Transmit ON/OFF pwr, ON/OFF time mask (both 100%), pwr control (90%). Frequency error (100%), EVM (50%), IQ leakage (80%), In-band emission (85%). OBW (100%), SEM (90%), ACLR (80%). TX spurious (90%), spurious emission (80%), additional spurious (50%). Transmit Intermodulation (90%).
Receiver characteristics.
RX sensitivity, Max. input level (both 100%), ACS (90%), blocking (all 100%). Spurious response (100%), Wideband intermodulation (70%).
Performance.
PDSCH single antenna FDD / TDD (100% / 90%). PDSCH OL-SM FDD / TDD (100% / 80%). PDSCH CL-SM single/multi-layer 4x2 FDD / TDD (100% / 80%) New WI: power imbalance (0%).
Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for CA

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Test applicable to ACLR measurements.

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In case different modulation per CC, MPR is determined by higher-order modulation scheme.
Modulation QPSK QPSK 16 QAM 16 QAM 16 QAM 50 + 100 RB > 12 and 50 > 50 12 > 12 and 50 > 50 CA bandwidth Class C 75 + 75 RB 75 + 100 RB > 16 and 75 > 16 and 75 > 75 > 75 16 16 > 16 and 75 > 16 and 75 > 75 > 75 100 + 100 RB > 18 and 100 > 100 18 > 18 and 100 > 100 MPR (dB) 1 2 1 2 3
For multi-cluster transmission: MPR = CEIL {MA, 0.5}

MA = 8.2; 0 A 0.025 MA = 9.3 42A; 0.025 A 0.05 MA = 8 16A; 0.05 A 0.25 MA = 4.83 3.33A; 0.25 A 0.4 MA = 3.83 0.83A; 0.4 A 1 A = NRB_alloc/NRB_agg
Additional MPR (A-MPR) for CA

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LTE Rel-8: Network Signaling (NS) could be applied by the network, which is provided by SIB Type 2.
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UE max. output power is further reduced to achieve additional requirements for Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM), ACLR, Spurious Emissions. 3 signalling values specified; only CA_NS_01 determined.
CA_1C RB_Start 0 23 & 176 199 100 RB / 100 RB 24 105 106 175 0 6 & 143-149 75 RB / 75 RB 7 90 91 142 L_CRB [RBs] >0 > 64 n/a 0 < L_CRB 10 > 10 > 44 n/a RB_start + L_CRB [RBs] n/a n/a > 175 n/a n/a n/a >142 A-MPR for QPSK and 16-QAM[dB] 12.0 6.0 5.0 11.0 6.0 5.0 2.0
Intra-band, contiguous CA: additionalSpectrumEmissionSCell-r10

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Additional MPR (A-MPR) for CA, contd.

CA Configuration / NRB_agg ID PCC NRB 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 SCCs NRB 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N/A DL Allocation (PDCCH on PCC) PCC & SCC RB allocation UL Allocation CC MOD NRB_alloc 150 1 40 128 50 2 30 105 200 1 175 25 64 2 40 150 PCC & SCC RB allocations (LCRB @ RBstart) P_75@0 P_1@0 P_40@7 P_53@22 P_0@0 P_1@0 P_10@0 P_35@0 S_75@0 S_0@0 S_0@0 S_75@0 S_50@17 S_1@74 P_5@50 P_20@55
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
S_5@25 S_15@0
S_10@65 S_35@40
P_100@0 S_100@0 P_1@0 S_0@0
P_75@25 S_100@0 P_0@0 S_25@75 P_64@24 S_0@0 P_1@0 S_1@99 P_10@0 P_10@65 S_10@35 S_10@90 P_40@0 P_35@65 S_35@0 S_40@60
RRM conformance testing due to carrier aggregation (3GPP TS 36.521-3), Positioning

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Radio Resource Management (RRM):

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Focus on Radio Link Monitoring (RLM), CA measurements and CA measurement accuracy requirements. 16 impacted TC; see R5-125024 for details.
UE Measurements Procedures in RRC_CONNECTED State. Measurements Performance Requirements for UE.
Positioning 3GPP TS 37.571-1.

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4 TC impacted; FDD/TDD :
RSTD measurement reporting delay for CA. RSTD measurement accuracy for CA.
Protocol conformance testing due to carrier aggregation (3GPP TS 36.523-1)

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The work plan consists of 36 MAC and RRC layer test cases, however, the signalling group agreed on a two-week reviewing period for the list.
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RRC:
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Scell addition / modification / release. Event A6 (Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell). Activation of SCell. SRS transmissions on the SCell. CQI/PMI/RI reporting for the SCell in PUCCH/PUSCH. PDCCH monitoring on the SCell. Deactivation of SCell. Extended PHR reporting for the PCell and SCell.
MAC:
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Existing TCs can be proposed to be changed. New TCs can be proposed The review period for Protocol test cases ended on December 2, 2012.
A way forward was agreed to have all CA Configurations (inter-band, intra-band contiguous, etc.) for Release 10 included in one test case for each identified test case requirement.
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See R5-125024 for details (i.e. individual perc.; most at 100%).
R&SCMW500 Wideband Radio Communication Tester?

R&SCMW500
as Multi-RAT protocol tester
R&SCMW500
as Call Box for RF parametric testing
Required HW configuration for CA incl. 2x2 MIMO

CC-Set1 2DL CA
SUW (B300A)
1 Cell/1CCarrier LTE/WCDMA x2 MIMO
CMW500 Rel-10 HW
TX/RX 1 (B570B) f1 TX/RX 2 (B570B) f2 TX/RX 3 (B570B) f3 TX/RX 4 (B570B) f4
F E
A d v
C1 MIMO
C2 MIMO
band A
band B
SUW (B300A)
Supported Key Features LTE Adv.: Single CC-Set 2DL CA + MIMO Xx2 Interband/Intraband CA LTE CA SISO + InterRAT GSM or C2K/1xEvDO All bandwidths
Full protocol stack testing including intra LTE PHY/MAC-testing including CAT4 performance for
SUU (B200A)
1 Cell GSM/C2K/1xEvDO
Optional HW
F E
A d v
CA-DUTs Important to know:
BBMeas (Part of PS502)

VSA/VSG
DAU (B450A)
End2End Data Application Unit
No Fading / No IQ-Access No Mobility LTE Rel-10 CA
Basic Assembly PS502 var. 04
The combination of 1x B300A and 2x B570B generates 1 CC with MIMO 2x2

Required HW configuration for CA incl. 2x2 MIMO and full E2E testing
CC-Set1 2DL CA
SUW (B300B)
CMW500 Rel-10 HW
TX/RX 1 (B570B) f1 TX/RX 2 (B570B) f2 TX/RX 3 (B570B) f3 TX/RX 4 (B570B) f4
F E
A d v
C1 MIMO
C2 MIMO
band A
band B
SUW (B300B)
Supported Key Features LTE Adv.: Single CC-Set 2DL CA + MIMO Xx2 Interband/Intraband CA LTE CA SISO + InterRAT GSM or C2K/1xEvDO All bandwidths
Full protocol stack testing including intra LTE PHY/MAC-testing including CAT4 performance for
SUU (B200A)
1 Cell GSM/C2K/1xEvDO
Optional HW
F E
A d v
CA-DUTs Important to know:
BBMeas (Part of PS502)

VSA/VSG
DAU (B450B)
End2End Data Application Unit
No Fading / No IQ-Access No Mobility LTE Rel-10 CA
Basic Assembly PS502 var. 04
Multi-CMW setup for LTE-Advanced mobility testing

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Multi-CMW setup is required already today for 100% protocol conformance testing (3GPP TS 36.523-1)
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Due to simulation of multiple cells of different technologies (e.g. LTE, 3G, 2G) for mobility type of testing, PLMN and cell selection scenarios and neighbor cell measurements
There are two flavors of Multi-CMW Setups which can address different requirements.
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Setup 1: two default CMW500 with Rel-10 PT Configuration for pure protocol test. Setup 2*): one default CMW500 plus another CMW500 with IQ-in/out boards for Fading on one of the CC-Sets1.
Note: Such unit can not be used for standalone protocol test!
*) Important
R&SCMW500 LTE Protocol Tester

LTE Rel-10 Software Options
CMW-KF514 LTE Rel10 CA MLAPI Scenarios Mobility CMW-KF513 LTE Rel10 PHY Scenarios FDD/TDD CMW-KP597 CA_2 UL
LL/MLAPI Rel.10 Test Scenario Pakage
Rel.10 Stack ext. Legacy Rel.8/9 opt.
CMW-KP517 2x2 MIMO UL CMW-KP595 eICIC CMW-KP596 TM9 / 8x2 MIMO DL CMW-KP511 4x2 MIMO DL CMW-KP510 2x2 MIMO DL
CMW-KP594 CA_2 DL
CMW-KP500 MLAPI / CMW-KP501 LLAPI CMW-KP550 TD-LTE / CMW-KP505 LTE FDD / CMW-KP080
CMW500 LTE R&D Test Scenario Overview

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R&S provides extensive libraries of ready-to-use R&D test scenarios

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PHY verification and integration testing Protocol verification and integration Throughput and inter-RAT handover testing
Signaling procedures and message parameters can be easily modified and adopted to customer needs
LLAPI
MLAPI
LTE R&D Test Scenario Roadmap

LLAPI FDD / TDD Test Scenario Status
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PHY test scenarios

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Physical channel verification PRACH verification Power control, timing advance testing CQI reporting UL / DL HARQ verification
Description FDD PHY Scenarios #1 FDD PHY Scenarios #2 TDD PHY Scenarios SPS / TTI Bundling Scenarios Total TC 46 30 39 30 Avail TC 46 30 39 27 Status Completed Completed Completed 90% Completed Completed;
Further Extensions under discussion
Package CMW-KF506 CMW-KF507 CMW-KF556 CMW-KF512
CMW-KF513
LTE Rel-10 Carrier Aggregation, eICIC 65 LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation (CA)
Andreas Roessler | Jan 2013 | 63
47
CMW-KF513 LTE-Adv LLAPI PHY Scenarios
LTE R&D Test Scenario Roadmap

MLAPI FDD / TDD Test Scenario Status
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Protocol test scenarios

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Basic LTE procedures such as attach, registration, paging, data transfer Bearer verification, security testing, multiple PDNs SISO and MIMO 2x2 & MIMO 4x2 configurations LTE handover and mobility testing Support both FDD and TDD configurations Support LTE Rel-8, Rel-9 and Rel-10
Description Basic LTE Procedures EPS Bearer Verification Intra-LTE Handover and Mobility LTE Commercial Mobile Alert System Tests LTE Rel-10 Carrier Aggregation Mobililty Total TC 13 26 22 32 46 Avail TC 13 26 22 32 40 Status Completed Completed Completed Completed 87% Ongoing
Package CMW-KF502 CMW-KF503 CMW-KF504 CMW-KF511 CMW-KF514
CMW-KF514 MLAPI Carrier Aggregation, incl. mobility
Carrier Aggregation (CA) with CMW500 (Call Box)
Carrier Aggregation (CA) with CMW500 (Call Box)
but we can do better!
End-to-End (E2E) data testing for Carrier Aggregation with CMW500
Outline
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Carrier Aggregation (CA) enhancements in Rel-11

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Non-contiguous intra-band CA in RAN4. Support of inter-band CA for TDD UL and DL including different UL/DL configurations on different bands. Uplink physical layer control signalling.
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For more than 2 CCs for FDD and TDD.
Enhanced TxD schemes for PUCCH format 1b with channel selection i.e. SORTD*). Multiple Timing Advanced for UL CA (i.e. RACH on SCell). Enhanced PDCCH (ePDCCH) own WI.
*)
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SORTD Spatial Orthogonal-Resource Transmit Diversity
Multiple Timing Advance

Related challenge: HetNet deployment scenario using RRH
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LTE Rel-10: synchronized UL by means of Timing Advance (TA).

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Maintained for Rel-10: single time reference for all component carrier: PCell.
Initial UL transmission timing on RACH is determined based on DL reference timing with initial NTA=0. UE autonomously adjust timing based on DL timing using (NTA+NTA offset)xTS Macro, PCell (f1)
Conclusion: Base station transceiver need to be at the same location due to expected different propagation delays.
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f1 << f2
RRH (Scell, f2)
Carrier Aggregation. Limits usage of Remote Radio Heads (RRH) and repeater/relays.
optical fiber
Definition and objective of CoMP in Rel-11

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CoMP = Coordinated Multi-Point (Operation for LTE).

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Definition. Multiple transmission (reception) points collaboratively transmit (receive) data in Downlink (Uplink). Objective. To enhance UE performance (i.e. throughput) at cell edge by inter-cell interference mitigation. Downlink. Reference signals, PDCCH extension and additional enhancement on control signaling, UE feedback and related measurements. Uplink. Reference signals (DM-RS, SRS), power control, PUCCH, TADV ctrl (for JR). CoMP impacts also L2-L3 protocols/procedures, X2 interface, UE core requirements. Joint transmission / joint reception. Coordinated scheduling / beamforming, including dynamic point blanking. Dynamic point selection, including dynamic point blanking.
3GPP Release 11 Work Item (WI).

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CoMP schemes and techniques.

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Challenges: Backhaul latency, CSI reporting, NW complexity.

What Rel-12 will be focusing on?

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The 4 Cs = Capacity, Coverage, Coordination, Cost.

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Maybe we shall add a 5th C for Complexity?
Small cell enhancements.

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Counter attacks expected capacity crunch: low-power nodes provide locally enhanced data rates (in-/outdoors); macro-cells provide wide-area coverage.
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3GPP / WiFi inter-working. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) mobility enhancements. New Carrier Type (NCT), non-backward compatible.
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Allows optimization of small cells, can be also used in macro cells. Magic word: Active Antennas Systems.
Macro cell enhancements. Machine Type Communication (MTC) enhancements. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication / public safety.
New Carrier Type (NCT) in Rel-12

Design goals
Minimized inter-cell interference. Lowered energy consumption. Significant overhead reduction for downlink 4-8 antenna transmission modes. An improved downlink spectral efficiency.
eNodeB
LTE basestation
Small Cell
Macro Layer
Small Cell
LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) Carrier Aggregation (CA) Andreas | Jan 2013 | 3GPP 76 Feb 2013 Roessler A. Roessler | LTE in Release 10, 11 and 12
76
New Carrier Type (NCT) in Rel-12

How does this carrier may look like?
all subframes contain cell-specific reference signals (RS)
PDCCH
Rel-8
1 ms 10 ms
subframes containing extended synchronization signals (eSS)
E-PDCCH
Rel-12
RB only using UE-specific reference signals
Summary
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Rel.10 Under way, most demanded feature is Carrier Aggregation.

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Heterogonous Networks (HetNet) with enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) gains momentum. Over features i.e. MIMO enhancements in DL/UL, show lower interest by service provider.
Rel.11 Standardization finished for Core Part, Performance Part being standardized.
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Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) for DL/UL gains interest. Multiple TA.
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Rel.12 In definition phase. Rel.13 depends on progress with Rel.12; not before June 2014, completion not before December 2015. LTE translates to LONG TERM EMPLOYMENT!
Thank you!

LTE Adv

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LTE, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel.

10-12) Focus: Carrier Aggregation

A video says more then a 1.000 words

Introduction & overview.

LTE-Advanced features as of 3GPP Rel-10.

Focus topic: Carrier Aggregation. Rohde&Schwarz test solutions for LTE-Advanced.

Impact on device testing; focus: Carrier Aggregation.

Beyond LTE-Advanced: An outlook to 3GPP Rel-11 and 12.

Where is LTE today?

97 LTE networks have been launched in 20121).

10, 27, 22, 24,

2013) 2013) 2013) 2012)

What has changed? More FDD frequency bands

PCS band (e.g. AT&T, Sprint) AWS band (MetroPCS, T-Mobile,

UMTS850 MHz (e.g. AT&T)

Public Safety (US)

more TD-LTE frequency bands too!

band only, no UTRA band

The LTEvolution path

Anticipated completion date in 3GPP*)

Public Warning System (PWS) Positioning

Self Organizing Networks eMBMS enhancements Dual Layer Beamforming

LTE Release 8 FDD / TDD

Multi carrier / Multi-RAT Base Stations

Public Warning System (PWS) in LTE

ETWS (= Earthquake Tsunami Warning System).

CMAS (= Commercial Mobile Alert System).

Public Warning System (PWS) testing i.e. CMAS

PRS is a pseudo-random QPSK sequence similar to CRS; PRS pattern:

OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival

eMBMS really? Really!

I still owe you an answer Why is LTE not 4G?

Thats not... (speaking strictly technical!)

Self Organizing Networks eMBMS enhancements Dual Layer Beamforming

LTE Release 8 FDD / TDD

Multi carrier / Multi-RAT Base Stations

Introduction & overview.

LTE-Advanced features as of 3GPP Rel-10.

Focus topic: Carrier Aggregation. Rohde&Schwarz test solutions for LTE-Advanced.

Impact on device testing; focus: Carrier Aggregation.

Beyond LTE-Advanced: An outlook to 3GPP Rel-11 and 12.

eICIC and Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)

= Sub-frame with normal transmission

Enhanced Downlink MIMO schemes

Increased number of layers: up to 8x8 MIMO.

New Transmission Mode 9 (TM9), scheduled by new DCI format 2B.

DeModulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) targeting PDSCH demodulation.

Challenge: antenna correlation!

LTE in 3GPP Rel-8.

LTE in 3GPP Rel-10.

Challenges: antenna correlation, power consumption!

What means Enhanced SC-FDMA?

Improve uplink spectral efficiency as required by IMT-Advanced.

More efficient resource (bandwidth) utilization.

Frequency-selective transmission/scheduling (multi-cluster).

Simultaneous PUSCH-PUCCH transmission, multicluster transmission

Uplink feature support is optional , indicated by PhyLayerParameters-v1020 IE*).

partially allocated PUSCH

Introduction & overview.

LTE-Advanced features as of 3GPP Rel-10.

Focus topic: Carrier Aggregation. Rohde&Schwarz test solutions for LTE-Advanced.

Impact on device testing; focus: Carrier Aggregation.

Beyond LTE-Advanced: An outlook to 3GPP Rel-11 and 12.