Defects in Solids

Guna Selvaduray MatE 115

Classification of Defects

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Based on dimensionality

Point Defects Line Defects Surface Defects Bulk Defects

0-D 1-D 2-D 3-D

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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

Point Defects

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Vacancies Interstitials Substitutionals Frenkel defects Schottky defects

Examples Examples

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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

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Vacancies

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Origin of vacancies

In elemental and metallic solids In ionic solids

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Elemental & Metallic Solids

n v = nexp
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Q RT

nv: number of vacancies/cm3 n: number of atoms/cm3 Qv: activation energy required to produce vacancies J/mol R: gas constant T: Temperature K Origin of vacancies in elemental & metallic solids: thermal excitation; aka intrinsic vacancies

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Effect of Heat Treatment

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Vacancy concentration after furnace cooling Vacancy concentration after quenching Comparison of electrical resistivity between furnace cooled and quenched Cu wires Comparison of yield strength between furnace cooled and quenched Cu wires Comparison of diffusivity (of other species) between furnace cooled and quenched Cu wires

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Vacancies in Ionic Solids-1

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Remember: Cationic and Anionic Sites

MgCl2 Mg + 2ClCl + V
NaCl + Na
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Na
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Vacancies in Ionic Solids-2

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Vacancies are created when solutes dissolve in solvent Vacancy concentration dependent on solute concentration Cations dissolve into cation sites Anions dissolve into anion sites Vacancies are distinguished as:

Charge neutrality must be maintained Vacancies created as a result of solute dissolution are called extrinsic vacancies
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Cation vacancies, and Anion vacancies

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Dissolution of Solutes in Ionic Solids

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KCl CaCl2
2 KCl

MgCl

TiO2 MgO
2 MgO TiO

Fe2O3 FeO
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Stabilized ZrO2

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Addition of > 16 Mole % Ca to ZrO2 stabilizes ZrO2 in the cubic form Cubic ZrO2 stable from RT ~ 2300oC
2 CaO ZrO

Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2

ZrO2 Y O 2 3

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Oxygen Sensors

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Stabilized ZrO2 Based on O2- diffusing across ZrO2 membrane or electrolyte High pressure side: O O2- - 2e Low pressure side: O2- + 2e O

http://www.asashop.org/autoinc/dec2002/mech.cfm
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Source: Chiang, Bernie & Kingery, p 235

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Interstitial Defects

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Size factor

Implications for powder packing in ceramics

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Substitutional Defects - 1

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What is a substitutional defect?

Examples of substitutionals Size ratio Electronegativity difference Valence difference Crystal structure difference

Hume-Rothery Rules

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Substitutional Defects - 2

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Applicability of Hume-Rothery Rules

Solid solubility Solid solubility limit

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Substitutional Defects - 3

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Effect of substitutional defects on:

Electrical resistivity Yield strength Elastic modulus

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Substitutional Defects - 4
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Substitutional Defects - 5
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Substitutions in Ionic Solids

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Rules for substitution

Similarity of sites Charge balance

Effect on ionic conductivity

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Dislocations

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Origin of dislocations Types of dislocations

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Edge Dislocation
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Edge Dislocation
b
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Slip Direction

Slip Planes

Positive Edge Dislocation

Slip Direction

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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

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Screw Dislocation
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Screw Dislocation
Slip Planes
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Screw Dislocation

Slip Direction

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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

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Stress States around an Edge Dislocation

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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman, Fig 4.38

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Slip

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Process by which a dislocation moves, resulting in permanent (plastic) deformation Dislocations move on slip planes, in the slip direction

Slip planes Close-packed planes Slip directions Close-packed directions

Slip system (slip planes) x (slip directions)

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Close-packed planes

Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

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Close-Packed Planes & Directions

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Source: Reed-Hill & Abbaschian

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Partial Dislocations - 1
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Source: Reed-Hill & Abbaschian

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Partial Dislocations - 1
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Source: Reed-Hill & Abbaschian

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Slip Systems

Face-centered cubic (elemental) crystal structure

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# of slip systems = # of close packed planes x # of close packed directions

= 4 distinguishable (111) planes x 3 distinguishable [110] directions on each (111) plane = 12 systems = 6 distinguishable (110) planes x 2 distinguishable [111] directions on each (110) plane = 12 slip systems

Body-centered cubic (elemental) crystal structure

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Barriers to Dislocation Motion

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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

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Dislocation Multiplication
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Source: Barrett, Nix & Tetelman

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Dislocation Barriers
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Dislocation Motion & Elastic Limit

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Cold Work
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Cold Work & Elastic Recoil

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aka Springback Question 1: Are the dimensions shown in the figure realistic?

Question 2: Is this cold work or hot work?

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Effect of Cold Work on Properties

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