UNIT 2: TRANSFORMERS

Construction principle of operation equivalent circuit losses testing efficiency and voltage regulation auto transformer three phase connections parallel operation of transformers tap changing.

PART A

1. State the merits of three phase transformers over single phase transformer. (AUT 2008) i) A three phase transformer occupies less space for same rating, compared to a bank of three single phased transformers. ii) It weight less iii) It cost is less iv) The core will be of smaller size and the material required for the core is less. 2.What are the different losses in a transformer? (AUC DEC 2009)

i) Core or Iron loss ii) copper loss 3.What are the advantages of having circular in a transformer? (AUT MAY 2007) The excessive leakage fluxes produced during short circuit and over loads , develops severe mechanical stress in the coils. on circular coils these forces are radial and there is no tendency for the coil to change its shape but on the rectangular coils the forces are perpendicular to the conductors and tends to deform the coil in circular. 4. What are the salient features of a distribution transformer? i. The distribution transformers will have low iron loss and higher value of copper loss ii. The capacity of transformers will be upto 500KVA iii. The transformers will have plain walled tanks or provided with cooling tubes
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or radiators FACULTY INCHARGE COURSEMATERIALCOORDINATOR HOD

5. State the various methods of cooling of power transformers. i) oil natural-air forced ii) oil natural-water forced iii) oil forced iv) water forced 6 . Why is the core of a transformer laminated? (MAY 2011) The cores of a transformer laminated in order to reduce the eddy current losses. The eddy current losses are proportion to the square of thickness of laminations. This apparently implies that the thickness of laminations should be extremely small in order to reduce the eddy current losses to a minimum.

7. What is the cause of noise in transformer? The cause of noise in the transformer is mainly because of magnetostriction effect and also loosening of stampings and mechanical forces produced during working.

8.How the leakage reactance of the transformer is reduced? In transformers the leakage reactance is reduced by interleaving the high voltage and low voltage winding.

9.What is step down transformer? The transformer used to step down the voltage from primary to secondary is called as step down transformer. (Ex: 220/110V).

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10.Draw transformer.

the

noload

phasor

diagram

of

single

phase

11. Why is an auto-transformer not used as a distribution transformer? The autotransformer cannot provide isolation between HV and LV side. Due to open circuit in the common portion, the voltage on the load side may soot up to dangerously high voltage causingdamage to equipment. This unexpected rise in the voltage on LV side is potentially dangerous. Hence the autotransformer cannotbe used as distribution transformer.

12. Give the basic principle behind the working of transformer.(DEC2008) The transformers works in the principle of mutual inductionbetween two coils which are electrically isolated but magnetically coupled.

13. What are the conditions for parallel operation of transformer?(AUT2006,2010) In order that the transformers work satisfactorily in parallel, the following conditions should be satisfied: * Transformers should be properly connected with regard to their polarities. *The voltage ratings and voltage ratios of the transformers should be the same. * The per unit or percentage impedances of the transformers should be equal. * The reactance/resistance ratios of the transformers should be the same.

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14. Why is transformer rated in kVA?(AUC 2005, 2007, 2010,2011) The copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage. Hence, total transformer loss depends on volt-ampere (VA) and not on phase angle between voltage and current i.e., it is independent of load power factor. Thatswhy rating of transformers arein

kVA and not in kW.

15. Classify the transformer according to the construction. Depending upon the manner in which the primary and secondary are wound on the core, transformers are oftwo types viz., (i) core-type transformer and (ii) shell-type transformer.

16. What is transformation ratio?(AUC NOV 2010) It is the ratio in which the voltage to be transformed (stepped up or down) from primary to secondary of a transformer. It is given by,

Where, K is the transformation ratio.

17.Draw the exact equivalent circuit of a transformer.(DEC 2005,2007,MAY 2009,DEC 2011)

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18. What are the advantages of auto-transformer over ordinary transformer? * The autotransformer is lesser size than ordinary two winding transformer for the same rating. Hence the cost reduced. * Autotransformer operates at higher efficiency. * Superior voltage regulation.

19. Mention the properties of oil used in transformers.(DEC 2011)

The following are the desirable properties of transformer oil: It should be free from moisture It should have high dielectric strength It should have thermally stability and higher thermal conductivity It should be contaminated by temperature rise.

20.What are the properties of an ideal transformer? An ideal transformer has the following properties: No winding resistance No flux leakage No coreloss Magnetize at zero current

21. Mention the applications of auto-transformer.(2008,2011) The autotransformers are used in the following applications: To give small boost to a distribution cable to correct the voltage drop. As auto transformer starter to give upto 50% to 60% of full voltage to an induction motor during starting.

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22. Name the factors on which hysteresis loss depends (MAY 2012) 1. 2. 3. Frequency Volume of the core Maximum flux density.

23. What is All day efficiency?(AUC MAY 2010)

The ratio of output in kWh to the input in kWh of a transformer over a 24-hour period is known as all-day efficiency i.e.,

24. Define efficiency of transformer.(NOV 2003, MAY 2006)

25.What is a transformer? Transformer is a static device which, a) b) c) d) Transfers electric power from one circuit to another, It does so without a change in frequency, It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction, Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.

26.Briefly explain the principle of operation of transformers. A transformer consists of two coils which are in mutual inductance. When AC supply is given to one of the coils, an alternating flux is set up, which is linked with the second coil. Due to this alternating flux there is a mutually induced emf produced in the second coil. If the second coil is closed, current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred magnetically from the first coil to the second coil.

27.What are the parts of a transformer?(AUT MAY 2009) The transformer has mainly following parts. e) Primary winding the coil to which the AC supply is given f) Secondary winding the coil from which output is taken and given to load. g) Laminated Core this acts as a mechanical support to the coils as well as provides magnetic path for the flux.
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28.What are the types of core in transformer? There are two types of core available. They are, Core type This has two legs. The primary winding is wounded on one leg and the secondary winding is wounded on the second leg. This is mainly used in single phase transformers. Shell type This has three legs. Both primary and secondary windings are wound on the same leg. This is mainly used in three phase transformers where three primary and three secondary windings are present. 29.What is an ideal transformer?(MAY 2010) An ideal transformer is the one which has no losses i.e., its windings have no ohmic resistance, there is no magnetic leakage and hence which has no I2R and core losses. The efficiency of an ideal transformer is 100%.

30.Give the emf equation of the transformer.(DEC 2009,2007) The emf induced in the transformer is given by

E1 4.44 fN 2 m E 2 4.44 fN 1 m

where, E1 is the emf induced in the primary winding. E2 is the emf induced in the secondary winding. N1 is the number of turns in the primary winding. N2 is the number of turns in the secondary winding. m is the maximum flux produced. f is the frequency in Hz.

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31.What are the losses occurring in a transformer.(AUC 2003) The losses occurring in a transformer are a) Core loss loss occurring in the core of the transformer. This has two components. o Hysteresis loss The loss occurring due to the magnetization characteristics of the core. o Eddy current loss The loss occurring due to the eddy current produced in the core. Copper loss (I2R loss) loss occurring in the windings of the transformer. This has two components. o Primary copper loss The loss occurring due to the current flowing through the primary winding. o Secondary copper loss The loss occurring due to the current flowing through the secondary winding.

b)

32.What is the purpose of the magnetizing current in transformer?(AUT 2012) The magnetizing current is the component of the primary current which is responsible for the production of flux in the core.

33.What are the components of primary no-load current? The primary no-load current consists of mainly two components. They are, a) Magnetizing current ( Im ) Produces flux in the core and hence magnetizes the core. b) Core loss component current ( Ic ) compensates for the core losses.

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PART-B 1.Explain in detail of various testing methods of transformers.(NOV/DEC 2009)

Testing:
Transformer Tests The circuit constants, efficiency and voltage regulation of a transformer can be determined by two simple tests (i) open-circuit test and (ii) short-circuit lest. These tests are very convenient as they provide the required information without actually loading the transformer. Further, the power required to carry out these tests is very small as compared with full-load output of the transformer. These tests consist of measuring the input voltage, current and power to the primary first with secondary open-circuited (open- circuit test) and then with the secondary short-circuited (short circuit test). Open-Circuit or No-Load Test: This test is conducted to determine the iron losses (or core losses) and parameters R0 and X0 of the transformer. In this test, the rated voltage is applied to the primary (usually low-voltage winding) while the secondary is left open circuited. The applied primary voltage V1 is measured by the voltmeter, the no-load current I0 by ammeter and no-load input power W0 by wattmeter as shown in Fig. As the normal rated voltage is applied to the primary, therefore, normal iron losses will occur in the transformer core. Hence wattmeter will record the iron losses and small copper loss in the primary. Since no-load current I0 is very small (usually 2-10 % of rated current). Cu losses in the primary under no-load condition are negligible as compared with iron losses. Hence, wattmeter reading practically gives the iron losses in the transformer. It is reminded that iron losses are the same at all loads. Fig. shows the equivalent circuit of transformer on no-load. Iron losses, Pi = Wattmeter reading = W0 No load current = Ammeter reading = I0 Applied voltage = Voltmeter reading = V1 Input power, W0 = V1 I0 cos f0

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Short-Circuit or Impedance Test This test is conducted to determine R01 (or R02), X01 (or X02) and full-load copper losses of the transformer. In this test, the secondary (usually low-voltage winding) is short-circuited by a thick conductor and variable low voltage is applied to the primary as shown in Fig. . The low input voltage is gradually raised till at voltage VSC, full-load current I1 flows in the primary. Then I2 in the secondary also has full-load value since I1/I2 = N2/N1. Under such conditions, the copper loss in the windings is the same as that on full load. There is no output from the transformer under short-circuit conditions. Therefore, input power is all loss and this loss is almost entirely copper loss. It is because iron loss in the core is negligibly small since the voltage VSC is very small. Hence, the wattmeter will practically register the full-load copper losses in the transformer windings. Fig. shows the equivalent circuit of a transformer on short circuit as referred to primary; the no-load current being neglected due to its smallness

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2.Explain in detail : 1) All day efficiency. 2) Voltage Regulation

(DEC 2007, AUT 2009,AUC 2010)

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For step-down autotransformer I2 > I1 (as for 2-winding transformer) so that I2 - I1 current flows through the common portion of the winding. For step-up autotransformer, I2 < I1. Therefore, I1 - I2 current flews in the common portion of the winding.
In an ideal autotransformer, exciting current and losses are neglected. For such an autotransformer, as K approaches 1, the value of current in the common portion (I2 - I1 or I1 - I2) of the winding approaches zero. Therefore, for value of K near unity, the common portion of the winding can be wound with wire of smaller cross-sectional area. For this reason, an autotransformer requires less copper. Advantages and Disadvantages of autotransformers

Advantages (i) An autotransformer requires less Cu than a two-winding transformer of similar rating. (ii) An autotransformer operates at a higher efficiency than a two-winding transformer of similar rating. (iii) An autotransformer has better voltage regulation than a two-winding transformer of the same rating. (iv) An autotransformer has smaller size than a two-winding transformer of the same rating. (v) An autotransformer requires smaller exciting current than a two-winding transformer of the same rating. It may be noted that these advantages of the autotransformer decrease as the ratio of transformation increases. Therefore, an autotransformer has marked advantages only for relatively low values of transformation ratio . ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1/J.GOPI/MIET/EEE
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Disadvantages (i) There is a direct connection between the primary and secondary. Therefore, the output is no longer d.c. isolated from the input. (ii) An autotransformer is not safe for stepping down a high voltage to a low voltage. As an illustration, Fig. (7.40) shows 11000/230 V step-down autotransformer. If an open circuit develops in the common portion 2-3 of the winding, then full-primary voltage (i.e., 11000 V in this case) will appear across the load. In such a case, any one coming in contact with the secondary is subjected to high voltage. This could be dangerous to both the persons and equipment. For this reason, autotransformers are prohibited for general use. (iii) The short-circuit current is much larger than for the two-winding transformer of the same rating.

4. Draw the equivalent circuit of transformer on load and no load conditions and draw the phasordiagram.

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Problem-1

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Problem-2

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Problem-3

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Problem-4

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Problem-5

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Problem-6

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Problem-7

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Problem8

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