Paper 5 Physics Tips

People usually think of leopards in the savannas of Africa but in the Russian Far East, a rare subspecies has
adapted to life in the temperate forests that make up the northern-most part of the species range. Similar to other leopards, the Amur leopard can run at speeds of up to 37 miles per hour.The Amur leopard is solitary. Nimble-footed and strong, it carries and hides unfinished kills so that they are not taken by other predators. It Amur Leopard
Panthera pardus orientalis
has been reported that some males stay with females after mating, and may even help with rearing the young. Several males sometimes follow and fight over a female. They live for 10-15 years, and in captivity up to 20 years.
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
Black Rhino
Diceros bicornis
This subspecies of the western gorilla is very similar in appearance to the more numerous western lowland gorilla, but European hunters are responsible for the early decline of black subtle can be found in the skull and tooth rhino differences populations. It was not uncommon for five or six rhinos to dimensions. Cross River gorillas live in a region populated by be killed in a day for food or simply for amusement. European many humans who have encroached upon the gorillas territory settlers that arrived in Africaand in the 20th century to colonize clearing forests for timber to early create fields for agriculture and establish farms and plantations continued this senseless and livestock. Poaching occurs in the forests as well, and the loss of even a few of these gorillas hasrhinos a detrimental effect slaughter. Most people regarded as vermin andon such a small population. Efforts to protect these animals are exterminated them at all costs. focused on securing the forests that house them.
Cross River Gorilla

Gorilla gorilla diehli
Hawksbill Turtle
Eretmochelys imbricata
Javan Rhino
Rhinoceros sondaicus
Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherlike rather than hard, like other turtles.They largest sea Javan rhinos are the most threatened of theare fivethe rhino species, turtleas species also one ofsurviving the mostin migratory, crossing both with few asand 35 individuals Ujung Kulon National Leatherback Turtle
Dermochelys coriacea
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate Park in Java, Indonesia. Vietnams last Javan rhino was poached from nesting beaches in the Triangle all the way in 2010. The Javan rhino is aCoral dusky grey color and hasto a the single California to feed on the Their abundant every summer horn of upcoast to about 10 inches. skin jellyfish has a number of loose and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of folds giving the appearance of armor plating. This species is very leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last similar in appearance to the closely-related greater-one century as a result egg collection and fisheries rhinoceros, but hasof a intense much smaller head and less apparent skin bycatch. folds.
Mountain Gorilla
Gorilla beringei beringei
Saola
Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
South China Ti er
Panthera tigris amoyensis
As their name implies, mountain gorillas live in forests high in the The South China tiger population was estimated to number Sumatran elephants feed on a variety plants and deposit mountains, at elevations of 8,000 to 13,000 feet. They have 4,000 individuals in the early 1950s. Inof the next few decades, Saola wherever (pronounced: sow-la) are recognized by two parallel seeds they go, contributing to awas healthy forest thousands were killed as subspecies hunted as a pest. thicker fur, and more of it,the compared to other great apes. The fur horns with sharp ends, which can lush reach 20 inches inwith length and ecosystem. They also share their forest habitat several The Chinese hunting in 1979. By 1996 helps them togovernment survive in a banned habitat where temperatures oftenthe drop are found on both males and females. Meaning spindle horns other endangered species, such as the Sumatran rhino, population was estimated to be just 30-80 individuals. tiger, below freezing. they But humans have moved more and more into in Vietnamese, are a cousin of cattle but resemble an from and orangutan, and as countless other species that all benefit Today the South China tiger is considered by scientists to be the gorillas territory, gorillas have been pushed up antelope. Saola havethe striking white markings on thefarther face and an elephant population that thrives in a healthy habitat. functionally extinct, as it has not been sighted in the wild for large maxillary glands on the periods, muzzle, which used to into the mountains for longer forcingcould thembe to endure more than 25 years. mark territory or attract mates. They are found only in the dangerous and sometimes deadly conditions. Annamite Mountains of Vietnam and Laos.
Sumatran !lephant
Elephas maximus sumatranus
Sumatran "ran utan

Pongo abelii
Historically, the Sumatran orangutan was distributed over the entire island of Sumatra and further south into Java. The species' range is now restricted to the north of the island with a majority in the provinces of North Sumatra and Aceh. Of the nine Sumatran rhinos are the smallestorangutans, of the living only rhinoceroses and existing populations of Sumatran seven have the only Asian rhino with two horns. areestimated covered with prospects of long-term viability, eachThey with an 250long or hair and are moreOnly closely related to the extinct woolly more individuals. three populations contain morerhinos than than any oforangutans. the other rhino species alive Calves are from born the with a 1,000 Orangutans that today. were confiscated Sumatran Rhino
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis
dense covering that turns brown in young adults and illegal trade or as pets arereddish being reintroduced to Bukit Tigapuluh becomes sparse, bristly and around almost black in are older animals. National Park. They number 70 and reproducing. Sumatran rhinos compete with the Javan rhino for the unenviable title of most threatened rhino species. While surviving in greater numbers than the Javan rhino, Sumatran rhinos are more threatened by poaching. There is no indication that the population is stable and just two captive females have reproduced in the last 15 y years.
Accelerating deforestation and rampant poaching mean this noble creature could end up like its extinct Javan and Balinese relatives.Sumatran tigers are the smallest surviving tiger subspecies and are distinguished by heavy black stripes on their orange coats. They are protected by law in Indonesia, with tough Sumatran Ti er
Panthera tigris sumatrae
provisions for jail time and steep fines. But despite increased efforts in tiger conservationincluding law enforcement and antipoaching capacitya substantial market remains in Sumatra and the rest of Asia for tiger parts and products. Sumatran tigers are losing their habitat and prey fast, and poaching shows no sign of decline.
#a$uita
Phocoena sinus
The vaquita has a large dark ring around its eyes and dark patches on its lips that form a thin line from the mouth to the pectoral fins. Its dorsal surface is dark gray, sides pale gray and ventral surface white with long, light gray markings. Newborn vaquita have darker coloration and a wide gray fringe of color Western gorillas can distinguished from other gorilla that runs lowland from the head to thebe dorsal flukes, passing through the dorsal and pectoral subspecies by their fins. slightly smaller size, their brown-grey coats %estern Lowland Gorilla
Gorilla gorilla gorilla
Vaquita are under threat fishing They often die and auburn chests. Theyfrom also the have widerindustry. skulls with more after being caught in gillnets, a problem known as bycatch. pronounced brow ridges and smaller ears. Large numbers have not protected the western lowland gorilla from decline. Because of poaching and disease, the gorillas numbers have declined by more than 60% over the last 20 to 25 years. Even if all of the threats to western lowland gorillas were removed, scientists calculate that the population would require some 75 years to recover.
The Yangtze River, the longest river in Asia, used to be one of the only two rivers in the world that was home to two different species of dolphinthe Yangtze finless porpoise and the Baiji dolphin. However, in 2006 the Baiji dolphin was declared &an t'e (inless )orpoise
Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ...
functionally extinct. This was the first time in history that an entire species of dolphin had been wiped off the planet because of human activity. Its close cousin, the Yangtze finless porpoise, is known for its mischievous smile and has a level of intelligence comparable to that of a gorilla.
A*rican %ild +o
Lycaon pictus
ENDANGERED
Wild dogs are social and gather in packs of around ten individuals, but some packs number more than 40. They are Amur Ti er
Panthera tigris altaica
ENDANGERED
opportunistic predators that hunt medium-sized ruminants, such Amur tigers were once found throughout Russian Far East, as gazelles. In a sprint, African wild dogsthe can reach speeds of northern China, and thethan Korean peninsula. By the 1940s, hunting more 44 miles per hour. had driven the Amur tiger to the brink of extinctionwith no more than 40 individuals remaining in the wild. The subspecies was saved when Russia became the first country in the world to grant the tiger full protection.
Asian elephants are extremely sociable, forming groups of six to seven related females that are led by the oldest female, the matriarch. Like African elephants, these groups occasionally join others to form herds, although these associations are relatively transient. Asian !lephant
Elephas maximus indicus
More than two thirds of an elephants day may be spent feeding on grasses, but large amounts of tree bark, roots, leaves and small stems are also eaten. Cultivated crops such as bananas, rice and sugarcane are favorite foods. Elephants are always close to a source of fresh water because they need to drink at least once a day.
ENDANGERED
Ben al Ti er
Panthera tigris tigris
ENDANGERED
The black Bengal spider tiger is monkeyalso found primarily known in India as the with Guiana smaller or redpopulations faced spiderin monkeyis Bangladesh, found Nepal, in eastern Bhutan, South China America and Myanmar. in It is the areas north most of numerous the Amazon of all River. tigerThey subspecies are onewith of seven fewerspecies than 2,500 of spider leftmonkeys in the wild. found Thein creation Latin America of Indias and tiger one reserves of the largest in the 1970s helped primate species to in stabilize South numbers, America. but poaching to meet a growing demand from Asia in recent years has once again put Black Spider Monke,
Ateles paniscus
the Bengal tiger at risk. The mangroves of the Sundarbans shared between Bangladesh and Indiaare the only mangrove forests where tigers are found. The Sundarbans are increasingly threatened by sea level rise as a result of climate change.
ENDANGERED
Once thought to be globally extinct, black-footed ferrets are making a comeback. For the last thirty years, concerted efforts from many state and federal agencies, zoos, Native American tribes, conservation organizations and private landowners have given black-footed ferrets a second chance for survival. Today, Black-*ooted (erret
Mustela nigripes
recovery efforts have helped restore the black-footed ferret population to nearly 1,000 animals across North America. Although great strides have been made to recover the blackfooted ferret, habitat loss and disease remain key threats to this highly endangered species.
ENDANGERED
Blue %hale
Balaenoptera musculus
ENDANGERED
The blue whale is the largest animal on the planet, weighing as much as 200 tons (approximately 33 elephants). The blue whale Bluefin are the size largest tuna and can live up to 40 years. They has a heart of a Volkswagen Beetle. Its stomach can migrate across can dive more than 4,000 hold one ton of oceans krill andand it needs to eat about four tonsfeet. of krill Bluefin tuna areare made speed: built like each day. They thefor loudest animals ontorpedoes, Earth and have are even retractable and their eyes set flush188 to their body.while They a louder thanfins a jet engine. Their are calls reach decibels, arereaches tremendous predators from low the frequency moment they hatch, seeking jet 140 decibels. Their whistle can be out schools of fish like herring, mackerel and evento eels. They heard for hundreds of miles and is probably used attract other hunt whales. by sight and have the sharpest vision of any bony fish. blue There are three species of bluefin: Atlantic (the largest and most endangered), Pacific, and Southern. Most catches of the Atlantic bluefin tuna are taken from the Mediterranean Sea, which is the most important bluefin tuna fishery in the world.
Blue*in Tuna
hunnus spp
ENDANGERED
Wild bonobos can only be found in forests south of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Sometimes known as the pygmy chimpanzee, bonobos werent recognized as a separate species until 1929. As the last great ape to be scientifically described, much remains unknown about the Bonobo
Pan paniscus
bonoboincluding the extent of its geographic range. Efforts to survey the species over the past two decades have been hampered by the remote nature of its habitat, the patchiness of their distribution and years of civil unrest within the DRC.
ENDANGERED
Bornean "ran utan

Pongo pygmaeus
The Bornean orangutan differs in appearance from the Sumatran orangutan, with a broader face and shorter beard and also slightly darker in color. Three subspecies are recognized, each localized to different parts of the island:
ENDANGERED
Northwest Bornean orangutans are the most
threatened subspecies. Its habitat has been seriously affected by logging and hunting, and a mere 1,500 individuals or so remain. Many habitat patches in the area are small and fragmented.
Northeast Bornean orangutans are the smallest in
si e and found in !abah and eastern "alimantan as
Borneo ), m, !lephant
Elephas maximus borneensis
ENDANGERED
In their habitat in the forests of central Africa, chimpanzees spend most of their days in the tree tops. When they do come down to earth, chimps usually travel on all fours, though they can walk on their legs like humans for as far as a mile. They use Chimpan'ee
Pan troglodytes
sticks to fish termites out of mounds and bunches of leaves to sop up drinking water.
ENDANGERED
Once believed to be remnants of a domesticated herd given to the Sultan of Sulu in the 17th century, pygmy elephants were Throughout by theWWF unrest, gorillas have been vulnerable determined to the be genetically different from otherto Asian !astern Lowland Gorilla
Gorilla beringei graueri
elephants.even DNAin evidence proved these elephants were poaching, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, home to isolated the about 300,000 years ago from their cousins on mainland Asia largest population of protected eastern lowland gorillas. Rebels and Sumatra. Over time, they became smaller with relatively and poachers invaded the park and people set up illegal mines. larger ears, longer tails and straighter tusks. Today, the pygmy But, with help from WWF and other organizations, park staff are elephants of Borneo are the smallest elephants in Asia. reestablishing control over the land.
ENDANGERED
(in %hale
Balaenoptera physalus
ENDANGERED
Gal.pa os )en uin

!pheniscus mendiculus
ENDANGERED
Gan es River +olphin

Platanista gangetica gangetica
ENDANGERED
Giant )anda
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
ENDANGERED
Green Turtle
"helonia mydas
ENDANGERED
Hector/s +olphin
"ephalorhynchus hectori
ENDANGERED
Humphead %rasse
"heilinus undulatus
ENDANGERED
Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherlike rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate 0ndian !lephant
Elephas maximus indicus
from nesting beaches in the Coral Triangle all the way to the California coast to feed on the abundant jellyfish every summer and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries bycatch. our seas for the last 100 million years. They are a fundamental Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherlike rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate from nesting beaches in the Coral Triangle all the way to the California coast to feed on the abundant jellyfish every summer and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries bycatch.
ENDANGERED
0ndochinese Ti er
Panthera tigris corbetti
ENDANGERED
0ndus River +olphin

Platanista minor
ENDANGERED
Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherlike rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate from nesting beaches in the Coral Triangle all the way to the California coast to feed on the abundant jellyfish every summer Lo erhead Turtle
"aretta caretta
and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries bycatch. our seas for the last 100 million years. They are a fundamental
ENDANGERED
Mala,an Ti er
Panthera tigris #ac$soni
Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherlike rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate from nesting beaches in the Coral Triangle all the way to the California coast to feed on the abundant jellyfish every summer and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries bycatch.
ENDANGERED
1orth Atlantic Ri ht %hale

Eubalaena glacialis
ENDANGERED
Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherlike rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate from nesting beaches in the Coral Triangle all the way to the "ran utan
Pongo abelii% Pongo pygmaeus
California coast to feed on the abundant jellyfish every summer and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries bycatch. our seas for the last 100 million years. They are a fundamental
ENDANGERED
Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherlike rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea Leatherback areone named formost their migratory, shell, which is leatherturtle speciesturtles and also of the crossing both like rather than like other turtles.They are the largest sea the Atlantic andhard, Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate turtlenesting speciesbeaches and alsoin one the most migratory, crossing both from theof Coral Triangle all the way to the the Atlantic and Pacific Pacific leatherbacks migrate California coast to feed Oceans. on the abundant jellyfish every summer fromfall.Although nesting beaches the Coral is Triangle all the way and their in distribution wide, numbers of to the California coast to feed the abundant jellyfish every summer leatherback turtles haveon seriously declined during the last and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last bycatch. century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries bycatch. our seas for the last 100 million years. They are a fundamental
Sea Lions
&alophus 'ollebae$i
ENDANGERED
Sei %hale
Balaenoptera borealis
ENDANGERED
Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherlike rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate from nesting beaches in the Coral Triangle all the way to the Snow Leopard
Panthera uncia
California coast to feed on the abundant jellyfish every summer and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of leatherback turtles have seriously declined during the last century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries bycatch. our seas for the last 100 million years. They are a fundamental
ENDANGERED
Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherSri Lankan !lephant
Elephas maximus maximus
like rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea Leatherback turtles are named for their shell, which is leatherturtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both like rather than hard, like other turtles.They are the largest sea the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate turtle species and also one of the most migratory, crossing both from nesting beaches in the Coral Triangle all the way to the the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pacific leatherbacks migrate California coast to feed the abundant jellyfish summer from nesting beaches inon the Coral Triangle all theevery way to the and fall.Although their distribution is wide, numbers of summer California coast to feed on the abundant jellyfish every leatherback turtles have seriously is declined during the and fall.Although their distribution wide, numbers of last century as aturtles result of intense egg collection and fisheries leatherback have seriously declined during the last bycatch. century as a result of intense egg collection and fisheries bycatch. our seas for the last 100 million years. They are a fundamental
ENDANGERED
Ti er
ENDANGERED
)A)!R 2 1"T!S
%ey, &rm so I was loo#ing up threads that might actually help in 'aper 5 (considering I have my moc# e)am tomorrow* but I couldn+t really find one, so decided to post one. Thin s &ou Should 3now (or4 +esi n5 Anal,sis and )lannin #AR0ABL!S !cientists use an e)periment to search for cause and effect relationships in nature. In other words, they design an e)periment so that changes to one thing causes something else to vary in a way that the scientist can describe as a +trend+. ,he most useful way to describe a trend is a mathematical one. ,hese changing -uantities are called variables, and an e)periment usually has three main #inds. independent, dependent, and controlled. /,he independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist. In an e)periment there is only one independent variable. ,his is usually plotted on the 01 a)is of the graph that the scientist uses to display his2her results in. 3s the scientist changes the independent variable, he or she observes what happens. /,he dependent variable changes in response to the change the scientist ma#es to the independent variable. ,he new value of the dependent variable is caused by
and depends on the value of the independent variable. 4or e)ample, if you turn on a water tap 5the independent variable6, the -uantity of water flowing 5dependent variable6 changes in response 1 the water flow increases. ,he more open the tap 1 the faster the flow of water. ,he number of dependent variables in an e)periment varies, and there is often more than one. /&)periments also have controlled variables. 7ontrolled variables are things that would have an effect on the dependent variable. !2he must be sure that the only thing affecting that variable is his2her ad8ustment to the independent variable. !o, controlled variables are -uantities that a scientist needs to #eep constant, and s2he must observe them as carefully as the dependent variables. 4or e)ample, if we want to measure how much water flow increases when we switch on a tap, it is important to ma#e sure that the water pressure from the water supply 5the controlled variable6 is held constant. ,hat+s because both the water pressure and the opening of the tap valve have an impact on how much water flows. If we change both of them at the same time, we can+t be sure how much of the change in water flow is because of the faucet opening and how much because of the water pressure. Most e)periments have more than one controlled variable. !ome people refer to controlled variables as 9constant variables.9 601TR"+7CT0"1 :henever you design an e)periment you have to first +set the scene+. ;ou are not ever finding anything out without any preconceptions. ;ou always have ideas about what you are going to find out 1 you have e)pectations< In a science e)periment these e)pectations will be based on. 1 what you have e)perienced in life, 1e)periments you have carried out before and 1scientific #nowledge 5things you have been taught about science at school, or have found out from boo#s6. /In your report you need to e)plain to the reader what you e)pect to find out and wh,< /;ou do not have to loo# into a crystal ball and write down numeric predictions... 8ust predict a general trend. 3 good way to do this is to sketch a raph< /;ou do have to e)plain the main scienti*ic ideas that your prediction is based on. ,ry to use scienti*ic ke,words in this section and e)plain in simple terms what you understand them to mean. A (air Test 3 fair test situation is vital for an investigation+s results to be meaningful. ;ou therefore have to use the scientific #nowledge you have e)plained to identi*, the variables in your investigation 1 things you have to control, otherwise it will not be a fair test. !ay what will need to be controlled and wh, 1 using theory to e)plain it.
=ne of the variables will be the variable ,ou are oin to chan e. !ay which on you are going to change and by how much 5the range over which you will change it6. !ay how you found out that was a suitable range. It may well be your preliminaries that helped you decide on a suitable range< ,hen say have you are going to control all of the others you have identified. ;our fair test must be lin#ed to your scientific #nowledge. 6)R!L0M01AR& R!A+01GS ;ou will have a rough idea of what you want to do, but will need to +twea#+ your idea by trying things out practically. ;ou therefore s#etch out a rough e)perimental procedure and test out the best way to do it in a preliminary session. &ou ma, want to4 1 choose materials to wor# with. chec# that you will get a big enough range of readings with the ones you have chosen to investigate. 1 find out if you are controlling the other variables well enough to have a +fair test+.... maybe you will spot some you hadn+t thought of< 1 practise using the e-uipment, and see if you need to ma#e ad8ustments to avoid or minimi e errors.... or ma#e it safer< 1 spot dangers in your procedure that you ought to avoid. Alwa,s check with a teacher be*ore ,ou carr, out preliminar, e8periments - the, have more e8perience at spottin potential dan ers than ,ou do99 :hat you find out from your preliminary readings will influence your final design of your e)periment. $emember to say in your report if you found out a better way to do it from preliminary wor#.... and how you chec#ed your ideas were sound before proceeding.
6)R"C!+7R! ,he procedure has several parts to it. 6A *ull, labelled dia ram o* the e8perimental e$uipment: ,his should be so detailed that a person could carry out the e)periment 8ust from the diagram< It must be fully labelled with specifications of the e-uipment 5e.g. +>50 ml bea#er+ rather than 8ust +bea#er+6. Measuring instruments must have their range as well as increments mar#ed on them 5e.g. rather than +thermometer+ you would put a mercury filled thermometer with a range of 110o7 to 110o7 in 0.5 o7 increments6 3 full side of 3? should be given to this< 6A *ull list o* e$uipment - includin minor parts ,his should be done on a separate sheet of paper as a list to be given to a technician. 4ull specifications of the e-uipment 5e.g. +>50 ml bea#er+ rather than 8ust +bea#er+6 must be re-uested. Measuring instruments must have their range as well
as increments mar#ed on them 5e.g. rather than +thermometer+ you would put a mercury filled thermometer with a range of 110o7 to 110o7 in 0.5 o7 increments6. =dds and ends such as. ? connecting wires, > crocodile clips, sellotape etc. must be itemi ed. 6A risk assessment @ist all of the possible ha ards you have identified and how you intend to avoid them. 6A set o* instructions ,hese should be in past impersonal tense.... +,he apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram. ,he bea#er was filled with 100 ml water..... etc.+. ,his is far better than a list of instructions with bullet points 1 but you may want to start off with such a list and then translate it into the correct form of &nglish for scientific writing. ,he order must be logical<Aon+t forget to say that the e)periment was repeated, how many times it was repeated etc. $emember to say that results were recorded 1 in a table of whatever, averaged, and that a graph was plotted. 6R!S7LTS;A1AL&S0S :hen successive measurements of the same -uantity are repeated there is a distribution of values obtained. In e)perimental physics it is vital to be able to measure and -uantify this uncertainty. ,he words 9error9 and 9uncertainty9 are often used interchangeably by physicists 1 this is not ideal 1 but get used to it< !ome important -uestions can only be answered if, in addition to performing an e)periment, an error analysis has been conducted. ,hese include.

Ao the results agree with theoryB 3re they reproducibleB %as a new phenomenon or effect been observedB
6T,pes o* !rror :e need to identify the following types of errors.

!ystematic errors 1 these influence the accuracy of a result $andom errors 1 these influence precision Mista#es 1 bad data points.
6Accurac, and )recision ,hese are two terms that have very different meanings in e)perimental physics. :e need to be able to distinguish between an accurate measurement and a precise
measurement. 3n accurate measurement is one in which the results of the e)periment are in agreement with the CacceptedD value. Note this only applies to e)periments where this is the goal E measuring the speed of light, for e)ample. 3 precise measurement is one that we can ma#e to a large number of decimal places. 6!RR"RS ,hese cause reading to be different from the true value. 4or e)ampleF &rror is a measure of how close you can be sure about your measurement. 'ercentage error G 5smallest measurement you can measure2your measurement6/100 e.g. a ruler in mm divisions measure es a length of 10 mm. ,he smallest that the ruler can measure is to within 0.5 mm. !o the error in my measurement of 10mm isF 50.5 mm210 mm 6 ) 100 G 5H ,his means I have measured 10 mm I21 5H ,he measurement may actually have been as big as 10.5 mm or as small as J.5 mm. 6T,pes o* !rrors - Random $andom errors may be detected and compensated for by ta#ing a large number of readings. 4or e)ample. $andom errors may be caused by human error, a faulty techni-ue in ta#ing the measurements, or by faulty e-uipment. ,hese cause readings to be spread about some value other than the true valueF in other words, all the readings are shifted one way or the other way from the true value. - S,stematic ,hese cause readings to be spread about some value other than the true valueF in other words, all the readings are shifted one way or the other way from the true value. - <ero 4or e)ample. 3 ero error occurs when a needle on an ammeter fails to return to ero when no current flows, or when a top1pan balance shows a reading when there is nothing placed on the top1pan balance
now ) is suppose.. KL I21 5... ;ou can wor# either with upper limit and mean value 5KK and KL6 =$ ;ou can wor# with mean value and lower limit 5KL and MK6 I will go with the former 5KK and KL6 the uncertainty is G lg KK 1 lgKL G lg 5KK 2 KL6 G 0.0>5 If I wor# with mean value and lower limit 5KL and MK6 the uncertainty is G lg KL 1 lgMK G lg 5KL 2 MK6 G 0.0>5
!o, the final answer is log5KL I21 56 G 1.J> I21 0.0>5 ;es my teacher told me and i also saw this in the boo# of which i have posted snapshots
= >lo ?7L@ - lo
N,his is also correct<
?LL@A;B
:e can further modify it using a little #nowledge of logarithms and it becomes G 0.5 lg 5O@ 2 @@6 &0'&M'@& ()E! *+N ,ey could someone tell me to -ind the absolute error o- a log eg. ../012 3.. can i do it li$e this 453..615../67 8 4log5../679 +r is this 'rong9 And i- i- there is no log it 'ould #ust be.... 53..1../6 8 .33 right9 *ts -rom october no:ember /33; 3N:&$ If a function such as log or ln is used to calculate the values, then for e.g value is P.0 I21 0.5, to find error. absolute error G log 5P.0Io.56 1 log P.0 =,%&$ !weet than#s, i was reading other threads too, thats the same as doing this. 5@og5P.561log55.5662> and also log5P.52P.06 rightB &ven though the answers are slightly differentB =h and also is absolute error the same as absolute uncertaintyB 3N!:&$ ;es, you can do either of these L to get the answer. %owever I prefer the way I showed you, more simple and less chance of ma#ing a mista#e while typing in values on the calculator. &rrors and uncertainties are not -uite the same, the difference is that uncertainty is a -uantity that is associated with an estimate whose true value is not #nown. &rror is a -uantity that is associated with an estimate whose true2accepted value is
#nown. But for our 31level papers, they tend to mean the same thing
some uncertainties help note Q e-uals change 1.when finding error for logs log5worst value6 1 log5best value6 >. when s-uare Q)N>2)N> G >5Q)2)6 L. when in formula say1R ;G )2 so errorGR Qy2yG Q)2) I Q 2 ?. when finding gradient diff of best gradient and worst gradient 5. when y1intercept errors find y1intercept with bst gradient than with worst gradient find their diff that is your uncertainity mostly same is the case with the last one hope this helps
here+s a revision note for JM0> physics paper Suestion 1. first be able to reduce the e-uation in the simplest form ..i.e yGm0Gc ..and recogni e the gradient calculate the data in L s.f5generally done6 or to one s.f more or e-ual to the s.f of the raw data in case of logarithmic calculations, the number of d.p is the number of s.f ..hence for a raw data of L s.f the log should be calculated to L or ? d.p to calculate absolute uncertainty the most accepted method is to calculate the ma)imum difference and divide by > ..sf of uncertainty is usually ignored in the mar# scheme but stic# to 1 or > s.f plot all the si) points,a small encircled dot is acceptable use sharp pencil to plot , and draw the error bars. all to nearest half s-uare on the grid. 5u can also analy e from the graph as how much s.f to use..as the graphs interval+s points+s tenth division place is to be plotted 6 the gradient should be calculated by drawing a triangle and mentioning the points of the vertices in the best1fit line ..the hypotenuse should be greater than halt the length of the best1fit line. wor#ing should be shown clearly and the worst1fit line is drawn by 8oining the top of the topmost point+s error bar and the bottom of the bottommost error bar..and the line should touch every error bar. both line should be clearly @3B&@@&A ,and the gradient of worst1fit is calculated in similar way to best1fit ..calculate it on the blan# page at the end..and 8ust show the gradient value in wor#ing area while calculating the uncertainty in gradient.. the error in gradient is gradient of best fit 1 gradient of worst fit ,or 12> / 5steepest line+s gradient 1 shallowest line+s gradient6 all calculation to L s.f and for calculations , which is usually related to the calculated gradient, ta#e care of units, power of tens and to calculate the percentage uncertainty wor# out the value with the gradient and again with the errorIthe gradient and wor# out the difference which is the absolute uncertainty , hence calculate the percentage uncertainty . 5wor#ing is only credited here and calculations are not chec#ed6 Suestion >. state the basic statement, it is awarded 1 mar#..such as change pressure and measure power..and repeat5o2n 056 Araw a diagram with all the e-uipment you might use during the e)perimentation of this plan..a basic, well labelled diagram could score many mar#sF even if the
e)planation is wea#. identify the control variable ma#e sure you #now the wor#ing of some e-uipments as. collimator,sonometer, strobe, bourdon gauge, 8oule meter,thermometers,light1spot galvanometer needle valve, vacuum grease , lightgate, smart pulley ,balance,newton meter,tic#er tape data1loggers , optical bench, set s-uares etc.. don+t panic of you don+t but u should #now what e-uipment to use to measure something. ma#e sure u understand the -uestion and collect all the method mar#s by suggesting means of measuring the -uantities u might measure during the e)periment. there are 5 method mar#s to be scored. now beware of safety measures. li#e earmuffs eardrums, goggles , safety screens . sand buc#et for falling masses..etc now be able to point some additional details they are worth ? mar#s. these can also be awarded on a detailed diagram.. suggest the possible ranges of devices, suggest some ways of sophisticating the e)periment..but donot ma#e vague references and do not forget why are u performing this e)periment .
Btw, i feel the method i used is easier as you 8ust have to find the O@ and not both O@ and @@ My formula. G lg 5O@ 2 $@6 /$@ means real value
Experiments that ha:e been as$ed to be designed so -ar< angelicsuccubus said. T 1. in:estigating the terminal :elocity o- a steel ball dropped in oil and it=s relation to the radius >. determining the resisti:ity o- glass L. determining the >oung modulus o- 'ood ?. in:estigating the relation bet'een the depth o- a nail being hammered into 'ood and the speed 'ith 'hich it=s hammered 5#obless much96
5. determining the absorbtion coe--icient o- glass P. in:estigating the relation bet'een the amplitude o- a sound 'a:e and the air pressure inside a double2gla?ed 'indo' M. in:estigating the relation bet'een the resistance o- an LDR 'ith the distance -rom the light source K. in:estigating the relation the :olume o- air in a bottle and its resonant -re@uency J. in:estigating ho' the em- in a coil > depends on the -re@uency o- the current in coil A 10. in:estigating the relation bet'een the strength o- the magnetic -ield and the radius o- the coil% using a hall probe * didn=t go through all the :ariants so someone else can add to the list. 3N!:&$ =#ay so im gonna try and see what we can do to solve these,people please correct2add to this<<
1 1 Measure time for each ball of different radius and put in some e-uation. 5:hich oneBB<6 >1 $G5rho6@23 1 Uary length of the glass. L1 !tress2strain. 5I dont #now how to go about this6 ?1 51 I have N= idea. :hat formula do we useB P1 Id# M1 ;es< this is fairly simple. $ is inversely proportional to the intensity of light K1 ,ry different volumes,and the loudest heard sound will correspond to that particular volume B J1 Uary current,see what effect that has on the emf. 101 No idea<< .2 ;ou always need both an independent and dependent variable. Ose the e-uation, and re1arrange it to find what can be easily varied and measured. Independent variable GIU dependent variable GAU 1.IU G radius, AUG terminal velocity 5use light gates to measure time ta#en to fall fi)ed distance to find terminal velocity6 >. IU G length or are, AU G resistance L. IU G weight of the load, AU Ge)tension produced. 5other -uantities #ept constant6
?. IUG speed of nail5light gates connected to timer will measure time ta#en to fall fi)ed distance,and hence speed6, AU Gdepth of nail into wood 5use vernier6 5. you+re given an e-uation for this. $e1arrange it to see what can be made the IU. P. Ose loudspea#er connected to a.f signal generator, microphone to 7.$.=, and bottle to which vacuum pump and pressure gauge attached. 10. Most probably won+t come out, came out last year+s Nov session.
Vuys this is an answer to -s 1 of 80M. I want to #now the correct way of writing the answer. I have posted my answer to -uestion 1 below. If there are any problems with my answer please tell me so that i can correct my answer. ,han#u in advance. In this e)periment the independent variable is r and the dependant variable is v, the terminal velocity of the ob8ect. 3 constant variable in this e)periment is temperature. 3nother constant variable is the distance when time is being measured. :e will calculate the diameter of the ball by using vernier calipers and then we will calculate the radius by using the formula dGr2>. :e ta#e metal balls of different radii to vary r. :e measure the time ta#en for the ball to fall a fi)ed distance through the oil. ,o ensure the ball falls through a fi)ed distance we place fudicial mar#ers on the container. :e will measure the time ta#en for the ball to fall through two fi)ed points of the container at terminal velocity. ,hen we will calculate the terminal velocity of the ball by using the formula vGs2t. :e will ta#e multiple trials for each ball and then ta#e out the average speed to reduce random errors in the e)periment. ,o ensure the ball has reached terminal velocity we will place fiducial mar#s well below the surface of the oil. :e will ta#e the diameter of the ball at different points of the ball and calculate the average. ,he oil used in the e)periment should be clear and the container should be wide and transparent. 3fter calculating all the re-uired values will plot a graph of v against r>. If the graph has a straight line passing through the origin then relationship has been confirmed. =ne safety precaution is to prevent the oil ffrom being near any fire because it may be flammable.
im sry i didnt see that ur a girl....sry.... ...one more thing so 'hen do 'e use the -ormula 4B:alue0uncertainityC 2 B:alue2uncertainityC71/ AND 'hen should 'e use the -ractional -ormula999 $ind o- con-used 'ith that.... i+s alright use the first one for logs and the second one when value is to be calculated either from division or multiplication, eg when $ 5resistance6 is to be calulated from voltage U and current I, then $ will be found out by U2I and uncertainity by adding their fractional errors and then multiplying by the $ u got previously with their values... let me brief u on errors . 113AAI,I=N =$ !OB,$37,I=N . when > measurements are added or subtracted their errors are 3@:3;! added up eg . when u wanna add > I21 0.> and L I21 0.> then ure final answer shud be P I21 0.?.....if u r as#ed to find the percentage error frm this then find fractional error and multiply with 100 li#e 0.?2P G 0.0PPPM now multiply with 100 G P.PMH
>1'$=AO7, . 5product of values6 I21 5sum of fractional errors65product of values6 eg for multiplying 5 I21 > with 10 I21 >......after applying above formula ure answer shud come out to be 50 I21 L0
L1AIUI!I=N . 5division of values6 I21 5addition of fractional errors65divsion of values6 eg for dividing 5 I21 > with 10 I21 >......after applying above formula ure answer shud come out to be 0.5 I21 0.5 ?17=N!,3N, '=:&$ 5powered value6 I21 5power ) fractional error65powered value6 eg if O G ? I21 0.>....find out ON> then . 5?N>6 I21 5> ) 0.>2?65?N>6111111R 1P I21 1.P
yeah i have problem understanding what are light gates and when to use them in e)periments. 3nd can u also e)plain about the electromagnet switch u were tal#ing abtB light gates measure timings for a ob8ect to fall a particular distance..u have a light source on one end and a timer on the opposite, when a ball falls between them the light gets obstructed and the sensor on the other side no longer detects any light 5 at this time ball is right infront of the timer6, the timer starts,,,,having another such thing below this set up at a fi)ed distance h starts this second timer and the difference in readings from the first and second will be the time measured but u dont need to e)plain all of this in the procedure 8ust say measure timings through light gates
for an electromagnet u ='&N the switch nd electromagnet no longer retains its magnetism letting go of ball.. im attaching a file, but remember in this case the ball is to be dropped from surface of oil to avoid a splash 5a safety6
a simple setup is in oct >00J paper 5>
can you sho' the pic o- 'orst acceptable line #oining error bars9 pl? Its does loo# great but gives a rough idea that the worst acceptable line should start for the lowest point of the first error bar to the top of the highest error bar. !ee the image<<<
'hy ..D9 i thought 3.D abo:e /.D and 3.D belo' /.D. ,he value of current was >3, and the error is plus2minus 0.5 so, you add 0.5 to > , to get the upper limit of the error bar, and you subtract 0.5 to get the lower limit of the error bar hence, >I0.5 G >.5 5upper limit6 and > 1 0.5 G 1.5 5lower limit6 %i, so what are the basic strategies to score full mar#s for -uestion 1B ,his is what I+ve got in mind so far. 1 L variables 5independent, dependent, constant6 1 Araw and label a diagram 1 Method for carrying out the e)periment 5briefly e)plain how the e)periment is carried out, vary the independent variables, record the data, plot a graph6 1 Araw a graph and label it 5if an e-uation is given use it to find the )2y a)is and the y1intercept and outline how the gradient is calculated6 1 Aescribe at least 5 safety precautions2additional information 3nything else to add onB Paper 5 Tips: Practical Test Planning (uestion E Do not panic i- the context o- the @uestion appears un-amiliar to you. During your
A Le:el studies you 'ill ha:e used or learnt about suitable apparatus -or completing the tas$. *- you are as$ed to FuseG any un-amiliar apparatus the @uestion 'ill supply you 'ith all the details that you need to $no' about. E Read the @uestion :ery care-ully H it may gi:e you guidance on those aspects oyour plan to 'hich you need to pay particular attention. *t 'ill also help you to identi-y the independent and the dependent :ariables. E Ihen 'riting your ans'er you 'ill need to consider some or all o- the -ollo'ing< 2 'hat apparatus you 'ill use 2 'hat experimental arrangement 'ill be used 2 'hat procedure 'ill be -ollo'ed 2 the independent and dependent :ariables 2 the means o- $eeping other :ariables constant 2 use the 'ord FconstantG 'hen identi-ying these :ariables% saying you 'ill FcontrolG them is insu--icient 2 ho' the ra' data readings 'ill be processed to gi:e the desired result% e.g. 'hat deri:ed @uantities you might calculate or 'hat graph you might plot 2 'hat rele:ant sa-ety precautions should be in place E he relationship to be tested% gi:en to you in the introduction to the tas$% 'ill suggest the type o- graph to be expected. >ou 'ill need to describe it as precisely as possible. Jor example% is it linear% does it pass through the origin9 *you choose a logarithmic graph% you 'ill be expected to predict its slope -rom the gi:en expression. E Ihen 'riting your ans'er you must 'rite do'n all the in-ormation clearly and explicitly 2 the examiner cannot gi:e you mar$s -or things that are :aguely implied. E Many o- the mar$s can o-ten be scored by ha:ing a good 'or$ing diagram 5e:en ithe accompanying explanation is 'ea$6 and so you should spend time ma$ing sure that your diagram sho's all the rele:ant details and is -ully labelled. Jor example% ma$e clear the exact points% bet'een 'hich% measurements% such as distance% are to be made. E he e@uipment and procedures that you describe in your ans'er should be realistic and 'or$able. E +ne mar$ is a:ailable -or describing sa-e 'or$ing. his must relate speci-ically to the apparatus being used. *t is not su--icient to 'rite% -or example% F$eep all bags and coats out o- the 'ayG. E Additional mar$s are a:ailable -or detailed descriptions o- apparatus1techni@ues. here are al'ays more possible ans'ers than mar$s a:ailable% so i- you 'rite your plan care-ully% then some these mar$s should be gained as you go along. *t is not expected that you 'rite a separate section solely -or the detail mar$s. E As part o- your preparation -or this @uestion you should plan some o- your o'n experiments% but this should be done under the close super:ision o- your teacher. Also practise ans'ering past papers. E A s$etch graph is not necessary% but i- dra'n it should be consistent 'ith your description o- the graph. E:aluating data (uestion
E he number o- signi-icant -igures used in a deri:ed @uantity that you calculate -rom your ra' readings should be e@ual in number to 5or possibly one more than6 the number o- signi-icant -igures in the ra' readings. Jor example% i- you measure potential di--erence and current to / and K sig -igs respecti:ely% then the corresponding :alue o- resistance calculated -rom them should be gi:en to / or K sig -igs% but not . or L. *- both 'ere measured to K signi-icant -igures% then the resistance could be gi:en to K 5or L6 sig -igs. E Ihen dra'ing your graph% do not -orget to label each axis 'ith the appropriate @uantity and unit% using the same -ormat -or expressing column headings in a table. "hoose a scale such that the plotted points occupy at least hal- the graph grid in both the x and y directions. he x2axis scale should increase positi:ely to the right and the y2axis scale should increase positi:ely up'ards. )se a con:enient scale such as .% / or D units to a /cm s@uare as you 'ill then be less li$ely to ma$e a mista$e 'ith the position o- your plotted points and it 'ill be easier -or you to read o-- points -rom your graph i- you are calculating the gradient or -inding an intercept. !imilarly% it is good practice to mar$ :alues on at least e:ery other /cm s@uare. E All your plotted points should be on the gridM points in the 'hite margin area 'ill be ignored. Plot all your obser:ations and ensure that they are accurate to hal- a small s@uare. A -ine cross 5or an encircled dot6 dra'n 'ith a sharp pencil is acceptable% but be care-ul not to obscure the position o- your points by your line obest -it or other 'or$ing. E Ihen dra'ing your line o- best -it% ensure you ha:e an e:en balance o- points about the line along its 'hole length. *- it is a straight line% use a clear plastic rule so that you can see points on both sides o- the line as it is being dra'n. E !ho' all your 'or$ing 'hen calculating a gradient. *t is help-ul to dra' the triangle used to calculate the gradient on the graph and to clearly label the coordinates o- the :ertices 5accurate to hal- a small s@uare6. hese :alues can then be used in the gradient calculation. he length o- the hypotenuse o- the triangle should be greater than hal- the length o- the graph line. E *- you are re@uired to gi:e a :alue -or the y2intercept% it may be possible to directly read it o-- -rom your graph -rom an axis 'here xN3. *- this is not possible you can instead calculate the y2intercept by using the e@uation o- a straight line. *n this case you should substitute into this e@uation a pair o- x and y :alues -rom your line o- best -it along 'ith your calculated :alue o- gradient. E *t is particularly important that the rules% pre:iously gi:en -or signi-icant -igures% are strictly adhered to. E >ou 'ill be expected to use the uncertainty gi:en in the ra' data to -ind the uncertainty in calculated data. he latter 'ill in:ol:e a -unction such as a logarithm. his re@uires plenty o- practise% i- you are to be able do it 'ith con-idence in the examination. E >ou 'ill need to be able to translate the calculated uncertainties into error bars on your graph and then to dra' the 'orst acceptable line. Again% this re@uires plenty o- practise. E +nce the graph has been dra'n% you 'ill be expected to -ind uncertainties in both
the gradient and the intercept H using your line o- best -it and your 'orst acceptable line. A lot o- mar$s depend on your being able to calculate the uncertainties in the calculated data. E E:ery candidate is pro:ided 'ith the same data and so the -inal :alues calculated should be :ery similar. +ne mar$ is a:ailable to candidates 'ho manage to 'or$ 'ithin a gi:en tolerance% determined by the Principal Examiner. Source:Learner Guide for Cambridge AS and A Level Physics( !nternational "#aminations $%&$' ,ope this helpsOOO http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'.3Q@pQD/.pd,o' to do the errors part here 9R errors in log !oldierK.K -b.#un$s or anyone 9 for this one ...calculate the error in , values which o.>210 G 0.0> now get the upper limit of , which is for the first one in the table lg51.JPI0.0>6 subtract this from normal lg value ...which is lg1.JP so lg1.JK1lg1.JP G 0.00? easy peasy and so on http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'.3Q@pQD/.pd,o' to do the errors part here 9R errors in log !oldierK.K -b.#un$s or anyone 9 W) I delta )2> X 2 W ) 1 delta ) 2>X ta#e log of whole term .........li#e for first bo) ... W1.JP I 50.>21o62>X 2 W 1.JP1 50.> 2 1062>X then ta#e log rafay mali# said. T 9 9 Cambridge
*s it acceptable to 'rite the ans'er to @uestion one in bullet -orms% under the speci-ic headings9 5 de-ining the problem% methods o- data collection etc6. I am not sure but if it was even acceptable.,he e)aminer will mar# those points under only that specific heading only so I recommend to write in paragraphs with no headings so each point where ever mentioned is considered. http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'.3Q@pQDK.pd(/ e part please UGU0eN1t27$ .10UoGU0eN1t27$53! 10H of original potential difference6 ln5.106G11527$ 5U0 eliminated on both sides6 Oncertainty of $G5Oncertainty of 727 6)$ Assalamoalai$um can anyone pl? tell me ho' to -ind the absolute uncertainties in (/b http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Qs.3Q@pQD..pd0c G U0 2 I0 !o, 5&rror in 0c6 2 0c G ( 5&rror in U06 2 U0 * I ( 5&rror in I06 2 I0 * eg for first row. &rror in 0c G W ( 0.>25 * I ( 50.>)10N1L6 2 515 ) 10N1L6 * X ) LL0 &rror in 0c G 1K %ope that helped Yavior said. T does anyone $no' ho' to dra' a hall probe .. should 'e sho' the plane and :oltmeter or #ust a probe labelled hall probe9 and is it true that i- you attach a signal generator to a coil you an ac current9 pl? anyone ill be real grate-ul ...Yust draw a bo)5label it with hall probe6 and show connections to voltmeter and power supply ...or if u good at showing plane show the pplane perpendicular to field to get ma) voltmeter reading...and for second its true signal generator can produce ac...and we can vary fre-uency of ac..
"an someone please sho' me ho' to calculate the tabular :alues o- :S/ 9 http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'./Q@pQDK.pdv G s2t where sGdistance, tGtime vN> G 5s2t6N> so vN> G 50.052t6N> then substitute values of time from each row into the e-n eg for row 1, vN> G 50.0520.0?P6N> so vN> G 1.1K
then uncertainty is 5ma) value of vN> 1 min value of vN>6 2 > so ma) value of vN> G 50.0512minimum time6N> min value of vN> G 50.0?J2 ma) time 6 N> subtract these two values and then divide by > to obtain uncertainty
%ope that helped an anyone pl? tell ho' the ne'tonmeter is used in -inding the -orce b1' t'o charged plates in 'inter /33T paper D @uestion/9are there any 'eights added9pl? explain * =! )RGEN OO ..this may be helpful. 7orrect me if I am wrong..
"an someone please sho' me the diagram -or @uestion U. 9
http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1...nd A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'3PQ@pQD/.pdsorry you+re seeing a reply after so long< 3nyway i cant post a pic,but the basics of the diagram are what is shown in the -uestion,plus. 1a meter rule placed vertically 9behind9 the wire,to measure distance 1micrometer to measure diameter of wire 1rheostat in circuit to #eep current constant and ammeter in current thats it< hope i helped< Aoa 'r 'b "an someone please pro:ide a detailed diagram and explanation -or @n . o- this paper please9 http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'..Q@pQD..pdhttp<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'..QmsQD..pdI+ll try to upload an image later, but hopefully, for now, the e)planation is o#ay 1 sorry< ,he independent variable in the investigation is the field strength B at the center of the coil and the dependent variable is, then, the radius of the coil. !ince the strength of the magnetic field at the center of the coil depends upon the current in the coil and the number of turns in the coil, these two variables need to be #ept constantF no matter what the radius is, the same number of turns should be used 5the more the coils, the greater the field strength, so it is a control variable6 per coil. ,he current can be #ept constant by placing a rheostat in series with the coil and using an ammeter to measure the current through the coil. If the current decreases, the resistance of the rheostat can be decreased to bring up the current. If the current increases 5sudden surge, any other reason6 the resistance of the $heostat can be increased to bring the current down. ,he e)periment can be carried out by first ta#ing a length of wire and wrapping it firmly around a cylindrical ob8ectF this will give it a coil1li#e shape with an appro)imately constant radius. ,o increase the radius later, a wider cylinder can be used. 3 ruler can be used to measure the diameter of the coil, and the result divided by > to get the radius. ,his measurement can be repeated around the coil along several diameters and the values of r averaged. ,he coil can be connected to a d.c. power source, an ammeter and a rheostat, all in series 5diagram6 and the coil can be hung 5after being flattened6 from a clamp2
retort stand holder. ,he center of the coil can be found using a ruler, and a stac# of boo#s with a trac#2ruler placed on top of them can be aligned with the coil such that the ruler is perpendicular to the plane of the coil and is going into the plane of the coil. ,his trac# can be used to move the hall probe towards the center of the coil. ,he %all probe should be connected to a calibrated galvanometer2 voltmeter, and the ma)imum reading shown can be noted down as the value of B. !everal readings of B can be ta#en for each radius r and averaged to plot into the graph. 3bout 10 readings can be plotted into a graph of B on the y1a)is versus 512r6 on the )1a)is. If the relationship is indeed true, the graph should be a straight line through the origin 5the e-uation is the form of B G #2r where # is a constant, so the gradient is B / r G #, so gradient is constant6. ,he coil may heat up due to the current passing through it, so it is advisable to let the coil cool down between e)periment before replacing it2 using heat resistant gloves while doing so. 3 large current can be used to ensure a large value of BF this reduces percentage uncertainties 5any that might creep into the readings6 and also gives a large value of B. !imilarly, a large number of coils can also be used, but #ept constant throughout the e)periment. 3ny e)ternal currents and magnetic fields will have to be eliminated, so the e)periment should be performed in an isolated location. 3gain, the current can be #ept constant using a rheostat 5as mentioned above6 and if the same %all 'robe setup is being used for all the e)periments, the probe and voltmeter can be calibrated in a magnetic field of #nown strength. %ope this helped< Vood @uc# for all your e)ams< 'hen 'e di:ide @uantity by something.'hat 'ill be the uncertainty o- ne' :alue9 m#1.31D/ @uestion number t'o.pl? someone help If you are referring to dividing t by 10 to give ,, the uncertainty is also divided by 10. ,he reason is that when you multiply2divide two -uantities together, you add their percentage uncertainties to find the percentage uncertainty in the resulting value. In this case, if you want to find the percentage uncertainty in the value of ,, it will be the 5H uncertainty in t6 I 5H uncertainty in 106 G 5H uncertainty in t6, since 10 is a constant, absolute value which is completely accurate and has no percentage error. 3s an e)ample, if we ta#e the first value of t, 1K.J, the percentage uncertainty is.
0.121K.J G 0.005>J 50.5 H6. ,herefore, the uncertainty in the final answer is 0.5H G 0.005>J. ,he absolute uncertainty is 1.KJ / 0.005>J G 0.01. ;ou can see that the uncertainty in 1.KJ is 10 times less than the uncertainty in 1K.J, so the uncertainty has been divided by 10, the same value that divided t to give ,. %ope this helped< Vood @uc# for all your e)ams<
http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'.3Q@pQD/.pdanyone did the graph portion o: this one9 and the errors one too ob:iously 9 can anybody sho' the graph plotted or the errors 9
%opefully this diagram can assist you with the hall probe issue.
(uestion . o- this paper here=s a bell #ar 'ith a bell inside it% *- it already has a bell inside it% 'hy do 'e need to pro:ide a source o- sound in -orm o- a loudspea$er etc99O http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A!
Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/QnosQspQD.pdhttp<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/QnosQsmQD.pd;ou don+t need to +provide+ a source of a sound in the form a loudspea#er. ,he bell is a source of sound, and that+s more than enough. 3 loudspea#er can be used as an additional material to ma#e it easier for the person to hear the sound of the bell. so mic is out side bell 8ar or inside it BBB ()or*able arrangement Should include container+ source of sound+ pump+ microphone+ C,-( !ince this mar#ing point is one of the methods of data collection rather than 8ust an additional detail, it led me to assume that, we need a sound source. !o the bell is a sound source, noB ;eah it is.
But in the variables to be controlled it also states fre-uency of sound source, so how do we e)actly control the fre-uency of the bell sound B MY>00K MY>010 51 MY>011 5> 3nd other years I+ve done, diagrams have already been posted
anyone oct nov %. 5& /ues & diagram pl0111
tuden1>L?5 said. T http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'./Q@pQDK.pdho' to -ind uncertanity in :S/ in (/ pl?? ans'er tahn$s 3shrith said. T "an someone tell me ho' to do the table -or (/ o- P;3/1DK1+1N1./9 http<11papers.xtremepapers.com1"*E1"ambridge *nternational A and A! Le:el1Physics 5P;3/61P;3/Q'./Q@pQDK.pd-
v G s2t where sGdistance, tGtime vN> G 5s2t6N> so vN> G 50.052t6N> then substitute values of time from each row into the e-n eg for row 1, vN> G 50.0520.0?P6N> so vN> G 1.1K
then uncertainty is 5ma) value of vN> 1 min value of vN>6 2 > so ma) value of vN> G 50.0512minimum time6N> min value of vN> G 50.0?J2 ma) time 6 N>
subtract these two values and then divide by > to obtain uncertainty
%ope that helped
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,37,I7 1&stimate the angles before doing any calculations If the diagram does not mention not going to scale you must you must use a ruler. ,37,I7 > In the diagrams that are drawn to scale you can ma#e assumptions of the lengths &liminate the correct angles or answers before answering any -uestions Ao not forget to use the ruler behind ,37,I7 L :hen the diagrams are not drawn to scale draw them again with that given angles as accurately as possible did this in only e)treme cases. ,37,I7 ? :hen wor#ing with rectangles don+t hesitate to add another line another diagonal in order to find the lengths ,37,I7 5 use the bac#solving method and always start with 7 ,he multiple1choice -uestions are usually given in increasing or decreasing order if he is too large you can eliminate one of the > others ,his is to avoid doing long of algebra -uestions
,37,I7 P replaced each variable with an easy to use number !olve the problem using those numbers ,37,I7 M usually used in problems involving factions ratios and percentage tough to pic# a convenient number plug in :hen using fractions the best number to use is the least common denominator when using percentage the easiest number to use is 100 when doing percentage or fractions do not forget to ta#e random numbers &)p. the number of people attending math class and Italian class when gives as a fraction use them all in terms of fractions and invent the total number of students in class ,37,I7 K when you have no idea how to solve a -uestion eliminate all the absurd choices and guess from among the remaining ones ,37,I7 J ,he straightforward way to find the area of the shaded portion is to find the area of the entire figure and then subtracted from the area of the white region ,37,I7 10 find the simplest ways to solve -uadratic e-uations do not open the Suetion and start finding ) and y instead subtract or add the e-uations ,37,I7 15 trust to all grids graphs and charts ,he lengths of all three sides of the triangle to perimeter of the triangle the area of the triangle the slope of each line ,hese are things you can find from grids and graphs In a triangle the smallest angle is facing the smallest side and the biggest angle is facing the biggest side. ,o find the sum of the interior angles ,riangle1 1K0
!-uare1 LP0 ,o find the angle of other polygons add 1K0 to each additional side ,he measure of the e)terior angle of the triangle is e-ual to the sum of the measures of the two opposite interior angles Aifference2=riginal 0100
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The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation We hold these truths to be self!evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable "ights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of #appiness !!$hat to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among %en, deriving their &ust powers from the consent of the governed, !!$hat whenever any 'orm of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the "ight of the (eople to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organi)ing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their *afety and #appiness (rudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes+ and accordingly all e,perience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed -ut when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same .b&ect evinces a design to reduce them under absolute /espotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security !!*uch has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies+ and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former *ystems of Government $he history of the present 0ing of Great -ritain is a history of repeated in&uries and usurpations, all having in direct ob&ect the establishment of an absolute $yranny over these *tates $o prove this, let 'acts be submitted to a candid world #e has refused his 1ssent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good #e has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his 1ssent should be obtained+ and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them #e has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of "epresentation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only #e has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public "ecords, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures #e has dissolved "epresentative #ouses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people #e has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected+ whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of 1nnihilation, have returned to the (eople at large for their e,ercise+ the *tate remaining in the mean time e,posed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within #e has endeavoured to prevent the population of these *tates+ for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturali)ation of 'oreigners+ refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new 1ppropriations of Lands #e has obstructed the 1dministration of 2ustice, by refusing his 1ssent to Laws for establishing 2udiciary powers #e has made 2udges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries #e has erected a multitude of New .ffices, and sent hither swarms of .fficers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance #e has kept among us, in times of peace, *tanding 1rmies without the Consent of our legislatures #e has affected to render the %ilitary independent of and superior to the Civil power #e has combined with others to sub&ect us to a &urisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws+ giving his 1ssent to their 1cts of pretended Legislation3 'or 4uartering large bodies of armed troops among us3 'or protecting them, by a mock $rial, from punishment for any %urders which they should commit on the 5nhabitants of these *tates3 'or cutting off our $rade with all parts of the world3 'or imposing $a,es on us without our Consent3 'or depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of $rial by 2ury3 'or transporting us beyond *eas to be tried for pretended offences
'or abolishing the free *ystem of 6nglish Laws in a neighbouring (rovince, establishing therein an 1rbitrary government, and enlarging its -oundaries so as to render it at once an e,ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies3 'or taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the 'orms of our Governments3 'or suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever #e has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his (rotection and waging War against us #e has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people #e is at this time transporting large 1rmies of foreign %ercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty 7 perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the #ead of a civili)ed nation #e has constrained our fellow Citi)ens taken Captive on the high *eas to bear 1rms against their Country, to become the e,ecutioners of their friends and -rethren, or to fall themselves by their #ands #e has e,cited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless 5ndian *avages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, se,es and conditions 5n every stage of these .ppressions We have (etitioned for "edress in the most humble terms3 .ur repeated (etitions have been answered only by repeated in&ury 1 (rince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a $yrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our -rittish brethren We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to e,tend an unwarrantable &urisdiction over us We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here We have appealed to their native &ustice and magnanimity, and we have con&ured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence $hey too have been deaf to the voice of &ustice and of consanguinity We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our *eparation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 6nemies in War, in (eace 'riends We, therefore, the "epresentatives of the united *tates of 1merica, in General Congress, 1ssembled, appealing to the *upreme 2udge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by 1uthority of the good (eople of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, $hat these 8nited Colonies are, and of "ight ought to be 'ree and 5ndependent *tates+ that they are 1bsolved from all 1llegiance to the -ritish Crown, and that all political connection between them and the *tate of Great -ritain, is and ought to be totally dissolved+ and that as 'ree and 5ndependent *tates, they have full (ower to levy War, conclude (eace, contract 1lliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other 1cts and $hings which 5ndependent *tates may of right do 1nd for the support of this /eclaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine (rovidence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our 'ortunes and our sacred #onor
In July 4, 1776 the 13 English colonies declared themselves independent from the English crown. he !merican "evolution had all ready started in !pril of 177# at $e%ington and &oncord, 'ut this made it official. hus, 'egan the fight for freedom from the English crown. !merica got freedom when it won the revolution on July 4th that(s why its called the independence day he &olonists of the 13 )ritish &olonies in !merica felt their rights as )ritish su'*ects were 'eing violated 'ecause the )ritish 'rought over "oyal +overnors who answered to the ,ing and not to the colonists living in those colonies. he colonists o'*ected to 'eing ta%ed with having representation, that started discontent with English rule when they saw time and again that their +overnors answered to the ,ing and not to them, and troops were -uartered among them, 'asically creating an occupation which they felt violated their rights as su'*ects of the )ritain. he !merican colonists fought the !merican "evolution to get independence from )ritain, 'ut they felt that their rights and freedom were natural rights and came from +od. "ecall that in the .eclaration of Independence it says/ 0e hold these truths to 'e self evident, that all men are created e-ual, that they are endowed 'y their &reator with certain unaliena'le "ights, that among these are $ife, $i'erty, and the pursuit of 1appiness. 2ote that they said that men are created and endowed 'y their &reator. hese ideas of natural rights came from a political philosophy 'y the name of 2atural $aw heory. !mong those who wrote of 2atural $aw heory were John $oc3e, homas 1o''es and other English philosophers. he war with )ritain was from 177# to 1741. 5cto'er 16, 1741 )ritain(s final defeat at 7or3town, 8irginia.
&ongress declared independence as a new nation in July 1776, when homas Jefferson wrote and the &ongress unanimously approved the 9nited :tates .eclaration of Independence. he )ritish lost )oston in 1776, 'ut then captured and held 2ew 7or3 &ity. he )ritish would capture the revolutionary capital at ;hiladelphia in 1777, 'ut &ongress escaped, and the )ritish withdrew a few months later. he !merican "evolution was the result of a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations in !merican society, government and ways of thin3ing. !mericans re*ected the aristocraciesthat dominated Europe at the time, championing instead the development of repu'licanism 'ased on the Enlightenment understanding of li'eralism, a'andoning the concept of royal rule 'y divine right. !mong the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a democratically<elected representative government responsi'le to the will of the people. 1owever, sharp political de'ates erupted over the appropriate level of democracy desira'le in the new government, with a num'er of =ounders fearing mo' rule.
The mysterious and doubtful stance of Ennahda
Describe the problem. Convince the reader the problem needs solving. Explain the solution proposal. Argue that this is the best solution.
Refute any objections. The Ennahda party is accused by the opposition of pushing an Islamist agenda, and trying to establish a government characterized by Islamic law, in a nation that is principally secular and liberal among Tunisians 81 percent believe the government is taking the wrong path towards democracy. The tunisian spring happened very fast and decisions were made too rapidly according to me and I think people should have slowed down a hunch before deciding to take the road of democracy because its a long road to recovery from all the scars dictators imprinted on their skins and this is something the population will never forget , the first truth according to me is that you cannot expect a country that has been ruled for millions of years by dictators to rise on its feet when democrats appear out of nowhere imposing their new rule assuming its the best thing for the country. Obviously, this was felt and considered a rough way of beginning a new start While Ennahda was good at rhetoric before being elected, it was not so good at delivering afterwards. That is why it agreed to relinquish power. It failed to reform state institutions, trigger economic growth and attract foreign direct investment.In fact, it achieved the contrary. The budget deficit and unemployment are skyrocketing, and the public is seriously questioning the effectiveness of the revolution. Some Tunisians have gone even further by saying the days of dictatorship were not that bad after allConfrontations between the governing coalition parties, and their disagreements on various clauses in the constitution, resulted in a long political deadlock and economic stagnation.The situation was exacerbated by the assassination of two opposition leaders within five months: Chokri Belaid in Feb. 2013, followed by Mohamed Brahmi in July. The assassinations were blamed on members of extremist Islamist parties, and Ennahda was held accountable for not being able to secure the country from such groups. this was then followed by a consent of ennadha backing down; A few weeks ago, when people took to the streets calling for the government to resign, Ennahda took the most reasonable decision and agreed to step down to avoid replicating in Tunisia the scenario of Egypts ousted government. Democtratic stability...This is easier said than done. Political maturity requires generations of well-educated and prepared people to embrace democracy, which is not a magic recipe that fits all contexts, but an incremental one that needs to grow in fertile soil that is ready to nurture equality, transparency, justice and equity.
The solution to this problem in Tunisia would be for the population to slow down and realize the situation of being a democratic country, Transition to democracy is not a process that evolves overnight. Organic models are subject to trial and error. They need time, effort and trust in the elected government. Arabs tend to follow the current rather than the logic. They tend to look at what others do and try to imitate them. When Ennahda was elected. Tunisia is headed in the right direction, creating a model of democracy in the Arab world. It is undeniable that Ennahda did not deliver, but it can take credit for acknowledging its poor performance and prudently stepping down.In fact, it is not the failure of democracy, but the failure to make the right choices in the absence of better alternatives. Tunisia's opposition alliance on Monday called for country-wide protests next week, accusing ruling Islamists of holding up the start of negotiations and delaying the formation of a new government.
Political activity has ground to a halt in Tunisia since the murder of opposition MP Mohamed Brahmi in July, amid a bitter standoff between the ruling Islamist party Ennahda and the opposition.
The National Salvation Front (NSF), a loose coalition of opposition parties, called on Tunisians "in all regions, especially the capital" to take part in a "massive demonstration on October 23 to demand the appointment of a competent government."
The date marks the second anniversary of the election of the National Constitution Assembly, which was tasked with promulgating a new constitution but has failed to do so amid deep mistrust among political factions.
The opposition coalition on Monday accused Ennahda of manoeuvering to buy time and of aggravating Tunisia's political crisis by not sticking to its commitment to negotiate the formation of a cabinet of independents.
Ennahda agreed on October 5 to respect a roadmap aimed at creating a new government within three weeks and ending the political deadlock plaguing the country since Brahmi was shot dead on July 25.
Under the blueprint, a new constitution and electoral law must be adopted and a timetable drawn up for fresh parliamentary and presidential polls.
But the Islamists have since questioned the timing of the new government's formation, saying any countdown can only be agreed upon once a national dialogue on unresolved political issues has begun.
A date for those negotiations has yet to be fixed, with the parties so far only holding preparatory meetings, and with the NSF insisting that they begin no later than October 19.
As Tunisia's political crisis drags on, the country is also grappling with an armed jihadist movement, which is blamed for Brahmi's murder and which the opposition says Ennahda has failed to rein in.
The ruling Islamists are also accused of mismanaging the economy and failing to improve living standards.
Poor social conditions were seen as a driving factor behind the 2011 revolution that toppled longtime ruler Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and sparked the Arab Spring.
Model 7nited 1ations

4rom Yuly >>nd through the >?th, Veorgetown Oniversity in Satar 5VO1S6 will host their first ever Model Onited Nations conference in Aelhi, India, where over >50 high school students from L1 Aelhi1area schools will ta#e part in the long standing tradition of academic simulations of the Onited Nations, to gain insights into effective negotiation and global conflict resolution.
&arlier this year, VO1S hosted their Kth annual MON conference at the Satar National 7onvention 7enter, where some L50 high school students representing >0 local and ?0 international schools from at least >5 different countries, too# part. %owever, the upcoming Aelhi conference will be the first time that any campus of Veorgetown Oniversity, which was founded in :ashington A.7. in 1MKJ, will host an MON in India. VO1S dean, Ar. Verd Nonneman, e)plains the move to India as a natural e)tension of the schoolDs global perspective. Z!ince the >005 establishment of the Veorgetown Oniversity campus in Satar, we have embar#ed on the e)citing 8ourney of bringing an internationally ran#ed liberal arts and international affairs program to new communities and new students in Satar and the region. 3s part of the fast1developing web of relations between countries across the globe, India+s regional and global roles have also grown increasingly comple), which is why we particularly loo# forward to hosting an MON in India for the first time, and to engaging future generations of global citi ens from this dynamic country.[ ,he upcoming MON will be focused on the issues and topics that will be covered by actual ON committees, such as transnational water resources and human rights, state1building, pollution and development, the debt crisis, and sectarian violence in Burma and Ira-. =ur programs provide a diverse group of informed college2university students and faculty from all over the world a forum for addressing global concerns in a real world conte)t. 7onferences address important issues including regional conflicts, peace#eeping, human rights, women and children, economic and social development, and the environment. In its simplest sense, we wor# to provide student participants with a better understanding of the inner wor#ing of the ON as they build s#ills in diplomacy and compromise. But beyond the wor#ing sessions, the conference will also feature a Aiplomatic $eception which will give participating students the opportunity to meet and interact with Aelhi+s diplomatic community, as well as an 9&)plore Veorgetown9 evening where participants can learn more about the history of Veorgetown and about campus life for their students in &ducation 7ity. ,a#ing advantage of their India visit, the university is also organi ing an 3lumni event, with a reception for Veorgetown graduates living in India. Z3ll of the programs at Veorgetown strive to create well1rounded graduates who are uni-uely poised to address comple) global issues,[ added Aean Nonneman. Z=ur MON program has proven very
successful in Aoha. it presents an outstanding platform for high1school students to debate global -uestions and we are proud to bring it to India.
War in Syria
V*n#ustice any'here is a threat to #ustice e:ery'here.W - Martin Luther 3in Jr:
If you have been listening to the news lately chances are you have heard about the escalating tension in !yria and the heated debate between nations about whether it may be time for other countries to intervene and help the rebels. !o what e)actly is the crisis that has the entire world up in arms and how did it get to this stageB $ead on . . . It all began in Aecember >010, when the people of the tiny North 3frican country of ,unisia decided to put an end to years of autocratic rule enforced by their leader \ine &l 3bidine Ben 3li by staging what is now called the =Xasmine Re:olution+. ,heir success encouraged the residents of neighboring &gypt to protest with their own =Lotus Re:olution= and oust their leader, 'resident %osni Mubara#. ,he victories gave residents of neighboring countries the courage to stand up to their oppressive regimes and by >011, there was a tsunami of revolutions going on simultaneously in Algeria% Libya% >emen% Bahrain and *ran. ,he upheaval that became #nown worldwide as the =Arab !pring= seemed to bypass !yria and Yordan whose leaders -uic#ly tried to -uell the rumblings in their countries with some positive changes. !yrian 'resident Bashar al13ssad was especially accommodating. %e released do ens of political prisoners, announced the formation of a new government and even lifted the state o- emergency that had been used by his regime to suspend the constitutional rights of its citi ens for ?K years<
But it was a case of =too little% too late= 1 ,he people had suffered enough and the protests continued first on a regional level staged by small groups and then nationally, as the rebels became more organi ed and formed a unified opposition. By >01>, 'resident 3ssad reali ed that the revolution had escalated to a full1si e civil war, but unli#e some of the other 3rab leaders, he was not ready to succumb to the wishes of his people and instead, instructed his government to prepare for a long conflict. By the end of the year, most countries in the world had formally recogni ed the opposition national coalition as =the legitimate representati:e= of the !yrian people and even begun offering them humanitarian aid. ,here was however no tal# of helping the rebels fight for their cause with any #ind of military intervention.
,hat sentiment has changed somewhat since allegations that the president sanctioned the firing of chemical weapons in some densely populated areas at >.L0 am on 3ugust >1st, >01L, have come to light. 3ccording to reports over 1,500 innocent civilians including over ?00 children suffocated to death from the deadly gas that was released during the attac#. :hile O! intelligence is asserting that it was the wor# of the current government, 'resident 3ssad is denying all responsibility and instead blaming the rebels for the attac#. Independent inspectors sent in by the Onited Nations are currently assessing the situation and should have a report soon. Meanwhile, the alleged attac# has started a worldwide debate about whether it may be time to intervene and help protect innocent !yrians against further such atrocities.
O! 'resident, Barac# =bama and British 'rime Minister, Aavid 7ameron, are leaning toward conducting limited stri#es by firing cruise missiles from naval ships at the government+s military command centers. ,he leaders of $ussia and 7hina are completely against the idea. ,he British 'arliament+s initial reaction has also been negative. :hat happens ne)t is as of now, up in the air. :ill the O! 7ongress agree and the British 'arliament reconsiders its stance to help the rebelsB 3nd even if they do, will air stri#es be enough or will the countries then be forced to send in ground troopsB ,his is a touchy sub8ect for both nations given the ongoing war in Ira-. ,he escalating violence in !yria is having catastrophic conse-uences on the country+s children and families. More than ? million children are now affected by the brutal conflict, which is entering its third year. :ith winter approaching and temperatures dropping, many !yrian children will soon be in a desperate situation. ,emperatures in the region can plummet below free ing, and snowfall is not uncommon. ONI7&4 is distributing blan#ets, installing heaters and water boilers in refugee camps. 7hildren still need warm winter clothes, and ONI7&4 is preparing #its with winter 8ac#ets, boots, gloves and hats to #eep them warm. :ithin !yria, L.1 million children are at ris#. ,he situation within the country is rapidly deteriorating as the war crushes !yria+s infrastructure. 'ower cuts and supply shortages are creating a critical situation for P00,000 people in Aamascus and its outlying districts. &ssential services, li#e clean water, are disappearing. $efugee camps in the countries bordering !yria are overflowing. ,here are now more than one million child refugees from !yria. S,ria snipers tar etin pre nant women and children in Ldeath ameL 3mong the grim anecdotes of the civil war playing out in !yria comes perhaps the most sobering report of all 1 that bored snipers are playing a 9death game9 and their targets include children and pregnant women.
9=ne day we+d have pregnant women being brought in with gunshot wounds to the uterus. Not 8ust one or two, but seven or eight, which meant to me they 5the snipers6 must be targeting pregnant women,9 the doctor told I,U. More than 100,000 people have been #illed in the two and half years since the !yria conflict escalated into a full1blown civil war. 3ccording to Onited Nations, thousands of those victims are children. 7hildren would also starve for days CC:e used up all our supplies of food 1 I could only give my children one or two mouthfuls of rice to #eep them going.DD &ven a trip to the local supermar#et is an e)ercise in fear, another woman, 3m8ad, said. CC,he shelling happened every day ... it was not always day or night, you never #new when it would happen. ,he clashes between the armed groups would happen all the time, tooF shoot everywhere. It was impossible to go and find food.DD
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People usually think of leopards in the savannas of Africa but in the Russian Far East, a rare subspecies has

Cross River Gorilla

Sumatran "ran utan

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