DISLOCATIONS

Edge dislocation Screw dislocation

Plastic Deformation in Crystalline Materials

Slip (Dislocation motion)

Twinning

Phase Transformation

Creep Mechanisms

Grain boundary sliding Vacancy diffusion Dislocation climb

Plastic deformation of a crystal by shear

Shear stress a b

Shearing stress ()

Sinusoidal relationship Realistic curve

Displacement

As a first approximation the stress-displacement curve can be written as At small values of displacement Hookes law should apply

2x = m Sin b
x = G = G a

For small values of x/b

2x =m b
G b m = 2 a G m = 2

Hence the maximum shear stress at which slip should occur

If b ~ a

The shear modulus of metals is in the range 20 150 GPa

G m = 2

The theoretical shear stress will be in the range 3 30 GPa

Actual shear stress is 0.5 10 MPa I.e. (Shear stress)theoretical > 100 * (Shear stress)experimental !!!!

DISLOCATIONS Dislocations weaken the crystal

Carpet

Pull

DISLOCATIONS

EDGE

MIXED

SCREW

DISLOCATIONS

Random

Structural

Usually dislocations have a mixed character and Edge and Screw dislocations are the ideal extremes

Dislocation is a boundary between the slipped and the unslipped parts of the crystal lying over a slip plane

Slipped part of the crystal

Unslipped part of the crystal

A dislocation has associated with it two vectors:

r t A unit tangent vector along the dislocation line

r b The Burgers vector

Burgers Vector

Edge dislocation

Crystal with edge dislocation

Perfect crystal

RHFS: Right Hand Finish to Start convention

Edge dislocation

r Direction of t t

vector dislocation line vector

r Direction of b vector b

Dislocation is a boundary between the slipped and the unslipped parts of the crystal lying over a slip plane The intersection of the extra half-plane of atoms with the slip plane defines the dislocation line (for an edge dislocation) Direction and magnitude of slip is characterized by the Burgers vector of the dislocation (A dislocation is born with a Burgers vector) The Burgers vector is determined by the Burgers Circuit Right hand screw (finish to start) convention is used for determining the direction of the Burgers vector As the periodic force field of a crystal requires that atoms must move from one equilibrium position to another b must connect one lattice position to another (for a full dislocation) Dislocations tend to have as small a Burgers vector as possible

The edge dislocation has compressive stress field above and tensile stress field below the slip plane Dislocations are non-equilibrium defects and would leave the crystal if given an opportunity

Compressive stress field

Tensile stress field

STRESS FIELD OF A EDGE DISLOCATION

X FEM SIMULATED CONTOURS

FILM

28

SUBSTRATE

b
27

(x & y original grid size = b/2 = 1.92 )

(MPa)

Positive edge dislocation

Negative edge dislocation

ATTRACTION

Can come together and cancel one another

REPULSION

Conservative (Glide) Motion of Edge dislocation Non-conservative (Climb)

Motion of dislocations On the slip plane

Motion of dislocation to the slip plane

For edge dislocation: as b t they define a plane the slip plane Climb involves addition or subtraction of a row of atoms below the half plane +ve climb = climb up removal of a plane of atoms ve climb = climb down addition of a plane of atoms

Edge Dislocation Glide

Shear stress

Surface step

Edge Climb

Positive climb Removal of a row of atoms

Negative climb Addition of a row of atoms

Screw dislocation

[1]

[1] Bryan Baker chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/ topicreview/bp/materials/defects3.html -

Slip plane 2

Screw dislocation cross-slip

b
Slip plane 1

The dislocation is shown cross-slipping from the blue plane to the green plane

The dislocation line ends on: The free surface of the crystal Internal surface or interface Closes on itself to form a loop Ends in a node A node is the intersection point of more than two dislocations The vectoral sum of the Burgers vectors of dislocations meeting at a node = 0

Geometric properties of dislocations

Type of dislocation Dislocation Property Relation between dislocation line (t) and b Slip direction Direction of dislocation line movement relative to b Process by which dislocation may leave slip plane Edge || to b || climb Screw || || to b Cross-slip

Mixed dislocations

Pure screw

Pure Edge

Motion of a mixed dislocation

[1]

[1] http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_en/kap_5/backbone/r5_1_2.html

Energy of dislocations Dislocations have distortion energy associated with them E per unit length Edge Compressive and tensile stress fields Screw Shear strains Elastic Non-elastic (Core)
E

Energy of dislocation

~E/10

Energy of a dislocation / unit length G () shear modulus b |b|

1 2 E Gb 2

1 2 E Gb 2

Dislocations will have as small a b as possible

Dislocations (in terms of lattice translation)

Full Partial

b Full lattice translation b Fraction of lattice translation

Dissociation of dislocations Consider the reaction: 2b b + b Change in energy: G(2b)2/2 2[G(b)2/2] G(b)2 The reaction would be favorable

FCC (111) Slip plane B b = [1 1 0] A

1 [ 1 10] 2

1 [1 2 1] 6

1 [ 2 11] 6

b12 > (b22 + b32) >

Dislocations in Ionic crystals In ionic crystals if there is an extra half-plane of atoms contained only atoms of one type then the charge neutrality condition would be violated unstable condition Burgers vector has to be a full lattice translation CsCl b = <100> Cannot be <111> NaCl b = <110> Cannot be <100> This makes Burgers vector large in ionic crystals Cu |b| = 2.55 NaCl |b| = 3.95

CsCl

Formation of dislocations (in the bulk of the crystal) Due to accidents in crystal growth from the melt Mechanical deformation of the crystal

Annealed crystal: dislocation density () ~ 108 1010 /m2 Cold worked crystal: ~ 1012 1014 /m2

Burgers vectors of dislocations in cubic crystals

Monoatomic FCC Monoatomic BCC Monoatomic SC NaCl type structure CsCl type structure DC type structure

<110> <111> <100> <110> <100> <110>

Slip systems

Crystal FCC HCP BCC Not close packed

Slip plane(s) {111} (0001) {110}, {112}, {123}

Slip direction <110> <1120> [111]

Anisotropic

No clear choice Wavy slip lines