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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean ENSAYO economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house elected by popular vote) for 16 years. BySUPERACIN the standards of multiparty NERUDA Y LA coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential DE LA ESTTICA ANARQUISTA systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption charges against members, including the stripping of Dawes parliamentary rights from five of theGreg coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed Este artculo trata del impacto del anarquismo poltico y esttico en undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Pablo Neruda a lo largo de los aos veinte y treinta, a partir de un necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. estudio de los artculos periodsticos, las cartas, las entrevistas y las In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years memorias del poeta. Aunque se sabe que Neruda se asoci con el in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and anarquismo poltico, Jaime Concha advierte Greg Dawes en este employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The artculo ha sido el nico en trazar esa trayectoria y hacer alusiones Concertacin a may well be in a position in en 2005 to claim credit for good una posible esttica anarquista el pensamiento nerudiano. Por economic stewardship. Next, many of the issuesfuentes, surrounding the nonmedio de un anlisis detenido de dichas en estas pginas democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned sostiene que el poeta se vio influido por el arte libertario hasta en
Residencia en la Tierra, obra que es tanto el apogeo de esa ideologa esttica como su agotamiento total pese al realismo que la recorre.

GREG DAWES. Profesor de literatura latinoamericana en la Universidad Estatal de Carolina del Norte. Es director de la revista A Contracorriente (www.ncsu.edu/project/acontracorriente) y autor de Aesthetics and Revolution: Nicaraguan Poetry, 19791990 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993) y Verses Against the Darkness: Pablo Nerudas Poetry and Politics (Lewiston: Bucknell University Press, 2006). Ha publicado artculos sobre Ernesto Cardenal, Csar Vallejo, Vicente Huidobro, Pablo Neruda, y tambin sobre la crtica literaria y la novela norteamericana.

Estudios Pblicos, 106 (otoo 2007).

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 320 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in A Marcia government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and i es cierto que la angustia sorprendida en el Neruda de Residen1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation cia en la Tierra se produce, al decir de Alain Sicard, por un exceso de might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component realidad o, como lo pone Hernn Loyola, por su aferramiento a lo real parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided inmediato, siempre incomodan las referencias que parecieran ser vestigios over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth de la enajenacin, como son las referencias a lo proftico, la exaltacin de la control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the juventud, el retrato del artista como hroe o vctima, la insistencia en las presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house aventuras espirituales, la dicotoma entre la bohemia y la burocracia, y sus elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty crticas al estado como tal. Todas ellas coexisten de forma antagnica con coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential ese realismo implacable que han sealado Sicard, Loyola y tambin Jaime systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous Concha en el corpus del poemario residenciario1. Por el predominio de lo corruption charges against members, including the stripping2 of que Volodia Teitelboim llama un realismo claro hasta el dolor si al parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the lector no le tienta la lectura cannica de Neruda el vanguardista por excelengeneral disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so cia o de Neruda el poeta hermtico es fcil pasar por alto estas tendencias long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. o bien enfocarse excesivamente en una de ellas. As, por ejemplo, Emir Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed Rodrguez Monegal y Enrico Mario Sant exaltan el aspecto proftico en la undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as obra nerudiana no como fenmeno sociohistrico ni tampoco como intertexnecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. tual, sino como conciencia profunda e individual del poeta-vate3. Al igual In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years que las batallas titnicas que se dan entre los grandes poetas y tambin con in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and sus aclitos en la teora de Harold Bloom, prcticamente todo el esfuerzo y employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The4 objetivo de Neruda es interpotico, una pugna con la Tradicin Potica . Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good Sin embargo, si se analizan esos subproductos de la enajenacin economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the noncomo conjunto vanguardista que sobrevive despus del involucramiento democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned del poeta en las grandes luchas tanto estticas como polticas en sus aos antes de la fuga al Oriente, se hace factible ver en esos elementos sobrados el anarquismo. De hecho, el impacto del anarquismo en Neruda es un tema poco tocado por la crtica. Si bien es cierto que muchos estudiosos se refieren ligeramente a esa influencia libertaria, Concha parece ser el nico que ha abarcado el tema. En su acucioso y reconocido estudio sobre Neruda, Concha describe el ambiente histrico y poltico en el cual se ve inmerso el poeta joven tanto en Temuco como en la capital. Y sin embargo, pese al anlisis de ciertas imgenes en la poesa que ayudan a formar una idea de sus posturas artsticas, no hay una explicacin sostenida de las mismas. No

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1 Me refiero a los vitales Neruda (1904-1936) de Concha, El Pensamiento Potico de Pablo Neruda de Sicard, y de Loyola, el prlogo a la edicin Ctedra de Residencia en la Tierra. 2 Teitelboim, Volodia: Neruda (1993), p. 138. 3 Vase, en particular, Pablo Neruda: The Poetics of Prophecy (1982), de Sant, y El Sistema del Poeta (1980) de Emir Rodrguez Monegal. 4 Remito a la conocida teora de Bloom en The Anxiety of Influence (1973).

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably GREG DAWES 321 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in me propongo en este estudio hallar la presencia de la influencia anarquista government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially en Residencia en la Tierra ni en su obra anterior, pero s demuestro que en galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and su periodismo, sus cartas, y sus memorias se ven los rastros de una esttica 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation anarquista que sienta las bases para su elaboracin posterior en las residenmight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component cias. Y si la crtica considera que stas son muestras por excelencia del parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided vanguardismo y si, siguiendo la idea de Renato Poggioli, el anarquismo es over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth una ideologa indispensable para la vanguardia, podemos afirmar que en las control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the 5 residencias se aprecian las huellas del pensamiento libertario del poeta . presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Se sabe que en los aos 20, en el mbito poltico, Neruda navega elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty entre un marxismo difuso y un anarcosindicalismo mejor definido, pero hascoalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential ta el momento no se ha destacado la presencia de una esttica anarquista en systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous el pensamiento del poeta. Identificarla es fundamental para entender cmo corruption charges against members, including the stripping of aflora y se agudiza en Residencia en la Tierra y luego empieza a desvaneparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the cer ante la guerra de Espaa. Si es cierto, como lo arguye Mikls Szageneral disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so bolscsi, que la esttica vanguardista sobresale a raz de las derrotas de los long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. movimientos obreros, no lo es menos que el advenimiento del fascismo Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed prcticamente arrasa con el experimentalismo de inspiracin libertaria6. undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Como muy bien se puede constatar y Neruda mismo lo afirma una y otra vez necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. a lo largo de los aos, a partir de 1936 su rumbo potico cambia para siemIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years pre al volver al seno del pueblo. in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and Todo esto hace pensar que el nfasis desbordado de parte de Emir employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Rodrguez Monegal y Enrico Mario Sant en aspectos limitados del vanConcertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good guardismo que se manifiestan a contracorriente del realismo de las resideneconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the noncias son, ante todo, reificaciones, o si se quiere, sincdoques que no vueldemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned ven al tejido total de la obra. Por ende, lo que se nos impone es la tarea de
Como apunta Poggioli en The Theory of the Avant-Garde (1968), el vanguardismo lo inicia precisamente el famoso anarquista Mikhail Bakunin cuando funda su revista LAvant-Garde en Suiza en 1878 (p. 9). Segn Poggioli, los vanguardistas se adhieren tpicamente a una poltica libertaria. David Weir, en su estudio Anarchy & Culture: The Aesthetic Politics of Modernism (1977) sostiene convincentemente que el anarquismo sobresali en el mbito cultural despus de haber fracasado en el mbito poltico (p. 5; la traduccin es ma). Extrapolando de la idea de Weir, se puede concluir que el impulso del anarquismo cre una compensacin cultural o una poltica cultural en el seno de Modernism y de la vanguardia. Habra que agregar una estipulacin que nos proporcionan los estudios penetrantes de Nelson Osorio y Guido Podest: siempre hay que tener cuidado con el concepto de la vanguardia tal y como se desarroll en Europa porque, como indica Osorio, el vanguardismo latinoamericano no es un mero epifenmeno del modelo europeo como sugieren la obra de Peter Brger, Theory of the Avant-Garde, y el libro de Poggioli. Como observa Podest, en esas obras clsicas del vanguardismo no se alude en absoluto a Latinoamrica ni a la periferia del mundo eurocntrico. 6 Szabolscsi, Mikls: La Vanguardia Literaria y Artstica como Fenmeno Internacional (1972), p. 8.
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 322 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in atar los cabos sueltos de la esttica anarquista y verlas como una sola government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially vertiente en lasopposition residenciasto y en pensamiento nerudiano que sobreviven galvanized around the el Pinochet regime of the 1970s and en la profusin de imgenes realistas y sofisticadas que, sin embargo, en un 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation movimiento dialctico, crea el the poeta enajenado. and En even resumidas cuentas, pomight naturally weaken. In addition, Concertacin, its component dramos decir que Residencia en la Tierra es, entonces, tanto el apogeo del parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided arte libertario en Neruda como su agotamiento total. Y eso le permite abanover social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth donarlo a partir de 1936 y acercarse ms a la poltica comunista y al realismo control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the crtico.and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house presidency elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty I. El anarquismo en Chile a comienzos del presidential siglo XX coalitions anywhere, much poltico less among Latin Americas systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous poltica anarquista que estaba including en el aire enthe el Chile de los aos corruption La charges against members, stripping of 20 y que Neruda respiraba a pulmn suelto data desde comienzos del siglo parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the XX. Si el poder organizativo de los libertarios dio resultados en el norte, en las general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so zonas mineras de Chile, y culmin en la gran huelga del salitre en Iquique en long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. 1907 y en la masacre de mineros, la columna vertebral del movimiento se Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed hallaba en Santiago y Valparaso. Sin embargo, a comienzos del siglo la undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as agitacin y la propaganda anarquistas no se limitaban al Valle Central nicanecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. mente, sino que, como sostiene Angel J. Cappalletti, se hallaba su influencia In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years en todo el territorio nacional. Se publican diarios y libros, por ejemplo, en in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and lugares como Antofagasta, Aconcagua, La Calera, Iquique, Tarapac, y employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Punta Arenas7. Los anarquistas protagonizaron varios levantamientos de Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good masas y de obreros que tuvieron lugar en esa poca, entre ellos, la Semana economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonSanta de Santiago de 1905, en que murieron alrededor de doscientos obredemocratic legacy of the era the de renowned ros, la huelga general de Pinochet Antofagasta enincluding 1906 y la huelga salitreros en Iquique en 19078. Segn Hernn Ramrez Necochea, los sectores de la poblacin chilena que ms se interesaban en las ideas promulgadas por el anarquismo se encontraban entre los semiproletarios, los artesanos y la pequea burguesa9. Para miles de obreros de estos sectores de la sociedad, dada las severas inseguridades que enfrentaban a menudo en el trabajo y sus vidas precarias, el anarquismo y el movimiento socialista ofrecan soluciones radicales que prometan sacarlos de la pobreza y explotacin y darles una voz poltica10. El anarquismo propiamente dicho parece haber tenido ms arraigo inicial porque dependa de la espontaneidad de la accin polti7 Cappalletti, Angel J.: Anarquismo Latinoamericano (1990), pp. LXXXVLXXXVI. 8 Ibid., p. LXXX. 9 Ramrez Necochea, Hernn: Origen y Formacin del Partido Comunista de Chile: Ensayo de Historia del Partido (1965), p. 48. 10 Bergquist, Charles: Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays on Chile, Argentina, Venezuela and Colombia (1986), p. 57.

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably GREG DAWES 323 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in ca, rehusaba a todo lazo con partidos polticos, y prometa una representagovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially cin universal en el mbito poltico que reemplazara al Estado. galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and Para los aos 20, etapa que nos interesa porque son los aos santia1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation guinos de Neruda, la situacin econmica empeoraba y pronto entrara en might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component una depresin. La reduccin precipitada de las exportaciones de salitre, eje parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided fundamental de la economa chilena en esa poca, unida a una profunda over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth penetracin imperialista, supervivencia de una estructura agraria feudal, escontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the caso desarrollo de la industria ms una desocupacin que llegaba a presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house 100.000, desencaden una crisis persistente y nefasta11. Y los sectores ms elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty afectados por esa crisis fueron las clases medias, precisamente las capas coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential voltiles y significativas en cuanto a nmero. Segn Ramrez Necochea las systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous capas medias recibieron el impacto de lo que aconteca, fueron por la reciecorruption charges against members, including the stripping of dumbre de la catica situacin econmica y por el clima de incertidumbre y parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the malestar se adverta en todas partes12. La clase obrera, por supuesto, se general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so vea obligada a enfrentar la explotacin explcita en las condiciones de sus long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. trabajos y los sueldos bajos. En cambio las capas medias, a las que perteneAny of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed ca Neruda de forma incmoda, podan padecer o no, dependiendo del goundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as bierno y las leyes que favorecan o no a ese sector. necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. Poco sorprende entonces que hubiera tanta agitacin poltica de parIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years te de los anarcosindicalistas y los socialistas en esta poca. Entre 1919 y in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and 1926, por ejemplo, hubo ms o menos 2.000 huelgas en prcticamente todas employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The las industrias; 972 de obreros industriales. Este activismo se debi a la Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good militancia de federaciones de obreros, sobre todo, la de la Federacin Obreeconomic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonra de Chile (FOCH), que se fund en 1919, y que cont con una participademocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned cin numerosa de socialistas (que, despus de 1922, llegaran a ser comunistas)13. Este hecho marca, para Cappalletti, el triunfo de la ideologa marxista dentro del movimiento obrero chileno y el momento de decadencia del anarquismo como fenmeno poltico14. Esto pese a la presencia de la International Workers of the World (IWW), que se declaraba contra el capital, el gobierno y la Iglesia y empleaba el sabotaje, la huelga y el boicot como estrategias para llevar a cabo su revolucin sindicalista y anarcocomunista. La Federacin Obrera Ferroviaria de Chile, que representa al sector de la fuerza laboral a la cual perteneca el padre de Neruda, se adhiri a la Internacional Roja a partir de 192015. En torno a la oposicin a la oligarRamrez Necochea, Hernn: Origen y Formacin del Partido Comunista de Chile: Ensayo de Historia del Partido (1965), pp. 83-85. 12 Ibid., p. 99. 13 Ibid., pp. 87-93. 14 Cappalletti, Angel J.: Anarquismo Latinoamericano (1990), p. XCII. 15 Jobet, Julio Csar: Luis Emilio Recabarren. Los Orgenes del Movimiento Obrero y del Socialismo Chilenos (1955), p. 140.
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 324 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in qua nacional, se formaba entonces un frente plural que abarcaba a la clase government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially obrera, la clase media y a sectores reducidos de la burguesa16. Es, en resugalvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and midas cuentas, una poca turbulenta aun antes de la crisis desastrosa del 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation 29, y alecciona al poeta. might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues,II. such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth Neruda ante el anarquismo poltico y esttico control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority in the Chamber Deputies (the legislative La vinculacin de Neruda conof los anarquistas tanto en elhouse sur como elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty en el valle central en los aos 20 lo divulga en una entrevista iluminadora coalitions anywhere, con Rita Guibert en much 1971: less among Latin Americas presidential systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruptionYo charges against members, the stripping vengo de una generacin en including que todos ramos anarquis- of tas.rights Traduje losfive libros anarquistas cuando tenain 16 aos.and Del parliamentary from of the coalitions deputies 2002, the francs traduje a Kropotkin, Jean Grave y a otros escritores general disillusionment that goes with a holding the reins of power for so anarquistas. Lea solamente a los grandes escritores, a los long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. grandes escritores rusos de tipo anrquico, como Andreiev y Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed otros. En aquel tiempo, nosotros, jvenes anarquizantes, coundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as menzamos a descubrir por nuestra propia cuenta que era innecessarily dispensable devastating una to the coalitions survival for del a number ofque reasons. unin con el movimiento pueblo, en In the first place, the Chilean economy come through the last years ese momento tambin era dehas tendencia anarquista. Era five la poin far better of any Workers of its Southern Cone neighbors, and cashape de la than IWWthat (Industrial of the World), y casi todos employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The los sindicatos pertenecan a esa tendencia, que representaba creo Harry de los ltimos Estados Concertacin may wellBridges, be in a uno position in 2005 to en claim creditUnidos. for good Este grupo de anarquistas, que tuvo mrtires como Sacco y economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonVanzetti en Estados Unidos, tambin en Amrica Latina tuvo democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
enorme importancia. Pero, qu pas con la juventud de la poca que participaba aun del terrorismo y que predicaba, como yo mismo lo haca, el sabotaje, el boicot a las elecciones, la oposicin a los movimientos organizados? Qu pas? Unos comprendimos que nuestro camino estaba en la organizacin, estaba al lado del movimiento obrero, y otros pasaron directamente a servir los intereses de la gran burguesa, del capitalismo y del imperialismo17.

Cita reveladora de un Neruda maduro y sagaz, ya acercndose a la muerte que lo espera en dos aos. Interesa, sobre todo, por ser una constaOsorio se dedica a estudiar esta oposicin poltica (y econmica) y su vinculacin con el vanguardismo en Hacia una Caracterizacin Histrica del Vanguardismo Literario Hispanoamericano (1981) y Literatura de Postguerra: Renovacin y Vanguardia (1982). 17 Pablo Neruda (1904-1973): Entrevista con Rita Guibert, en Guibert, Rita: Siete Voces (1974), tomado de http://www.literatura.us/neruda/guibert.html
16 Nelson

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably GREG DAWES 325 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in tacin de su involucramiento en el anarquismo poltico y cultural, pero tamgovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially bin porque el poeta destaca las flaquezas de ese movimiento (a esto ltimo galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and nos vamos a referir ms adelante). Adems de lo que nos cuenta Neruda se 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation sabe que en Temuco haba sido corresponsal de Claridad, diario y rgano might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component de la Federacin de Estudiantes, afiliado al anarquismo; en Santiago, una parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided vez que lleg en 1921 como estudiante universitario, conoci a figuras imover social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth portantes en la rebelin estudiantil y en el anarquismo a nivel nacional, control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the entre ellos estaban Juan Gandulfo, Alberto Rojas Gimnez y Manuel Rojas. presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house El joven Neruda se consideraba militante poltico y literario en su calidad elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty de periodista para Claridad, pero ahora radicado en la capital18. Es notorio coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential tambin que Rojas Gimnez, director del peridico, resumiera todas las systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous cualidades del nuevodandismo y de los vanguardistas de corte anarquista corruption charges against members, including the stripping of de la poca. Segn el poeta tena una idiosincrasia de prncipe, que reparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the cuerda a los fundadores del movimiento anarquista, Kropotkin y Bakunin; general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so tena una actitud desdeosa, una comprensin inmediata de los numerolong. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. sos conflictos y una alegre sabidura (y apetencia) de todas las cosas vitaAny of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed les. Era adems bohemio por excelencia, hombre conducido por lo espontundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as neo, y, para colmo, escriba versos a la ltima moda, siguiendo las necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. enseanzas de Apollinaire y del grupo ultrasta de Espaa19. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years Estudiante perteneciente a las capas medias, lector de libros anarin far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and quistas, conociendo el brillo de los atentados individuales y el fuego mortal employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The de las represiones anti-obreras, Neruda, segn Jaime Concha, escribe Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good Crepusculario en medio de la euforia alessandrista y, siguiendo de cerca economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonlas ideas de Jean Grave y Max Stirner, tambin se pronunci sobre temas democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned polticos desde la ptica del anarquismo20. Aun una lectura somera de su periodismo en Santiago entre 1921 y 1924 acusa la influencia de la poltica anarquista con una huella, eso s, de marxismo. Se percibe desde ya la impaciencia que acompaa a la indignacin en su retrato de los obreros explotados y su identificacin de rebelde en sus Glosas de la ciudad. En la primera seccin, que se titula Ciudad, empieza con una descripcin detallada y sin embargo algo lejana de estos obreros: Los brazos caen a los lados, como aspas cansadas. Son muchos. Van juntos: las anchas espaldas, las miradas humildes, los trajes deshechos, todo es comn, todo es carne de un solo cuerpo, todo es energa rota de un solo cuerpo miserable que parece llevar la tierra entera. Inquieto, el flaneur no aguanta verlos as, no soporta la injusticia a la que se ven sometidos:
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Neruda, Pablo: Confieso que He Vivido (1992), pp. 52-53. Ibid., pp. 54-55. 20 Concha, Jaime: Neruda 1904-1936 (1972), p. 183.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 326 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in Por qu estos hombres que van juntos, tocndose las espalgovernmentdas during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition was initially robustas, no llevan los vigorosos brazositself levantados, no galvanized levantan around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s y and hacia el sol la cabeza? Por qu, si van juntos 1980s, so as timehambre, passes, no thehacen compelling of that initial motivation tienen temblarforce los pavimentos de piedra de la ciudad, lasIn gradas blancas de las iglesias, con el its peso sommight naturally weaken. addition, the Concertacin, and even component bro notably de sus pisadas hambrientas, hasta que la internally ciudad se divided queparties most the Christian Democrats are de inmvil, escuchando el rumor enorme de las pisadas over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access toque birth treparan hasta cegar el fuego de las fbricas, hasta encender control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the el fuego de los incendios? Por qu, estos hombres no levanpresidency and a majority the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house 21 tan los brazos, in siquiera? elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty coalitions anywhere, much less among de Latin Apartado de la vida cotidiana los Americas obreros porpresidential su propia vida systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, thelascars of miscellaneous estudiantil, pese al hecho de que la bearing oficina de Federacin de Estudiantes corruption charges against members, including stripping estaba a unos pasos de la Federacin Obrera, Nerudathe periodista no seof expliparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the ca lo que parece ser desde afuera el conformismo de la clase obrera general that goes with holding the reins of power for so que,disillusionment sin embargo, tiene la capacidad de cambiar el estado de cosas de la 22 long.noche One might conclude, that the coalition isson simply ready to expire. de . then, Pero evidentemente no estos los comentarios a la maana of these forces, or some combination of lo them, could indeed unAny periodista objetivo ni de un observador que ve todo muy por enciundermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors ma, sino los de un comentarista que siente compasin y hasta parece as identinecessarily toobreros the coalitions survival for a de number of reasons. ficarse devastating con aquellos que no distan mucho los obreros ferroviaIn the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years rios con los cuales trabajaba su padre en el sur. in far better shape than that any of its Southern Cone neighbors, anden la Esta compasin se of trasmite de una forma aun ms desgarradora 23 employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The prxima seccin que lleva el ttulo Empleado . A diferencia de la anterior, Concertacin mayde well be in a persona positionain to claim credit for good en sta pasa la tercera la2005 segunda e inclusive a la primera economic stewardship. Next, no many of the issues surrounding the nonpersona plural. Es claro, lo sabes, pero conozco tu vida, entera, dice el democratic legacy y ofagrega: the Pinochet era including the joven periodista, S tu vida febril: de la cama a larenowned calle, de ah al trabajo. El trabajo es oscuro, torpe, matador. Ayer, dice poco despus, maana, pasado, sucedi y suceder lo mismo. Neruda claramente quiere identificarse con o mostrar empata por los obreros, y sin embargo, esto resulta ser, como lo constata Jaime Concha en relacin con su poesa, un falso mimetismo que se debe a su mismo lugar de estudiante. As, a continuacin, este artculo se enfoca de manera abstracta en la falta de conciencia de clase del obrero. La misma vida, sostiene, es decir lo que t llamas vida. Y aade ms abajo: Y es que no sabes que eres explotado. Que te han robado las alegras, que por la plata sucia que te dan t diste la porcin de belleza que cay sobre tu alma. Es, evidentemente, un anlisis de la teora de la plusvala en la sociedad capitalista que se presenta con lo que parece ser cierto elitismo de parte del joven escritor al afirmar que el obrero
Neruda, Pablo: Obras Completas (1999), p. 252. En cuanto a la ubicacin de las dos federaciones, vase Teitelboim, Volodia: Neruda (1993), pp. 62-63. 23 Neruda, Pablo: Obras Completas (1999), p. 253.
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably GREG DAWES 327 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in no est consciente de su propia explotacin y que considera que es parte government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially ntegra de la vida. Pero hacia el final pasa a la primera persona plural (nosogalvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and tros) como si quisiera mostrar la igualdad entre ellos somos iguales a 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation ti, dice pero, a su vez, sealar la brecha fina que separa a los anarquistas might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component de los obreros que no han tomado conciencia de su explotacin: parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth Nosotros lo llamamos explotacin, capital, abuso. Los diarios control. Finally, 2005 Concertacin will have derecho, held the queby tthe lees, en elections, el tranva, the apurado, lo llaman orden, presidency and a majority in vez the Chamber of Deputies (theestamos legislative house patria, etc. Tal te halles dbil. No. Aqu nosotros, elected by popular vote) for no 16estamos years. By theque standards of multiparty nosotros que ya solos, somos iguales a ti; y como t explotados y among doloridos pero Americas rebeldes24. presidential coalitions anywhere, much less Latin systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous El nfasis en la rebelda encaja muy bien con idea anarquista de corruption charges against members, including the la stripping of encontrar una identidad y as superar la enajenacin momentneaparliamentary rights from five de of grupo the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the mente y alzarse contra el estado cosas pero sin una poltica general disillusionment that goes withde holding the reins oforganizacin power for so 25. La rebelda se une a la libertad poco articulada y abstracta bien formada long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. con esta seccin pese a su referencia pasajera a indeed Marx: Y no Anyque of termina these forces, or some combination of them, could creas the que Concertacin, necesitas leer a but Marx para Te basta con que sepas undermine we do esto. not regard these factors asque no eres libre, que quieres serlo, que rompers, o amor qu impornecessarily devastating to the coalitions survival por for fuerza a number of reasons. 26. La postura del poeta por ta place, los frenos que te economy sujetan y has te envilecen In the first the Chilean come through the last five years que than pueda parecer a ratos en este artculo, demuestra sin embargo in far nebulosa better shape that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and una continuidad en figures el pensamiento nerudiano el mbito poltico aunque employment and growth rebounded in first en months of 2003. The se ve ms influido por elaanarquismo estas to alturas que el marxismo. Concertacin may well be in position ina2005 claim credit for good Sugiere, por ende, que el radicalismo del poeta se extiende desde por lo menos economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non1920 hasta la fecha de su fallecimiento, 1973. Si es as, norenowned puede haber una democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the conversin del poeta a la poltica radical a partir de 1936 como alegan Emir Rodrguez Monegal, Enrico Mario Sant y Ren de Costa, sino un hilo conductor que atraviesa toda la obra potica de Neruda27. Pero antes de apresurarnos a llegar a esa conclusin conviene volver a la ltima parte de su primer artculo Glosas de la Ciudad y a otros artculos de los aos 20 para confirmar la hiptesis que hemos planteado. El hijo, la tercera y ltima seccin de su artculo sobre Santiago, interesa porque en l acrecienta la identificacin del poeta con el obrero28. No se trata ya de una simpata ni de compasin ambivalentes, sino de una empata
Ibid., p. 253. Concha, Jaime: Neruda 1904-1936 (1972), pp. 170-182. 26 Neruda, Pablo: Obras Completas (1999), p. 253. 27 Para una crtica a la idea de la conversin vase el prlogo de Hernn Loyola a la edicin Ctedra de Residencia en la Tierra (49-53) y el primer captulo de mi libro, Verses Against the Darkness: Pablo Nerudas Poetry and Politics (2006), pp. 65-103. 28 Neruda, Pablo: Obras Completas (1999), pp. 253-254.
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 328 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in ms abierta y sincera. Si en la primera parte el punto de vista era de la government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially tercera persona, y en la segunda parte se trataba de la segunda singular, en galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and sta Neruda asume el punto de vista del obrero que trabaja catorce horas, 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation en esa galera mojada, curvados como bestias de carga entre el ruido diabmight naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component lico del fierro machacado. Esa es, dice, nuestra miseria (lo subrayado es parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided mo). Esta vida de explotado llega a ser, poco despus, alegora realista de la over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth condicin de la sociedad, estableciendo as un enlace entre el destino de la control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the clase obrera y la suerte de Chile: presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty (Ah! quiebra, deshace, revintalo todo, haz que las malditas coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin presidential paredes dejen entrar el sol de oro, porAmericas dos mil rajamientos, systems, the Concertacin geriatric, bearing the scars of sociedad miscellaneous crispa, eleva y is bota esta turbia y encanallada de corruptionnuestra charges against the stripping vida, echandomembers, al cielo la including obra de muchos aos en un of 29 puado de huesos dethe fierros!) parliamentary rights from fivey of coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so Pero conclude, queda todava de por como es el caso to en la segunda long. One might then, that the medio, coalition is simply ready expire. parte, la cuestin de la conciencia de clase. Si Neruda no va a pecar de Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed voluntarismo, tiene que reconocer que hay aunque en forma deas relato undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard sea these factors alegrico obreros que altamente politizados que estn dispuestos a necessarily devastating to theson coalitions survival for a y number of reasons. organizarse rebelarse. la figurahas quecome cumple con esa funcin, necesiIn the first place,ythe ChileanY economy through the last fiveesa years dad histrica, Marta, es la valiente, altaneighbors, y vigorosa y que in far better shapees than that que of any of ms its Southern Cone and tiene una mirada de amor. como si in estuviera, comenta Neruda, preemployment and growth figures Es rebounded first months of 2003. The ada de un infante de todos in nosotros, explotados de good todas las Concertacin may well nuestro, be in a position 2005 tolos claim credit for fbricas del universo, de unmany hijo que fuerte, ms fuerte, mucho economic stewardship. Next, of ser the ms issues surrounding the non- ms 30 . En esta ltima del artculo periodstico el fuerte que nosotros democratic legacy of the Pinochet eraseccin including the renowned hablante, pese a su furia apenas contenida por la explotacin, no se deja llevar por la impaciencia, por ese afn espontneo y poco realista pero muy ligado al pensamiento anarquista de la poca de tratar de resolverlo todo de la noche a la maana. Es como si al imaginarse obrero, el joven estudiante universitario y periodista entendiera mejor la vida de aqul y admitiera que el cambio en las condiciones socioeconmicas lleva tiempo. En el segundo artculo que lleva el mismo ttulo, Glosas de la Ciudad [2], escrito dos meses ms tarde en Santiago, tambin se destacan ideas alimentadas por el anarquismo31. En el primer fragmento del artculo, El dolor de los otros, parece abrirse una brecha nuevamente entre el autor y el tema aquellos que sufren. Pero eso depende de la interpretacin del lector porque el ttulo que encabeza el artculo tiene dos posibles significados: 1) que el dolor es de los otros y no de Neruda; o 2) que el dolor,
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Ibid., p. 254. Ibid., p. 254. 31 Ibid., pp. 254-256.

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably GREG DAWES 329 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in siguiendo las pautas del pensamiento de Vallejo, es algo individual y colecgovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially tivo. Y aunque parece que Neruda lo observa todo desde afuera, es una galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and suerte de abstraccin necesaria para entender la miseria humana no como 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation parte de la inmutable condicin humana, sino como estado anmico que might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component puede cambiar si se lleva a cabo una nueva justicia. Vale la pena citar del parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided artculo: over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, thenada Concertacin willsufren have held the Son tantos los hombres que tienen y que taladrapresidency and a majority in theyChamber of Deputies legislative dos por el deseo la necesidad que ese(the excedente, esehouse peso elected by popular vote) for 16 By the standards of multiparty negativo del dolor deyears. la miseria humana, se descarga sobre los otros que no debieran sufrir. Es la Americas ley inevitable, el equilicoalitions anywhere, much less among Latin presidential brio de la naturaleza que pesa como yugo los homsystems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing theun scars ofsobre miscellaneous bres y los hace buscar una nueva justicia que anule el senticorruption charges against members, including the stripping of miento de dolor comn a los muchos y purifique la felicidad parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the de los otros, fundindolos, igualndolos en la armoniosa ritgeneral disillusionment that goes 32. with holding the reins of power for so macin de la vida long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these orconocimiento some combination of them, could indeed No haceforces, falta un profundo del anarquismo para recoundermine Concertacin, but we do en not these factors as nocer the las ideas utpicas de Kropotkin la regard solucin que ofrece Neruda. Se necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. trata de una sociedad armoniosa entre iguales que depende de la ayuda In the first place, e the Chilean al economy has . come through the last five years voluntaria individual prjimo33 in far better shape than that neighbors, and de la As tambin en of el any casoof deits laSouthern segunda Cone parte de estas glosas employment growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The ciudad.and El poeta/periodista deambula por las calles y narra lo que percibe, Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good siempre desde su inclinacin anarquista. Describe a las mujeres en una economic stewardship. Next, deformadas, many of the sus issues surrounding nonagencia con sus caras pies vacilantes the y el horror de democratic ofy the Pinochet era including the que renowned la vidalegacy que sufre calla, estos seres parecen navegantes van al naufragio fatal, irremediable, sin violencia ni rebelda, sumergindose en la fatalidad. Lo insoportable para el joven periodista y no olvidemos estudiante, es que estas mujeres, as como los hombre agachados, adolescentes bestializados, parecen conformarse con y someterse a su explotacin sin violencia ni rebelda. Y esto se vuelve ms inaguantable para el estudiante que tiene una conciencia de cmo funciona el sistema capitalista y ve que estos hombres (...) seguirn maana fabricando dinero para los que hacen leyes y hablan de deberes...34. Volvemos, por lo tanto, a la indignacin justificada por supuesto pero tambin a la impaciencia con el gobierno como tal que se unen a los intereses de burguesa y con la falta de conciencia poltica de las obreras. Lo que se aprecia en estos cuadros urbaIbid., pp. 254-255. Varias, Alexander: Paris and the Anarchists (1996), sobre todo la parte sobre Kropotkin y Jean Grave, pp. 46-63. Vase tambin Weir, David: Anarchy & Culture: The Aesthetic Politics of Modernism (1997). 34 Neruda, Pablo: Obras Completas (1999), p. 255.
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 330 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in nos son los nudos temticos e ideolgicos que se asocian con el anarquisgovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially mo poltico, pero queda por ver si esto lleva a una solucin esttica, o, galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and mejor, a una compensacin artstica. 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component parties most III. notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided El anarquismo esttico en el Neruda de los aos 20 over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth Recordemos que Bakunin sethe interesa en el artista control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, Concertacin willnico have que heldretrata the la parte inalienable del hombre, su derecho a la pasin y a la accin, y que presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house cree, significativamente, que el arte puede servir de arma en la rebelin elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty de la vida anywhere, contra la ciencia. arte, como lo poneAmericas Andr Reszler en su estudio coalitions much El less among Latin presidential sobre la esttica anarquista, es para Bakunin el guardin de la parte inmorsystems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous 35 tal del hombre contra las fuerzas contemporneas de la alienacin corruption charges against members, including the stripping of . Y Kropotkinrights crea que los artistas tenan un don nico de pueblo parliamentary from five of the coalitions deputies inllegar 2002,aland the por medio de convencimiento moral y emocional de la legitimidad de las ideas general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so 36 . El arte junto con the la Razn revolucionaria, segn Kropotkin, long.anarquistas One might conclude, then, that coalition is simply ready to expire. sentaban las bases para la difusin del pensamiento anarquista y para la Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed rebelda contra la explotacin. Tanto Bakunin como Kropotkin sostenan undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as que no deba haber lmites en cuanto a la expresin y exploracin del arte, necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. que el place, artista/vate deba acechar lo has desconocido, lo maravilloso y years lo fantsIn the first the Chilean economy come through the last five 37. El anarquismo, tico y obsequiarle esas indagaciones al vidente, al lector in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and entonces,and le brindaba al artista libertad individual ilimitada la posibilidad employment growth figures rebounded in first months of y 2003. The de unirse a una causa revolucionaria. Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good Como se puede constatar leer los artculos periodsticos escritos economic stewardship. Next, many al of the issues surrounding the y nonen los aos 20, Neruda consciente no plenamente de que democratic legacy of theest Pinochet era aunque including the renowned est creando una esttica individualista o una esttica anarquista. En la capital, en 1921, publica en Juventud un homenaje muy breve al escritor anarquista Manuel Rojas: Noble serenidad del verso de Manuel Rojas. Parece que brotara desde el fondo mismo de un alma macerada en la belleza, sabia en exprimir de s misma un divino y puro licor de poesa38. Las cualidades que elige para describirlo a Rojas se asemejan a las que caracterizan a los artistas anarquistas de la poca: a diferencia de la poesa sin pureza que proclamara el poeta en una Espaa al borde de la guerra civil en 1935, ac exalta el divino y puro licor de la obra de Rojas, figura que resulta ser un lder esttico y espiritual39.
Reszler, Andr: La Esttica Anarquista (1974), pp. 43-47. Varias, Alexander: Paris and the Anarchists (1996), p. 125. 37 Reszler, vase el captulo IV, El arte y el movimiento anarquista (1974), pp. 55-73. 38 Neruda, Pablo: Obras Completas (1999), p. 252. 39 Me refiero, claro est, a Sobre una Poesa sin Pureza, recogido en Para Nacer He Nacido, de Neruda (1989), pp. 140-141.
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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably GREG DAWES 331 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in Pero ya el camino hacia una poesa ms terrenal de parte del residengovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially te se hace patente en otro artculo sobre temas estticos y polticos, Oragalvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime 40 of the 1970s and cin por los pobres hombres, publicado en 1921 . Desde el comienzo es 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation un rechazo al arte purista por el que abogaba, entre otros, Walter Pater, y la might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component afirmacin como indica el ttulo de lo que incide inevitablemente en su parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided obra potica: la explotacin del hombre por el hombre. Neruda lo resume as: over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth La belleza y the el espritu no tienen poderes capaces will de aniquilar enthe nosotros, control. Finally, by 2005 elections, the Concertacin have held nuestra hecha in de sensaciones exteriores. Y legislative a continuacin presidency andvida a majority the Chamber of Deputies (the house dedica este escrito a la memoria de su amigo Florin con el que, haciendo eco del elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty famoso verso dariano fue juventud la ma? comparti la juventud coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential que ni siquiera incendi nuestras almas.the Ahora, vivimos en systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing scarsde ofhombres, miscellaneous anchas ciudades en que las fbricas nos envenenan el cuerpo, ya corruption charges against members, including the stripping sin of espritu, ya disgregados. Y concluye: Y nada podr jams la belleza doliente de parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the tu siglo contra este dolor de hombres, aniquilados por los hombres mismos, general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so acorralados y deshechos en un de miseria y ready de hambre. Son como long. One might conclude, then, that thevivir coalition is simply to expire. nosotros, somos iguales e iremos viviendo la vida, anclados en la tierra, sin Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed conocer jams la divina sabidura de tu siglo brbaro y lejano. Su undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as amigo llega devastating a ser para Neruda figura histrica, Florin, soldado of romano, cristiano necessarily to the la coalitions survival for a number reasons. y mrtir que salv un pueblo del incendio y rehus a seguir la orden de In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years matar a unos cristianos. Slo queda entonces en el siglo XX una poesa in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and entonces que arranque de rebounded su residencia en lamonths tierra, un testimonio employment and growth figures in first of 2003. The de la 41 lucha de los pobres y hombres Concertacin may well be hombres in a position in 2005 pobres to claim . credit for good En otro artculo, la Vida Intelectual de Chile: Todo Noveliseconomic stewardship. Next, De many of the issues surrounding the un nonta, que escribe para Claridad desde Temuco en octubre de 1921, Neruda democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned adhiere a ciertas posturas anarquistas y, sin embargo, le hace una crtica aguda al escritor Joaqun Edwards Bello42. Por un lado, el poeta se identifica con la juventud, se considera hombre libre y busca su inspiracin en los intelectuales que saben manejar las cosas del espritu tal y como los artistas. Admira la valenta de Edwards Bello por haber mostrado la bestialidad de la opresin que sufren los de abajo en su obra, pero, por otro lado, deplora su cobarda en cuanto a la supresin de la libertad de palabra durante el gobierno de Arturo Alessandri. Ante actos as, dice Neruda, como los del gobierno, se protesta, se grita, se trata de rajar la sensibilidad y la sentimentalidad justiciera de los hombres. Y, justo despus lo critica por dadasta al autor de Metamorfosis (1921) y por aristcrata. As Neruda afirma ciertas ideas de la esttica anarquista pero tambin las critica abierta40 41

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Neruda, Pablo: Obras Completas (1999), p. 256. Ibid., p. 256. 42 Ibid., pp. 258-259.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 332 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy 43 has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in mente . Todo lo cual hace pensar que el poeta tena una relacin ambivagovernment during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially lente con el anarquismo esttico, cosa que seguramente permiti que romgalvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and piera con esa tendencia artstica y con los postulados y la praxis de ese 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation movimiento. Esto queda claro cuando advierte en un artculo de 1922, que might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component se titula Dada, No confundas mi corazn con la joroba de ese polichineparties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided la, frase que indica que se considera vanguardista y acaso influido por el over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth anarquismo todava, pero no tiene nada que ver con el nihilismo y los juecontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the gos artsticos del dadasmo44. presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house Y sin embargo sigue habiendo referencias frecuentes a lo que no elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty dudaramos en calificar de esttica anarquista. Un ao ms tarde, en 1923, coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential asevera que cada poeta cantar lo que quiera, sin hacer caso omiso de systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous preceptos higinicos. Porque cada uno para cantar debe situarse como corruption charges against members, including the stripping of Adn: creerse el primer descubridor de las cosas y su primer dueo al entreparliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the garles nombre, palabras que como se ve se unen a ese lan artstico y general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of45 power for so proftico de Apollinaire y del creacionismo de Huidobro . Parece remitir a long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. las ideas sobre las artes diseminadas por Bakunin y Kropotkin: el artista Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed como descubridor de lo misterioso, lo desconocido. undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as Pero Neruda nunca cumple con el rol de vanguardista por excelencia necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. ni poeta anarquista. Detesta, como lo aclara meses ms tarde, la gimnasia In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years verbal y la rebelin letrada de la forma, como se aprecia en su escueta in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and Defensa de Vicente Huidobro, que resulta ser no un elogio sino un arma employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The de doble filo: alaba a Huidobro como poeta pero desconfa de los juegos Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good vanguardistas que pueblan sus versos novsimos. economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nondemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
Su poesa es extraamente transparente, ingeniosamente ingenua. Con esa pureza del viejo lied del norte, motivo desnudo, de realizacin acuaria. Creacin, creacionismo, esttica nueva, todo eso es frmula, garabatos, ropa usada. Lo nico es el poeta y el camino desde l a su poema. Huidobro, qu fresca sensacin infantil, de juego atrevido, mezcla del exttico hay-kay con el trepidante traqueteo de Occidente46.

Crtica sutil y mordaz a la esttica libertaria como tal y a la obra de Huidobro tambin, marca claramente una brecha entre lo que se propone Neruda y la vanguardia. Y esto, pese a una que otra caracterstica intrnseca del vanguardismo, tiene su peso ideolgico, artstico, y sentimental y da paso al lado notablemente realista del arraigo social y existencial en Resi43 44

Ibid., pp. 258-259. Ibid., p. 266. 45 Ibid., p. 310. 46 Ibid., p. 322.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably GREG DAWES 333 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in dencia en la Tierra. As, por ejemplo, en Exgesis y Soledad se aprecia la government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially batalla interior que lleva al poeta a emprender la ms grande salida de m galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of47the 1970s and mismo, que consta de diez aos de tarea solitaria . No son elucubracio1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation nes o ruminaciones etreas del poeta, sino versos alegres y amargos que might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component brotan de su sufrimiento. Me puse en cada cosa que sali de m, insiste, parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided con sinceridad y voluntad. Y, sin embargo, se empea en subrayar su over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth sufrimiento individual y su libertad artstica desatada ambas caractersticontrol. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the cas del vanguardismo: Sin mirar hacia ninguna direccin, libremente, inpresidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house conteniblemente, se me soltaron mis poemas48. Sigue vigente entonces esa elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty pugna entre la voluntad de expresar la realidad que lo rodea con una mmecoalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential sis crtica y ese afn de dejarse llevar por sus propios caprichos creativos. systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous En resumidas cuentas, es el camino hacia la espontaneidad dirigida, como corruption charges against members, including the stripping of lo pone Neruda en sus memorias. Lo que sucede es que todava no ha parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the encontrado ese equilibrio necesario que le servir ms tarde de mtodo general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so potico y que aflorar sobre todo a partir del Canto General49. Por lo tanto, long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. en este momento dado prevalece lo espontneo. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed Y ese impulsivo lado esttico y poltico se avizora sin lugar a dudas undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as en el famoso prlogo a El Habitante y la Esperanza (1926): necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years Yo tengo un concepto dramtico de la vida, y romntico; no in far better shape than that lo of que any no of llega its Southern Cone neighbors, and me corresponde profundamente a mi sensibiliemployment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The dad. Concertacin Para may m well be in a position 2005 to claim for good fue muy difcil aliarin esta constante de credit mi espritu con una expresin ms o menos propia. En mi segundo economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the libro, nonVeinte Poemas de Amor y una Cancin Desesperada , ya democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
tuve algo de trabajo triunfante. Esta alegra de bastarse a s mismo no la pueden conocer los equilibrados imbciles que forman parte de nuestra vida literaria. Como ciudadano, soy hombre tranquilo, enemigo de leyes, gobiernos e instituciones establecidas. Tengo repulsin por el burgus, y me gusta la vida de la gente intranquila e insatisfecha, sean stos artistas o criminales50.

Esta cita rene hartas caractersticas que se han solido asociar con el vanguardismo y el anarquismo y que se pueden hallar en el estudio clsico de Renato Poggioli sobre la vanguardia. Se trata del neorromanticismo, el
Ibid., pp. 323-324. Ibid., pp. 323-324. 49 Vase Neruda: Confieso que He Vivido (1992), pp. 362-364; y tambin el captulo dos de mi libro Verses Against the Darkness: Pablo Nerudas Poetry and Politics (2006) en el que describo la teora esttica de Neruda. 50 Neruda, Pablo: Obras Completas (1999), p. 217.
48 47

impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 334 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in desdn por los escritores cannicos en su pas, su oposicin frontal a las government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially leyes, el gobierno y las instituciones, y hasta la equiparacin entre el artista galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and y el criminal. Son ideas prototpicas de la vanguardia y del anarquismo y 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation van de la mano de In sus declaraciones pblicas despus del de 1925. might naturally weaken. addition, the Concertacin, and even its golpe component Neruda, entre otros universitarios anarquistas, se pronuncia contra el golpe parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided pero no para restaurar la democracia poltica y el capitalismo, sino over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth para abogar por un o mejor inexistente, porque todo intento control. Finally, bygobierno the 2005mnimo elections, the Concertacin will have held the de 51 . volver and a unaestado fuerte va Chamber a enderezar bien del capitalismo presidency majority in the of en Deputies (the legislative house Y esta ideologa anarquista se manifestar en la temtica y en la elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty forma de Residencia en la Tierra y en sus cartas desesperadas enviadas coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential desde el Oriente. Entendamos primero que esta unaof vertiente nicamente systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the es scars miscellaneous en una obra que, como lo han demostrado Jaime Concha, Alain Sicard corruption charges against members, including the stripping of y Hernn Loyola, est empapada de realismo. Sin embargo, vale parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the la pena subrayar su importancia para holding ayudar a explicar por qu hay, desde general disillusionment that goes with the reins of power for so 1936 en adelante, un revs, que lleva a la formacin de su espontaneidad long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. dirigida. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed lo ha sealado but Loyola sunot magnfico de las Residenundermine Como the Concertacin, we en do regard estudio these factors as cias, sdevastating hay un lado proftico que se destaca en sus necessarily to the coalitions survival forvisiblemente a number of tanto reasons. poemas como enChilean las cartas a Hctor Eandi. Frente a los asedios del coloniaIn the first place, the economy has come through the last five years lismo ingls, dethan la miseria econmica a Southern que est condenado el pueblo indio, in far better shape that of any of its Cone neighbors, and employment and growth rebounded in desconocimiento first months of 2003. The y de de la relativa pobrezafigures en la que vive, de su del hind Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit las culturas orientales, y de la soledad que sufre, Neruda se for alzagood con una economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nonconfianza hiperblica y tenue. As confiesa que tiene ambiciones expresidemocratic legacy of the Pinochet eraque including renowned vas bastante sobrehumanas y declara el deber delthe poeta es penetrar en la vida y hacerla proftica: el poeta debe ser una supersticin, un ser mtico, postura afn al aristcrata de la cultura que es el vanguardista segn Poggioli (Aguirre, 60). As tambin el individualismo es el ojo en el huracn y explica por qu las imgenes que elige en las Residencias son inslitas, rebuscadas. Busca vengarse de su enajenacin en el plano de la poesa. Y, finalmente, como lo apunta Loyola, la poesa tiene que ser una aventura del espritu en gran parte porque se quiere desprender de o superar en lo posible esa demonaca soledad que lo acosa en el Oriente (Aguirre 61). Pero estos vestigios del anarquismo empezarn a desvanecer ya para 1933, de vuelta a Chile, y se esfumarn o irn formando parte mnima en la espontaneidad dirigida a partir de 1936.

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51

Cit. en Concha, Jaime: Pablo Neruda 1904-1936 (1972), p. 232.

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably GREG DAWES 335 with Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in BIBLIOGRAFA government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and Aguirre, Margarita: Pablo Neruda/Hctor Eandi: Correspondencia durante Residencia 1980s, so as en time passes, the compelling force of that initial la Tierra . Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1980. motivation might naturally In addition, the Concertacin, and even itson component Bergquist, weaken. Charles: Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays Chile, Argentina, parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally Venezuela and Colombia . Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, divided 1986. Bloom, Harold:such The Anxiety Influence . London/Oxford/New York: Oxford University over social issues, as the of legal status of divorce and access to birth Press, 1973. control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the Brger, Peter: Theory of the Avant-Garde. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house 1984. electedCappalletti, by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty Angel J.: Anarquismo Latinoamericano. En Cappalletti y Carlos M. Rama coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas (seleccin y notas). El Anarquismo en Amrica Latinapresidential . Caracas: Biblioteca systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous Ayacucho, 1990. Concha,charges Jaime: Neruda (1904-1936) . Santiago: Editorial Universitaria, 1972. of corruption against members, including the stripping Costa, Ren de: The Poetry Pablo . Cambridge, MA: parliamentary rights from fiveofof the Neruda coalitions deputies inHarvard 2002, University and the Press, 1979. general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so Dawes, Greg: Verses Against the Darkness: Pablo Nerudas Poetry and Politics. Lewiston, long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. PA: Bucknell University Press, 2006. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed Guibert, Rita: Siete Voces. Mxico: Editorial Novaro, 1974. undermine the Concertacin, we do Los notOrgenes regarddel these factors as y del Jobet, Julio Csar: Luis Emiliobut Recabarren. Movimiento Obrero Socialismo Chilenos . Santiago: Prensa latinoamericana, 1955. necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. Loyola, Hernn: Las Dos Residencias. En su through edicin de Residencia en la Tierra. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come the last five years Sptima edicin. Madrid: Ctedra, 2003. in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and Neruda, Pablo: Para Nacer He Nacido. Barcelona: Planeta, 1989. employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Confieso que He Vivido. 11a edicin. Buenos Aires: Losada, 1992. Concertacin may well be in a. position 2005 to claim credit for good Loyola. Obras Completas Tomos 1 in a 5. Edicin al cuidado de Hernn economic stewardship. Next,Gutenberg, many of the issues surrounding the nonBarcelona: Galaxia 1999. Osorio, legacy Nelson: of Hacia Caracterizacin Histrica del the Vanguardismo Literario democratic the una Pinochet era including renowned
Hispano-americano. En Revista Iberoamericana (enero-junio 1981). Literatura de Postguerra: Renovacin y Vanguardia. Texto crtico (enerodiciembre 1982): 113-33. Podest, Guido: An Ethnographic Reproach to the Theory of the Avant-Garde: Modernity and Modernism in Latin America and the Harlem Renaissance. Modern Language Notes (1991). Poggioli, Renato: The Theory of the Avant-Garde. Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press, 1968. Ramrez Necochea, Hernn: Origen y Formacin del Partido Comunista de Chile: Ensayo de Historia del Partido. Santiago: Editora Austral, 1965. Reszler, Andr: La Esttica Anarquista. Mxico: Fondo de Cultura Econmica, 1974. Rodrguez Monegal, Emir: El Sistema del Poeta. En Rodrguez Monegal y Enrico Mario Sant (eds.), Pablo Neruda. Madrid: Taurus, 1980, 63-91. Sant, Enrico Mario: Pablo Neruda: The Poetics of Prophecy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982. Sicard, Alain: El Pensamiento Potico de Pablo Neruda. Madrid: Gredos, 1981. Szabolescsi, Mikls: La Vanguardia Literaria y Artstica como Fenmeno Internacional. Casa de las Amricas. 74 (sept-oct 1972).

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impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably ESTUDIOS PBLICOS with 336 Chiles unusual electoral rules. Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in Teitelboim, Volodia: Neruda. Santiago: Ediciones BAT, 5a edicin, 1993. government during the 1990s. the York: coalition itself Press, was initially Varias, Alexander: Paris and theMoreover, Anarchists. New St. Martins 1996. galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s. and Weir, David: Anarchy & Culture: The Aesthetic Politics of Modernism Amherst: 1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation University of Massachusetts Press, 1997. might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous corruption charges against members, including the stripping of parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons. In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the nondemocratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned