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Matter is
Physical property is one that a sample of matter displays without changing its composition e.g. reddish brown solid (copper) & yellow solid (sulfur)physical property of color
magnet
Chemical property is the ability (or inability) of a sample of matter to undergo a change in composition under stated conditions e.g. the ability of paper to burn.
Types of Changes
Physical change, some of the physical properties of the sample may change, but its composition remains unchanged e.g. melting of ice or sugar dissolved in water
Chemical change or chemical reaction, one or more kinds of matter are converted to new kinds of matter with different compositions e.g. burning of paper (C, H, O)..main combustion products are CO2 & H2O as steam.
Classifications of Matter
Compounds
separated chemically (two or more components). components differ in identity from the compound and from each other.
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Atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains its chemical identity through all chemical and physical changes.
Atoms are made of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons.
Protons are positively charged particles with a mass of about 1 atomic mass unit (amu). The number of protons in the nucleus is called an element's atomic number (Z) and is listed with the element in the periodic table.
Atoms are electrically neutral, so there is also a negatively charged particle called an electron. To maintain the zero charge, the number of electrons and protons must be the same.
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If protons and electrons are not equal, the atom will have a charge and be called an ion.
Electrons are very lightweight, even compared with a proton. In fact, their mass is approximately 0 amu.
Like the proton, the neutron has a mass of 1 amu. However, it does not have a charge.
Therefore the sum of the protons and neutrons is called the mass number (A) Or atomic weight
A ZX 2 1H
Element Symbol
1 1H
(D)
238 92
3 1H
(T)
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235 92
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Alkali Metals
Noble Gases
Alkaline Earths
Main Group
Transition Metals
Main Group
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Example: How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following elements? 112Cd 48 35Cl 17 16O 8 63Cu 2+ 29
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2. All atoms of a given element are identical and differ from all other elements
3. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine in simple numerical ratios.
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General Chemistry: Chapter 2
Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forces
H2
H2O
NH3
CH4
H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO diatomic elements A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms O3, H2O, NH3, CH4 18
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative charge. cation ion with a positive charge If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. Na
11 protons 11 electrons
Na+
11 protons 10 electrons
anion ion with a negative charge If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion.
Cl
17 protons 17 electrons
Cl
17 protons 18 electrons 19
A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance molecular empirical H2O CH2O O NH2 20
H2O
C6H12O6 O3 N2H4
Ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations and an anions The formula is usually the same as the empirical formula The sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each formula unit must equal zero The ionic compound NaCl
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Stoichiometry
It describes the quantitative relationships among elements in compounds among substances undergo chemical changes (reaction stoichiometry) e.g. chemical equations
The chemical formula is the expression that shows the number and kind of each atom in a molecule. The formula of single atom is the same as the symbol of the element. The diatomic molecules have the formulas of: O2, H2, Br2, Cl2
Example: The chemical formula of sodium acetate is CH3COONa The name of Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide
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The standard international (SI) unit for amount of substance, is a mole. It is just a specific number of either molecules or atoms. The number of molecules or atoms or particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 particles.
e.g. one mole of Helium (He) consists of 6.022 x 1023 He atoms. one mole of hydrogen (H2) consists of 6.022 x 1023 H2 molecules and 2 x(6.022 x 1023) H atoms. Example: How many moles of atoms does 136.9 g of iron metal contain?
Solution: The atomic weight of iron is 55.85 amu 1 mole iron 55.85 g Fe ? 136.9 g Fe ? mole Fe = 136.9 g Fe X 1 mole 55.85 g iron = 2.451 mole iron atoms
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Figure 2-17
Example: How many atoms are contained in 2.451 mol of iron? Solution: 1 mole Fe 2.451 mole
Example: Calculate the average mass of one iron atom in grams. Solution: 55.85g (1 mole) Fe ?g ?g Fe = 55.85g Fe 6.022 x 1023
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