CHAPTER 11 APPLICATIONS AND PROCESSING OF METAL ALLOYS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

Ferrous Alloys
11.1 (a) List the four classifications of steels. (b) For each, briefly describe the properties and typical applications. Solution This question asks that we list ou! "lassi i"ations o steels# an$# o! ea"h# to $es"!i%e &!o&e!ties an$ "ite t'&i"al a&&li"ations. Low Ca!%on Steels P!o&e!ties( non!es&onsi)e to heat t!eat*ents+ !elati)el' so t an$ weak+ *a"hina%le an$ wel$a%le. T'&i"al a&&li"ations( auto*o%ile %o$ies# st!u"tu!al sha&es# &i&elines# %uil$in,s# %!i$,es# an$ tin "ans. Me$iu* Ca!%on Steels P!o&e!ties( heat t!eata%le# !elati)el' la!,e "o*%inations o *e"hani"al "ha!a"te!isti"s. T'&i"al a&&li"ations( !ailwa' wheels an$ t!a"ks# ,ea!s# "!anksha ts# an$ *a"hine &a!ts. Hi,h Ca!%on Steels P!o&e!ties( ha!$# st!on,# an$ !elati)el' %!ittle. T'&i"al a&&li"ations( "hisels# ha**e!s# kni)es# an$ ha"ksaw %la$es. Hi,h Allo' Steels -Stainless an$ Tool. P!o&e!ties( ha!$ an$ wea! !esistant+ !esistant to "o!!osion in a la!,e )a!iet' o en)i!on*ents. T'&i"al a&&li"ations( "uttin, tools# $!ills# "utle!'# oo$ &!o"essin,# an$ su!,i"al tools.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1 (a) %ite three reasons why ferrous alloys are used so e'tensi(ely. (b) %ite three characteristics of ferrous alloys that limit their utili)ation. Solution -a. 2e!!ous allo's a!e use$ e/tensi)el' %e"ause( -1. I!on o!es e/ist in a%un$ant quantities. -1. E"ono*i"al e/t!a"tion# !e inin,# an$ a%!i"ation te"hniques a!e a)aila%le. -3. The allo's *a' %e tailo!e$ to ha)e a wi$e !an,e o &!o&e!ties. -%. 4isa$)anta,es o e!!ous allo's a!e( -1. The' a!e sus"e&ti%le to "o!!osion. -1. The' ha)e a !elati)el' hi,h $ensit'. -3. The' ha)e !elati)el' low ele"t!i"al "on$u"ti)ities.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.3 *hat is the function of alloyin& elements in tool steels+ Solution The allo'in, ele*ents in tool steels -e.,.# C!# 5# 6# an$ Mo. "o*%ine with the "a!%on to o!* )e!' ha!$ an$ wea!0!esistant "a!%i$e "o*&oun$s.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.7 %ompute the (olume percent of &raphite , -r in a ../ wt0 % cast iron, assumin& that all the carbon e'ists as the &raphite phase. Assume densities of ." and 1.. &2cm . for ferrite and &raphite, respecti(ely. Solution 6e a!e aske$ to "o*&ute the )olu*e &e!"ent ,!a&hite in a 3.8 wt9 C "ast i!on. It i!st %e"o*es ne"essa!' to "o*&ute *ass !a"tions usin, the le)e! !ule. 2!o* the i!on0"a!%on &hase $ia,!a* -2i,u!e 11.1.# the tie0line in the an$ ,!a&hite &hase iel$ e/ten$s !o* essentiall' : wt9 C to 1:: wt9 C. Thus# o! a 3.8 wt9 C "ast i!on

CGr C0 100 3.5 = = 0.965 CGr C; 100 0 C 0 C; 3.5 0 = = 0.035 CGr C; 100 0

Gr =

Con)e!sion !o* wei,ht !a"tion to )olu*e !a"tion o ,!a&hite is &ossi%le usin, Equation <.=a as

0.035 2.3 g/cm 3 = 0.965 0.035 + 3 7.9 g/cm 2.3 g/cm 3

> :.111 o! 11.1 )ol9

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.8 3n the basis of microstructure, briefly e'plain why &ray iron is brittle and weak in tension. Solution ?!a' i!on is weak an$ %!ittle in tension %e"ause the ti&s o the ,!a&hite lakes a"t as &oints o st!ess "on"ent!ation.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.= %ompare &ray and malleable cast irons with respect to (a) composition and heat treatment, (b) microstructure, and (c) mechanical characteristics. Solution This question asks us to "o*&a!e )a!ious as&e"ts o ,!a' an$ *allea%le "ast i!ons. -a. 6ith !es&e"t to "o*&osition an$ heat t!eat*ent( -ray iron001.8 to 7.: wt9 C an$ 1.: to 3.: wt9 Si. 2o! *ost ,!a' i!ons the!e is no heat t!eat*ent a te! soli$i i"ation. 4alleable iron001.8 to 7.: wt9 C an$ less than 1.: wt9 Si. -%. 6ith !es&e"t to *i"!ost!u"tu!e( -ray iron00?!a&hite lakes a!e e*%e$$e$ in a e!!ite o! &ea!lite *at!i/. 4alleable iron00?!a&hite "luste!s a!e e*%e$$e$ in a e!!ite o! &ea!lite *at!i/. -". 6ith !es&e"t to *e"hani"al "ha!a"te!isti"s( -ray iron00Relati)el' weak an$ %!ittle in tension+ ,oo$ "a&a"it' o! $a*&in, )i%!ations. 4alleable iron00Mo$e!ate st!en,th an$ $u"tilit'. 6hite i!on is heate$ in a nono/i$i@in, at*os&he!e an$ at a te*&e!atu!e %etween A:: an$ <:: C o! an e/ten$e$ ti*e &e!io$.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.B %ompare white and nodular cast irons with respect to (a) composition and heat treatment, (b) microstructure, and (c) mechanical characteristics. Solution This question asks us to "o*&a!e white an$ no$ula! "ast i!ons. -a. 6ith !e,a!$ to "o*&osition an$ heat t!eat*ent( *hite iron001.8 to 7.: wt9 C an$ less than 1.: wt9 Si. No heat t!eat*ent+ howe)e!# "oolin, is !a&i$ $u!in, soli$i i"ation. 5odular cast iron001.8 to 7.: wt9 C# 1.: to 3.: wt9 Si# an$ a s*all a*ount o M, o! Ce. A heat t!eat*ent at a%out B::C *a' %e ne"essa!' to &!o$u"e a e!!iti" *at!i/. -%. 6ith !e,a!$ to *i"!ost!u"tu!e( *hite iron00The!e a!e !e,ions o "e*entite inte!s&e!se$ within &ea!lite. 5odular cast iron00No$ules o ,!a&hite a!e e*%e$$e$ in a e!!ite o! &ea!lite *at!i/. -". 6ith !es&e"t to *e"hani"al "ha!a"te!isti"s( *hite iron00E/t!e*el' ha!$ an$ %!ittle. 5odular cast iron00Mo$e!ate st!en,th an$ $u"tilit'.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.A 6s it possible to produce malleable cast iron in pieces ha(in& lar&e cross7sectional dimensions+ *hy or why not+ Solution It is not possible to &!o$u"e *allea%le i!on in &ie"es ha)in, la!,e "!oss0se"tional $i*ensions. 6hite "ast i!on is the &!e"u!so! o *allea%le i!on# an$ a !a&i$ "oolin, !ate is ne"essa!' o! the o!*ation o white i!on# whi"h *a' not %e a""o*&lishe$ at inte!io! !e,ions o thi"k "!oss0se"tions.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

Nonferrous Alloys

11.< *hat is the principal difference between wrou&ht and cast alloys+ Solution The &!in"i&al $i e!en"e %etween w!ou,ht an$ "ast allo's is as ollows( w!ou,ht allo's a!e $u"tile enou,h so as to %e hot o! "ol$ wo!ke$ $u!in, a%!i"ation# whe!eas "ast allo's a!e %!ittle to the $e,!ee that sha&in, %' $e o!*ation is not &ossi%le an$ the' *ust %e a%!i"ate$ %' "astin,.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1: *hy must ri(ets of a 101 aluminum alloy be refri&erated before they are used+ Solution Ri)ets o a 1:1B alu*inu* allo' *ust %e !e !i,e!ate$ %e o!e the' a!e use$ %e"ause# a te! %ein, solution heat t!eate$# the' &!e"i&itation ha!$en at !oo* te*&e!atu!e. On"e &!e"i&itation ha!$ene$# the' a!e too st!on, an$ %!ittle to %e $!i)en.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.11 *hat is the chief difference between heat7treatable and non7heat7treatable alloys+ Solution The "hie $i e!en"e %etween heat0t!eata%le an$ nonheat0t!eata%le allo's is that heat0t!eata%le allo's *a' %e st!en,thene$ %' a heat t!eat*ent whe!ein a &!e"i&itate &hase is o!*e$ -&!e"i&itation ha!$enin,. o! a *a!tensiti" t!ans o!*ation o""u!s. Nonheat0t!eata%le allo's a!e not a*ena%le to st!en,thenin, %' su"h t!eat*ents.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.11 -i(e the distincti(e features, limitations, and applications of the followin& alloy &roups8 titanium alloys, refractory metals, superalloys, and noble metals. Solution Titaniu* Allo's 4istin"ti)e eatu!es( !elati)el' low $ensit'# hi,h *eltin, te*&e!atu!es# an$ hi,h st!en,ths a!e &ossi%le. Li*itation( %e"ause o "he*i"al !ea"ti)it' with othe! *ate!ials at ele)ate$ te*&e!atu!es# these allo's a!e e/&ensi)e to !e ine. A&&li"ations( ai!"!a t st!u"tu!es# s&a"e )ehi"les# an$ in "he*i"al an$ &et!oleu* in$ust!ies. Re !a"to!' Metals 4istin"ti)e eatu!es( st!en,ths. Li*itation( so*e e/&e!ien"e !a&i$ o/i$ation at ele)ate$ te*&e!atu!es. A&&li"ations( e/t!usion $ies# st!u"tu!al &a!ts in s&a"e )ehi"les# in"an$es"ent li,ht ila*ents# /0!a' tu%es# an$ wel$in, ele"t!o$es. Su&e!allo's 4istin"ti)e eatu!es( &e!io$s. A&&li"ations( ai!"!a t tu!%ines# nu"lea! !ea"to!s# an$ &et!o"he*i"al equi&*ent. No%le Metals 4istin"ti)e eatu!es( hi,hl' !esistant to o/i$ation# es&e"iall' at ele)ate$ te*&e!atu!es+ so t an$ $u"tile. Li*itation( e/&ensi)e. A&&li"ations( Cewel!'# $ental !esto!ation *ate!ials# "oins# "atal'sts# an$ the!*o"ou&les. a%le to withstan$ hi,h te*&e!atu!es an$ o/i$i@in, at*os&he!es o! lon, ti*e e/t!e*el' hi,h *eltin, te*&e!atu!es+ la!,e elasti" *o$uli# ha!$nesses# an$

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

Forming Opera ions

11.13 %ite ad(anta&es and disad(anta&es of hot workin& and cold workin&. Solution The a$)anta,es o "ol$ wo!kin, a!e( -1. A hi,h qualit' su! a"e inish. -1. The *e"hani"al &!o&e!ties *a' %e )a!ie$. -3. Close $i*ensional tole!an"es. The $isa$)anta,es o "ol$ wo!kin, a!e( -1. Hi,h $e o!*ation ene!,' !equi!e*ents. -1. La!,e $e o!*ations *ust %e a""o*&lishe$ in ste&s# whi"h *a' %e e/&ensi)e. -3. A loss o $u"tilit'. The a$)anta,es o hot wo!kin, a!e( -1. La!,e $e o!*ations a!e &ossi%le# whi"h *a' %e !e&eate$. -1. 4e o!*ation ene!,' !equi!e*ents a!e !elati)el' low. The $isa$)anta,es o hot wo!kin, a!e( -1. A &oo! su! a"e inish. -1. A )a!iet' o *e"hani"al &!o&e!ties is not &ossi%le.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.17 disad(anta&es.

(a) %ite ad(anta&es of formin& metals by e'trusion as opposed to rollin&. (b) %ite some

Solution -a. The a$)anta,es o e/t!usion as o&&ose$ to !ollin, a!e as ollows( -1. Pie"es ha)in, *o!e "o*&li"ate$ "!oss0se"tional ,eo*et!ies *a' %e o!*e$. -1. Sea*less tu%in, *a' %e &!o$u"e$. -%. The $isa$)anta,es o e/t!usion o)e! !ollin, a!e as ollows( -1. Nonuni o!* $e o!*ation o)e! the "!oss0se"tion. -1. A )a!iation in &!o&e!ties *a' !esult o)e! a "!oss0se"tion o an e/t!u$e$ &ie"e.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

Cas ing
11.18 List four situations in which castin& is the preferred fabrication techni9ue. Solution 2ou! situations in whi"h "astin, is the &!e e!!e$ a%!i"ation te"hnique a!e( -1. 2o! la!,e &ie"es an$Do! "o*&li"ate$ sha&es. -1. 6hen *e"hani"al st!en,th is not an i*&o!tant "onsi$e!ation. -3. 2o! allo's ha)in, low $u"tilities. -7. 6hen it is the *ost e"ono*i"al a%!i"ation te"hnique.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1= %ompare sand, die, in(estment, lost foam, and continuous castin& techni9ues. Solution 2o! sand castin&# san$ is the *ol$ *ate!ial# a two0&ie"e *ol$ is use$# o!$ina!il' the su! a"e inish is not an i*&o!tant "onsi$e!ation# the san$ *a' %e !euse$ -%ut the *ol$ *a' not.# "astin, !ates a!e low# an$ la!,e &ie"es a!e usuall' "ast. 2o! die castin&# a &e!*anent *ol$ is use$# "astin, !ates a!e hi,h# the *olten *etal is o!"e$ into the *ol$ un$e! &!essu!e# a two0&ie"e *ol$ is use$# an$ s*all &ie"es a!e no!*all' "ast. 2o! in(estment castin&# a sin,le0&ie"e *ol$ is use$# whi"h is not !eusa%le+ it !esults in hi,h $i*ensional a""u!a"'# ,oo$ !e&!o$u"tion o $etail# an$ a ine su! a"e inish+ an$ "astin, !ates a!e low. 2o! lost foam castin& # the &atte!n is &ol'st'!ene oa*# whe!eas the *ol$ *ate!ial is san$. Co*&le/ ,eo*et!ies an$ ti,ht tole!an"es a!e &ossi%le. Castin, !ates a!e hi,he! than o! in)est*ent# an$ the!e a!e ew en)i!on*ental wastes. 2o! continuous castin& # at the "on"lusion o the e/t!a"tion &!o"ess# the *olten *etal is "ast into a "ontinuous st!an$ ha)in, eithe! a !e"tan,ula! o! "i!"ula! "!oss0se"tion+ these sha&es a!e $esi!a%le o! su%sequent se"on$a!' *etal0 o!*in, o&e!ations. The "he*i"al "o*&osition an$ *e"hani"al &!o&e!ties a!e !elati)el' uni o!* th!ou,hout the "!oss0se"tion.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

Mis!ellaneous Te!"ni#ues
11.1B 6f it is assumed that, for steel alloys, the a(era&e coolin& rate of the heat7affected )one in the (icinity of a weld is 10:%2s, compare the microstructures and associated properties that will result for 10!0 (eutectoid) and ;.;0 alloys in their <A=s. Solution This &!o%le* asks that we s&e"i ' an$ "o*&a!e the *i"!ost!u"tu!es an$ *e"hani"al &!o&e!ties in the heat0a e"te$ wel$ @ones o! 1:A: an$ 737: allo's assu*in, that the a)e!a,e "oolin, !ate is 1: CDs. 2i,u!e 1:.1B shows the "ontinuous "oolin, t!ans o!*ation $ia,!a* o! an i!on0"a!%on allo' o eute"toi$ "o*&osition -1:A:.# an$# in a$$ition# "oolin, "u!)es that $elineate "han,es in *i"!ost!u"tu!e. 2o! a "oolin, !ate o 1: CDs -whi"h is less than 38CDs. the !esultin, *i"!ost!u"tu!e will %e totall' &ea!lite00&!o%a%l' a !easona%l' ine &ea!lite. On the othe! han$# in 2i,u!e 1:.1A is shown the CCT $ia,!a* o! a 737: steel. 2!o* this $ia,!a* it *a' %e note$ that a "oolin, !ate o 1:CDs &!o$u"es a totall' *a!tensiti" st!u"tu!e. Pea!lite is so te! an$ *o!e $u"tile than *a!tensite# an$# the!e o!e# is *ost likel' *o!e $esi!a%le.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1A >escribe one problem that mi&ht e'ist with a steel weld that was cooled (ery rapidly. Solution I a steel wel$ is "oole$ )e!' !a&i$l'# *a!tensite *a' o!*# whi"h is )e!' %!ittle. In so*e situations# "!a"ks *a' o!* in the wel$ !e,ion as it "ools.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

Annealing Pro!esses
11.1< 6n your own words describe the followin& heat treatment procedures for steels and, for each, the intended final microstructure8 full annealin&, normali)in&, 9uenchin&, and temperin&. Solution 2ull annealin,00Heat to a%out 8:C a%o)e the A3 line# 2i,u!e 11.1: -i the "on"ent!ation o "a!%on is less than the eute"toi$. o! a%o)e the A1 line -i the "on"ent!ation o "a!%on is ,!eate! than the eute"toi$. until the allo' "o*es to equili%!iu*+ then u!na"e "ool to !oo* te*&e!atu!e. The inal *i"!ost!u"tu!e is "oa!se &ea!lite. No!*ali@in,00Heat to at least 88 C a%o)e the A3 line 2i,u!e 11.1: -i the "on"ent!ation o "a!%on is less than the eute"toi$. o! a%o)e the A"* line -i the "on"ent!ation o "a!%on is ,!eate! than the eute"toi$. until the allo' "o*&letel' t!ans o!*s to austenite# then "ool in ai!. The inal *i"!ost!u"tu!e is ine &ea!lite. Euen"hin,00Heat to a te*&e!atu!e within the austenite &hase !e,ion an$ allow the s&e"i*en to ull' austeniti@e# then quen"h to !oo* te*&e!atu!e in oil o! wate!. The inal *i"!ost!u"tu!e is *a!tensite. Te*&e!in,00Heat a quen"he$ -*a!tensiti". s&e"i*en# to a te*&e!atu!e %etween 78: an$ =8: C# o! the ti*e ne"essa!' to a"hie)e the $esi!e$ ha!$ness. The inal *i"!ost!u"tu!e is te*&e!e$ *a!tensite.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1: %ite three sources of internal residual stresses in metal components. *hat are two possible ad(erse conse9uences of these stresses+ Solution Th!ee sou!"es o !esi$ual st!esses in *etal "o*&onents a!e &lasti" $e o!*ation &!o"esses# nonuni o!* "oolin, o a &ie"e that was "oole$ !o* an ele)ate$ te*&e!atu!e# an$ a &hase t!ans o!*ation in whi"h &a!ent an$ &!o$u"t &hases ha)e $i e!ent $ensities. Two a$)e!se "onsequen"es o these st!esses a!e $isto!tion -o! wa!&a,e. an$ !a"tu!e.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.11 -i(e the appro'imate minimum temperature at which it is possible to austeniti)e each of the followin& iron?carbon alloys durin& a normali)in& heat treatment8 (a) 0.10 wt0 %, (b) 0. # wt0 %, and (c) 0."/ wt 0 %. Solution -a. 2o! :.1: wt9 C# heat to at least <:8 C -1==:2. sin"e the A3 te*&e!atu!e is A8: C -18=:2.. -%. 2o! :.B= wt9 C# heat to at least BA1 C -177:2. sin"e the A3 te*&e!atu!e is B1BC -137:2.. -". 2o! :.<8 wt9 C# heat to at least A7: C -18782. sin"e the A"* te*&e!atu!e is BA8C -17782..

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.11 ?i)e the a&&!o/i*ate te*&e!atu!e at whi"h it is $esi!a%le to heat ea"h o the ollowin, i!onF"a!%on allo's $u!in, a ull anneal heat t!eat*ent( -a. :.18 wt9 C# -%. :.78 wt9 C# -". :.A8 wt9 C# an$ -$. 1.1: wt9 C. Solution -a. 2o! :.18 wt9 C# heat to a%out AA: C -181:2. sin"e the A3 te*&e!atu!e is A3:C -171:2.. -%. 2o! :.78 wt9 C# heat to a%out A3:C -18182. sin"e the A3 te*&e!atu!e is BA: C -17382.. -". 2o! :.A8 wt9 C# heat to a%out BBBC -173:2. sin"e the A1 te*&e!atu!e is B1B C -137:2.. -$. 2o! 1.1: wt9 C# heat to a%out BBBC -173:2. sin"e the A1 te*&e!atu!e is B1B C -137:2..

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.13 *hat is the purpose of a spheroidi)in& heat treatment+ 3n what classes of alloys is it normally used+ Solution The &u!&ose o a s&he!oi$i@in, heat t!eat*ent is to &!o$u"e a )e!' so t an$ $u"tile steel allo' ha)in, a s&he!oi$iti" *i"!ost!u"tu!e. It is no!*all' use$ on *e$iu*0 an$ hi,h0"a!%on steels# whi"h# %' )i!tue o "a!%on "ontent# a!e !elati)el' ha!$ an$ st!on,.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

$ea Trea men of S eels

11.17 @riefly e'plain the difference between hardness and hardenability. Solution Ha!$ness is a *easu!e o a *ate!ialGs !esistan"e to lo"ali@e$ su! a"e $e o!*ation# whe!eas ha!$ena%ilit' is a *easu!e o the $e&th to whi"h a e!!ous allo' *a' %e ha!$ene$ %' the o!*ation o *a!tensite. Ha!$ena%ilit' is $ete!*ine$ !o* ha!$ness tests.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.18 *hat influence does the presence of alloyin& elements (other than carbon) ha(e on the shape of a hardenability cur(e+ @riefly e'plain this effect. Solution The &!esen"e o allo'in, ele*ents -othe! than "a!%on. "auses a *u"h *o!e ,!a$ual $e"!ease in ha!$ness with &osition !o* the quen"he$ en$ o! a ha!$ena%ilit' "u!)e. The !eason o! this e e"t is that allo'in, ele*ents !eta!$ the o!*ation o &ea!liti" an$ %ainiti" st!u"tu!es whi"h a!e not as ha!$ as *a!tensite.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1= <ow would you e'pect a decrease in the austenite &rain si)e to affect the hardenability of a steel alloy+ *hy+ Solution A $e"!ease o austenite ,!ain si@e will $e"!ease the ha!$ena%ilit'. Pea!lite no!*all' nu"leates at ,!ain %oun$a!ies# an$ the s*alle! the ,!ain si@e# the ,!eate! the ,!ain %oun$a!' a!ea# an$# "onsequentl'# the easie! it is o! &ea!lite to o!*.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1B 5ame two thermal properties of a li9uid medium that will influence its 9uenchin& effecti(eness. Solution The two the!*al &!o&e!ties o a liqui$ *e$iu* that in luen"e its quen"hin, e e"ti)eness a!e the!*al "on$u"ti)it' an$ heat "a&a"it'.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1A %onstruct radial hardness profiles for the followin&8 (a) A /07mm (17in.) diameter cylindrical specimen of an !#;0 steel alloy that has been 9uenched in moderately a&itated oil Solution In the *anne! o E/a*&le P!o%le* 11.1# the equi)alent $istan"es an$ ha!$nesses ta%ulate$ %elow we!e $ete!*ine$ !o* 2i,u!es 11.17 an$ 11.1B b. Ra$ial Position Su! a"e 3D7 A Mi$!a$ius Cente! The !esultin, ha!$ness &!o ile is &lotte$ %elow. Equi)alent 4istan"e# ** B 11 17 1= HRC Ha!$ness 87 8: 78 77

(b) A /7mm (.7in.) diameter cylindrical specimen of a /1;0 steel alloy that has been 9uenched in moderately a&itated oil Solution In the *anne! o E/a*&le P!o%le* 11.1# the equi)alent $istan"es an$ ha!$nesses ta%ulate$ %elow we!e $ete!*ine$ !o* 2i,u!es 11.17 an$ 11.1B b.
E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

Ra$ial Position Su! a"e 3D7 A Mi$!a$ius Cente! The !esultin, ha!$ness &!o ile is &lotte$ %elow.

Equi)alent 4istan"e# ** 13 1B.8 11 18

HRC Ha!$ness 71 3B 33 31

(c) A #/7mm (1

1 2

7in.) diameter cylindrical specimen of an !#10 steel alloy that has been 9uenched in

moderately a&itated water Solution In the *anne! o E/a*&le P!o%le* 11.1# the equi)alent $istan"es an$ ha!$nesses ta%ulate$ %elow we!e $ete!*ine$ !o* 2i,u!es 11.18 an$ 11.1B a. Ra$ial Position Su! a"e 3D7 A Mi$!a$ius Cente! Equi)alent 4istan"e# ** 1.8 B 11 13 HRC Ha!$ness 71 31 18 17

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

The !esultin, ha!$ness &!o ile is &lotte$ %elow.

(d) A 07mm (1

3 4

7in.) diameter cylindrical specimen of a 10;0 steel alloy that has been 9uenched in

moderately a&itated water. Solution In the *anne! o E/a*&le P!o%le* 11.1# the equi)alent $istan"es an$ ha!$nesses ta%ulate$ %elow we!e $ete!*ine$ !o* 2i,u!es 11.17 an$ 11.1B a. Ra$ial Position Su! a"e 3D7 A Mi$!a$ius Cente! The !esultin, ha!$ness &!o ile is &lotte$ %elow. Equi)alent 4istan"e# ** 3 A 13 18 HRC Ha!$ness 7A 3: 13 11

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.1< %ompare the effecti(eness of 9uenchin& in moderately a&itated water and oil by &raphin&, on a sin&le plot, radial hardness profiles for #/7mm (1 ha(e been 9uenched in both media. Solution 6e a!e aske$ to "o*&a!e the e e"ti)eness o quen"hin, in *o$e!atel' a,itate$ wate! an$ oil %' ,!a&hin,# on a sin,le &lot# ha!$ness &!o iles o! a =8 ** -101D1 in.. $ia*ete! "'lin$!i"al s&e"i*en o an A=3: steel that has %een quen"he$ in %oth *e$ia. 2o! *o$e!atel' a,itate$ wate!# the equi)alent $istan"es an$ ha!$nesses o! the se)e!al !a$ial &ositions H2i,u!es 11.1Ba an$ 11.18I a!e ta%ulate$ %elow. Ra$ial Position Su! a"e 3D7 A Mi$!a$ius Cente! Equi)alent 4istan"e# ** 1.8 B 11 13 HRC Ha!$ness 81 73 3= 33
1 2

7in.) diameter cylindrical specimens of an !#.0 steel that

6hile o! *o$e!atel' a,itate$ oil# the equi)alent $istan"es an$ ha!$nesses o! the se)e!al !a$ial &ositions H2i,u!es 11.1Bb an$ 11.18I a!e ta%ulate$ %elow. Ra$ial Position Su! a"e 3D7 A Mi$!a$ius Cente! These $ata a!e &lotte$ he!e. Equi)alent 4istan"e# ** 1: 18 1A 1: HRC Ha!$ness 3B 31 1< 1A

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

Pre!ipi a ion $ar%ening

11.3: %ompare precipitation hardenin& (Section 11.") and the hardenin& of steel by 9uenchin& and temperin& (Sections 10./, 10.#, and 10.!) with re&ard to (a) Bhe total heat treatment procedure (b) Bhe microstructures that de(elop (c) <ow the mechanical properties chan&e durin& the se(eral heat treatment sta&es Solution -a. 6ith !e,a!$ to the total heat t!eat*ent &!o"e$u!e# the ste&s o! the hardenin& of steel a!e as ollows( -1. Austeniti@e a%o)e the u&&e! "!iti"al te*&e!atu!e. -1. Euen"h to a !elati)el' low te*&e!atu!e. -3. Te*&e! at a te*&e!atu!e %elow the eute"toi$. -7. Cool to !oo* te*&e!atu!e. 6ith !e,a!$ to precipitation hardenin& # the ste&s a!e as ollows( -1. Solution heat t!eat %' heatin, into the soli$ solution &hase !e,ion. -1. Euen"h to a !elati)el' low te*&e!atu!e. -3. P!e"i&itation ha!$en %' heatin, to a te*&e!atu!e that is within the soli$ two0&hase !e,ion. -7. Cool to !oo* te*&e!atu!e. -%. 2o! the hardenin& of steel # the *i"!ost!u"tu!es that o!* at the )a!ious heat t!eatin, sta,es in &a!t -a. a!e( -1. Austenite -1. Ma!tensite -3. Te*&e!e$ *a!tensite -7. Te*&e!e$ *a!tensite 2o! precipitation hardenin& # the *i"!ost!u"tu!es that o!* at the )a!ious heat t!eatin, sta,es in &a!t -a. a!e( -1. Sin,le &hase -1. Sin,le &hase00su&e!satu!ate$ -3. S*all &late0like &a!ti"les o a new &hase within a *at!i/ o the o!i,inal &hase. -7. Sa*e as -3. -". 2o! the hardenin& of steel # the *e"hani"al "ha!a"te!isti"s o! the )a!ious ste&s in &a!t -a. a!e as ollows( -1. Not i*&o!tant -1. The steel %e"o*es ha!$ an$ %!ittle u&on quen"hin,.
E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

-3. 4u!in, te*&e!in,# the allo' so tens sli,htl' an$ %e"o*es *o!e $u"tile. -7. No si,ni i"ant "han,es u&on "oolin, to o! *aintainin, at !oo* te*&e!atu!e. 2o! precipitation hardenin& # the *e"hani"al "ha!a"te!isti"s o! the )a!ious ste&s in &a!t -a. a!e as ollows( -1. Not i*&o!tant -1. The allo' is !elati)el' so t. -3. The allo' ha!$ens with in"!easin, ti*e -initiall'.# an$ %e"o*es *o!e %!ittle+ it *a' so ten with o)e!a,in,. -7. The allo' *a' "ontinue to ha!$en o! o)e!a,e at !oo* te*&e!atu!e.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.31 *hat is the principal difference between natural and artificial a&in& processes+ Solution 2o! &!e"i&itation ha!$enin,# natu!al a,in, is allowin, the &!e"i&itation &!o"ess to o""u! at the a*%ient te*&e!atu!e+ a!ti i"ial a,in, is "a!!ie$ out at an ele)ate$ te*&e!atu!e.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

4ESI?N PROBLEMS

Ferrous Alloys Nonferrous Alloys

11.41 @elow is a list of metals and alloys8 Clain carbon steel @rass -ray cast iron Clatinum Stainless steel Bitanium alloy Select from this list the one metal or alloy that is best suited for each of the followin& applications, and cite at least one reason for your choice8 (a) Bhe block of an internal combustion en&ine (b) %ondensin& heat e'chan&er for steam (c) Det en&ine turbofan blades (d) >rill bit (e) %ryo&enic (i.e., (ery low temperature) container (f) As a pyrotechnic (i.e., in flares and fireworks) (&) <i&h7temperature furnace elements to be used in o'idi)in& atmospheres Solution -a. ?!a' "ast i!on woul$ %e the %est "hoi"e o! an en,ine %lo"k %e"ause it is !elati)el' eas' to "ast# is wea! !esistant# has ,oo$ )i%!ation $a*&in, "ha!a"te!isti"s# an$ is !elati)el' ine/&ensi)e. -%. Stainless steel woul$ %e the %est "hoi"e o! a heat e/"han,e! to "on$ense stea* %e"ause it is "o!!osion !esistant to the stea* an$ "on$ensate. -". Titaniu* allo's a!e the %est "hoi"e o! hi,h0s&ee$ ai!"!a t Cet en,ine tu!%o an %la$es %e"ause the' a!e li,ht wei,ht# st!on,# an$ easil' a%!i"ate$ )e!' !esistant to "o!!osion. Howe)e!# one $!aw%a"k is thei! "ost. -$. A tool steel woul$ %e the %est "hoi"e o! a $!ill %it %e"ause it is )e!' ha!$ !etains its ha!$ness at hi,h te*&e!atu!e an$ is wea! !esistant# an$# thus# will !etain a sha!& "uttin, e$,e. -e. 2o! a "!'o,eni" -low0te*&e!atu!e. "ontaine!# an alu*inu* allo' woul$ %e the %est "hoi"e+ alu*inu* allo's ha)e an 2CC "!'stal st!u"tu!e# an$ the!e o!e# a!e $u"tile at )e!' low te*&e!atu!es. - . As a &'!ote"hni" in la!es an$ i!ewo!ks# *a,nesiu* is the %est "hoi"e %e"ause it i,nites easil' an$
E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

4a&nesium =inc Bool steel Aluminum Bun&sten

%u!ns !ea$il' in ai! with a )e!' %!i,ht la*e. -,. Platinu* is the %est "hoi"e o! hi,h0te*&e!atu!e u!na"e ele*ents to %e use$ in o/i$i@in, at*os&he!es %e"ause it is )e!' $u"tile# has a !elati)el' )e!' hi,h *eltin, te*&e!atu!e# an$ is hi,hl' !esistant to o/i$ation.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.41 A &roup of new materials are the metallic &lasses (or amorphous metals). *rite an essay about these materials in which you address the followin& issues8 (1) compositions of some of the common metallic &lasses, (1) characteristics of these materials that make them technolo&ically attracti(e, (.) characteristics that limit their utili)ation, (;) current and potential uses, and (/) at least one techni9ue that is used to produce metallic &lasses. Solution -a. Co*&ositionall'# the *etalli" ,lass *ate!ials a!e !athe! "o*&le/+ se)e!al "o*&ositions a!e as ollows( 2eA:B1:# 2eB1C!AP13CB# 2e=BCo1AB17Si# P$BB.8Cu=.:Si1=.8# an$ 2e7:Ni3AMo7B1A. -%. These *ate!ials a!e e/"e&tionall' st!on, an$ tou,h# e/t!e*el' "o!!osion !esistant# an$ a!e easil' *a,neti@e$. -". P!in"i&al $!aw%a"ks o! these *ate!ials a!e 1. "o*&li"ate$ an$ e/oti" a%!i"ation te"hniques a!e !equi!e$+ an$ 1. inas*u"h as )e!' !a&i$ "oolin, !ates a!e !equi!e$# at least one $i*ension o the *ate!ial *ust %e s*all00i.e.# the' a!e no!*all' &!o$u"e$ in !i%%on o!*. -$. %ooks. -e. P!o$u"tion te"hniques in"lu$e "ent!i u,e *elt s&innin,# &lana!0 low "astin,# !a&i$ &!essu!e a&&li"ation# a!" *elt s&innin,. Potential uses in"lu$e t!ans o!*e! "o!es# *a,neti" a*&li ie!s# hea$s o! *a,neti" ta&e &la'e!s# !ein o!"e*ents o! &!essu!e )essels an$ ti!es# shiel$s o! ele"t!o*a,neti" inte! e!en"e# se"u!it' ta&es o! li%!a!'

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.43 3f the followin& alloys, pick the one(s) that may be stren&thened by heat treatment, cold work, or both8 A/0/00 titanium, A=.1@ ma&nesium, #0#1 aluminum, %/1000 phosphor bron)e, lead, #1/0 steel, .0; stainless steel, and %1 100 beryllium copper. Solution This question &!o)i$es us with a list o se)e!al *etal allo's# an$ then asks us to &i"k those that *a' %e st!en,thene$ %' heat t!eat*ent# %' "ol$ wo!k# o! %oth. Those allo's that *a' %e heat t!eate$ a!e eithe! those note$ as Jheat t!eata%leJ -Ta%les 11.= th!ou,h 11.<.# o! as *a!tensiti" stainless steels -Ta%le 11.7.. Allo's that *a' %e st!en,thene$ %' "ol$ wo!kin, *ust not %e e/"e&tionall' %!ittle# an$# u!the!*o!e# *ust ha)e !e"!'stalli@ation te*&e!atu!es a%o)e !oo* te*&e!atu!e -whi"h i**e$iatel' eli*inates lea$.. The allo's that all within the th!ee "lassi i"ations a!e as ollows( Heat T!eata%le =18: steel C1B1:: Be0Cu =:=1 Al Col$ 6o!ka%le =18: steel C1B1:: Be0Cu =:=1 Al 3:7 stainless steel R8:8:: Ti C81::: &hos&ho! %!on@e AK31B M, Both =18: steel C1B1:: Be0Cu =:=1 Al

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.47 A structural member 100 mm (; in.) lon& must be able to support a load of /0,000 5 (11,1/0 lb f) without e'periencin& any plastic deformation. -i(en the followin& data for brass, steel, aluminum, and titanium, rank them from least to &reatest wei&ht in accordance with these criteria. Yield Strength &MPa 'ksi() ;1/ (#0) !#0 (11/) .10 (;/) //0 (!0) Density 'g/cm 3( !./ ." 1. ;./

Alloy @rass Steel Aluminum Bitanium

Solution This &!o%le* asks us to !ank ou! allo's -%!ass# steel# titaniu*# an$ alu*inu*.# !o* least to ,!eatest wei,ht o! a st!u"tu!al *e*%e! to su&&o!t a 8:#::: N -11#18: l% . loa$ without e/&e!ien"in, &lasti" $e o!*ation. 2!o* Equation =.1# the "!oss0se"tional a!ea - A:. *ust ne"essa!il' "a!!' the loa$ - F. without e/"ee$in, the 'iel$ st!en,th -y.# as

0 =

Now# ,i)en the len,th l# the )olu*e o *ate!ial !equi!e$ -,. is Cust

= lA0 =

lF Ly

2inall'# the *ass o the *e*%e! -m. is

= =

He!e is the $ensit'. Usin, the )alues ,i)en o! these allo's

(brass) =

(8.5 g/cm3 ) (10 cm)(50, 000 N)

1 m 2 6 2 (415 10 N / m ) 2 10 cm

= 102 g

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

 (steel) =

(7.9 g/cm3 ) (10 cm)(50, 000 N)

2 (860 10 6 N / m2 ) 12 m 10 cm

= 46 g

(aluminum) =

(2.7 g/cm 3) (10 cm)(50, 000 N)

2 (310 10 6 N / m2 ) 12 m 10 cm

= 43.5 g

(titanium) =

(4.5 g/cm 3) (10 cm)(50, 000 N)

1 m 2 6 2 (550 10 N / m ) 2 10 cm

= 40.9 g

Thus# titaniu* woul$ ha)e the *ini*u* wei,ht -o! *ass.# ollowe$ %' alu*inu*# steel# an$ %!ass.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.48 >iscuss whether it would be ad(isable to hot work or cold work the followin& metals and alloys on the basis of meltin& temperature, o'idation resistance, yield stren&th, and de&ree of brittleness8 tin, tun&sten, aluminum alloys, ma&nesium alloys, and a ;1;0 steel. Solution Tin woul$ al*ost alwa's %e hot0wo!ke$. E)en $e o!*ation at !oo* te*&e!atu!e woul$ %e "onsi$e!e$ hot0wo!kin, inas*u"h as its !e"!'stalli@ation te*&e!atu!e is %elow !oo* te*&e!atu!e -Ta%le B.1.. Tun,sten is ha!$ an$ st!on, at !oo* te*&e!atu!e# has a hi,h !e"!'stalli@ation te*&e!atu!e# an$ e/&e!ien"es o/i$ation at ele)ate$ te*&e!atu!es. Col$0wo!kin, is $i i"ult %e"ause o its st!en,th# an$ hot0wo!kin, is not &!a"ti"al %e"ause o o/i$ation &!o%le*s. Most tun,sten a!ti"les a!e a%!i"ate$ %' &ow$e! *etallu!,'# o! %' usin, "ol$0wo!kin, ollowe$ %' annealin, "'"les. Most alu*inu* allo's *a' %e "ol$0wo!ke$ sin"e the' a!e $u"tile an$ ha)e !elati)el' low 'iel$ st!en,ths. Ma,nesiu* allo's a!e no!*all' hot0wo!ke$ inas*u"h as the' a!e quite %!ittle at !oo* te*&e!atu!e. Also# *a,nesiu* allo's ha)e !elati)el' low !e"!'stalli@ation te*&e!atu!es. A 717: steel "oul$ %e "ol$0wo!ke$ in an o)e!0te*&e!e$ state whi"h lea)es it so t an$ !elati)el' $u"tile# a te! whi"h quen"hin, an$ te*&e!in, heat t!eat*ents *a' %e e*&lo'e$ to st!en,then an$ ha!$en it. This steel woul$ &!o%a%l' ha)e a !elati)el' hi,h !e"!'stalli@ation te*&e!atu!e# an$ hot0wo!kin, *a' "ause o/i$ation.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

$ea Trea men of S eels

11.4= A cylindrical piece of steel 1/ mm (1.0 in.) in diameter is to be 9uenched in moderately a&itated oil. Surface and center hardnesses must be at least // and /0 <A%, respecti(ely. *hich of the followin& alloys will satisfy these re9uirements8 10;0, /1;0, ;.;0, ;1;0, and !#;0+ Dustify your choice(s). Solution In *o$e!atel' a,itate$ oil# the equi)alent $istan"es !o* the quen"he$ en$ o! a one0in"h $ia*ete! %a! o! su! a"e an$ "ente! &ositions a!e 3 ** -1DA in.. an$ A ** -11D31 in..# !es&e"ti)el' H2i,u!e 11.1B bI. ha!$nesses at these two &ositions o! the allo's "ite$ -as $ete!*ine$ usin, 2i,u!e 11.17. a!e ,i)en %elow. Su! a"e Ha!$ness -HRC. 8: 8= 8B 8B 8B Cente! Ha!$ness -HRC. 3: 7< 8B 88 83 The

Allo' 1:7: 817: 737: 717: A=7:

Thus# allo's 737:# 717:# an$ A=7: will satis ' the "!ite!ia o! %oth su! a"e an$ "ente! ha!$nesses.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.4B A cylindrical piece of steel / mm (. in.) in diameter is to be austeniti)ed and 9uenched such that a minimum hardness of ;0 <A% is to be produced throu&hout the entire piece. 3f the alloys !##0, !#;0, !#.0, and !#10, which will 9ualify if the 9uenchin& medium is (a) moderately a&itated water, and (b) moderately a&itated oil+ Dustify your choice(s). Solution -a. This &!o%le* "alls o! us to $e"i$e whi"h o A==:# A=7:# A=3:# an$ A=1: allo's *a' %e a%!i"ate$ into a "'lin$!i"al &ie"e B8 ** -3 in.. in $ia*ete! whi"h# when quen"he$ in *il$l' a,itate$ wate!# will &!o$u"e a *ini*u* ha!$ness o 7: HRC th!ou,hout the enti!e &ie"e. The "ente! o the steel "'lin$e! will "ool the slowest an$ the!e o!e will %e the so test. In *o$e!atel' a,itate$ wate! the equi)alent $istan"e !o* the quen"he$ en$ o! a B8 ** $ia*ete! %a! o! the "ente! &osition is a%out 1B ** -11D1= in.. H2i,u!e 11.1B aI. The ha!$nesses at this &osition o! the allo's "ite$ -2i,u!e 11.18. a!e ,i)en %elow. Cente! Ha!$ness -HRC. 8A 71 3: 11

Allo' A==: A=7: A=3: A=1:

The!e o!e# onl' A==: an$ A=7: allo's will ha)e a *ini*u* o 7: HRC at the "ente!# an$ the!e o!e# th!ou,hout the enti!e "'lin$e!. -%. This &a!t o the &!o%le* asks us to $o the sa*e thin, o! *o$e!atel' a,itate$ oil. In *o$e!atel' a,itate$ oil the equi)alent $istan"e !o* the quen"he$ en$ o! a B8 ** $ia*ete! %a! at the "ente! &osition is a%out 18.8 ** -101D31 in.. H2i,u!e 11.1B bI. The ha!$nesses at this &osition o! the allo's "ite$ -2i,u!e 11.18. a!e ,i)en %elow. Cente! Ha!$ness -HRC. 83 3B 1= M 1:

Allo' A==: A=7: A=3: A=1:

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

The!e o!e# onl' the A==: allo' will ha)e a *ini*u* o 7: HRC at the "ente!# an$ the!e o!e# th!ou,hout the enti!e "'lin$e!.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.4A A cylindrical piece of steel .! mm (1

1 2

in.) in diameter is to be austeniti)ed and 9uenched such

that a microstructure consistin& of at least !00 martensite will be produced throu&hout the entire piece. 3f the alloys ;.;0, ;1;0, !#;0, /1;0, and 10;0, which will 9ualify if the 9uenchin& medium is (a) moderately a&itated oil and (b) moderately a&itated water+ Dustify your choice(s). Solution -a. Sin"e the "oolin, !ate is lowest at the "ente!# we want a *ini*u* o A:9 *a!tensite at the "ente! &osition. 2!o* 2i,u!e 11.1B b# the "oolin, !ate is equal to an equi)alent $istan"e !o* the quen"he$ en$ o 11 ** -1D1 in... A""o!$in, to 2i,u!e 11.17# the ha!$ness "o!!es&on$in, to A:9 *a!tensite o! these allo's is 8: HRC. Thus# all we nee$ $o is to $ete!*ine whi"h o the allo's ha)e a 8: HRC ha!$ness at an equi)alent $istan"e !o* the quen"he$ en$ o 11 ** -1D1 in... At an equi)alent $istan"e o 11 ** -1D1 in..# the ollowin, ha!$nesses a!e $ete!*ine$ !o* 2i,u!e 11.17 o! the )a!ious allo's. Allo' 737: 717: A=7: 817: 1:7: Thus# onl' allo's 737: an$ 717: will quali '. -%. 2o! *o$e!atel' a,itate$ wate!# the "oolin, !ate at the "ente! o a 3A ** $ia*ete! s&e"i*en is B ** -8D1= in.. equi)alent $istan"e !o* the quen"he$ en$ H2i,u!e 11.1B aI. At this &osition# the ollowin, ha!$nesses a!e $ete!*ine$ !o* 2i,u!e 11.17 o! the se)e!al allo's. Allo' 737: 717: A=7: 817: 1:7: Ha!$ness -HRC. 8B 88 87 81 33 Ha!$ness -HRC. 8= 83 7< 73 18

It is still ne"essa!' to ha)e a ha!$ness o 8: HRC o! ,!eate! at the "ente!+ thus# allo's 737:# 717:# A=7:# an$ 817: quali '.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.4< A cylindrical piece of steel "0 mm (.

1 2

in.) in diameter is to be 9uenched in moderately a&itated

water. Surface and center hardnesses must be at least // and ;0 <A%, respecti(ely. *hich of the followin& alloys will satisfy these re9uirements8 10;0, /1;0, ;.;0, ;1;0, !#10, !#.0, !#;0, and !##0+ Dustify your choices. Solution A ninet'0*illi*ete! -th!ee an$ one0hal in"h. $ia*ete! "'lin$!i"al steel s&e"i*en is to %e quen"he$ in *o$e!atel' a,itate$ wate!. 6e a!e to $e"i$e whi"h o ei,ht $i e!ent steels will ha)e su! a"e an$ "ente! ha!$nesses o at least 88 an$ 7: HRC# !es&e"ti)el'. In *o$e!atel' a,itate$ wate!# the equi)alent $istan"es !o* the quen"he$ en$ o! a <: ** $ia*ete! %a! o! su! a"e an$ "ente! &ositions a!e 3 ** -1DA in.. an$ 11 ** -BDA in..# !es&e"ti)el' H2i,u!e 11.1B aI. The ha!$nesses at these two &ositions o! the allo's "ite$ a!e ,i)en %elow. The ha!$nesses at these two &ositions o! the allo's "ite$ a!e ,i)en %elow -as $ete!*ine$ !o* 2i,u!es 11.17 an$ 11.18.. Su! a"e Ha!$ness -HRC. 8: 8= 8B 8B 71 81 8= =7 Cente! Ha!$ness -HRC. M 1: 37 83 78 M 1: 1A 3A 88

Allo' 1:7: 817: 737: 717: A=1: A=3: A=7: A==:

Thus# allo's 737:# 717:# an$ A==: will satis ' the "!ite!ia o! %oth su! a"e ha!$ness -*ini*u* 88 HRC. an$ "ente! ha!$ness -*ini*u* 7: HRC..

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.41: A cylindrical piece of ;1;0 steel is to be austeniti)ed and 9uenched in moderately a&itated oil. 6f the microstructure is to consist of at least /00 martensite throu&hout the entire piece, what is the ma'imum allowable diameter+ Dustify your answer. Solution 2!o* 2i,u!e 11.17# the equi)alent $istan"e !o* the quen"he$ en$ o a 717: steel to ,i)e 8:9 *a!tensite -o! a 71.8 HRC ha!$ness. is 1B ** -101DA in... Thus# the quen"hin, !ate at the "ente! o the s&e"i*en shoul$ "o!!es&on$ to this equi)alent $istan"e. Usin, 2i,u!e 11.1B b# the "ente! s&e"i*en "u!)e takes on a )alue o 1B ** -101DA in.. equi)alent $istan"e at a $ia*ete! o a%out A3 ** -3.3 in...

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.411 A cylindrical piece of !#;0 steel is to be austeniti)ed and 9uenched in moderately a&itated oil. 6f the hardness at the surface of the piece must be at least ;" <A%, what is the ma'imum allowable diameter+ Dustify your answer. Solution 6e a!e to $ete!*ine# o! a "'lin$!i"al &ie"e o A=7: steel# the *ini*u* allowa%le $ia*ete! &ossi%le in o!$e! 'iel$ a su! a"e ha!$ness o 7< HRC# when the quen"hin, is "a!!ie$ out in *o$e!atel' a,itate$ oil. 2!o* 2i,u!e 11.18# the equi)alent $istan"e !o* the quen"he$ en$ o an A=7: steel to ,i)e a ha!$ness o 7< HRC is a%out 11 ** -18D31 in... Thus# the quen"hin, !ate at the su! a"e o the s&e"i*en shoul$ "o!!es&on$ to this equi)alent $istan"e. Usin, 2i,u!e 11.1B b# the su! a"e s&e"i*en "u!)e takes on a )alue o 11 ** equi)alent $istan"e at a $ia*ete! o a%out B8 ** -3 in...

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.411 6s it possible to temper an oil79uenched ;1;0 steel cylindrical shaft 100 mm (; in.) in diameter so as to &i(e a minimum tensile stren&th of !/0 4Ca (11/,000 psi) and a minimum ductility of 110EL+ 6f so, specify a temperin& temperature. 6f this is not possible, then e'plain why. Solution This &!o%le* asks i it is &ossi%le to te*&e! an oil0quen"he$ 717: steel "'lin$!i"al sha t 1:: ** -7 in.. in $ia*ete! so as to ,i)e a *ini*u* tensile st!en,th o A8: MPa -118#::: &si. an$ a *ini*u* $u"tilit' o 119EL. In o!$e! to sol)e this &!o%le* it is ne"essa!' to use 2i,u!es 11.1: a an$ 11.1:c# whi"h &lot# !es&e"ti)el'# tensile st!en,th an$ $u"tilit' )e!sus te*&e!in, te*&e!atu!e. 2o! the 1:: ** $ia*ete! line o 2i,u!e 11.1: a# te*&e!in, te*&e!atu!es less than a%out 8=:NC a!e !equi!e$ to ,i)e a tensile st!en,th o at least A8: MPa. 2u!the!*o!e# !o* 2i,u!e 11.1:c# o! the 1:: ** $ia*ete! line# te*&e!in, te*&e!atu!es ,!eate! than a%out 8A8NC will ,i)e $u"tilities ,!eate! than 119EL. Hen"e# it is not possible to te*&e! this allo' to &!o$u"e the sti&ulate$ *ini*u* tensile st!en,th an$ $u"tilit'. To *eet the tensile st!en,th *ini*u*# B-te*&e!in,. M 8=:NC# whe!eas o! $u"tilit' *ini*u*# B-te*&e!in,. O 8A8NC+ thus# the!e is no o)e!la& o these te*&e!in, te*&e!atu!e !an,es.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.413 6s it possible to temper an oil79uenched ;1;0 steel cylindrical shaft 11./ mm (0./ in.) in diameter so as to &i(e a minimum yield stren&th of 1000 4Ca (1;/,000 psi) and a minimum ductility of 1#0EL+ 6f so, specify a temperin& temperature. 6f this is not possible, then e'plain why. Solution This &!o%le* asks i it is &ossi%le to te*&e! an oil0quen"he$ 717: steel "'lin$!i"al sha t 11.8 ** -:.8 in.. in $ia*ete! so as to ,i)e a *ini*u* 'iel$ st!en,th o 1::: MPa -178#::: &si. an$ a *ini*u* $u"tilit' o 1=9EL. In o!$e! to sol)e this &!o%le* it is ne"essa!' to use 2i,u!es 11.1: b an$ 11.1:c# whi"h &lot# !es&e"ti)el'# 'iel$ st!en,th an$ $u"tilit' )e!sus te*&e!in, te*&e!atu!e. 2o! the 11.8 ** $ia*ete! line o 2i,u!e 11.1: b# te*&e!in, te*&e!atu!es less than a%out =::NC a!e !equi!e$ to ,i)e a 'iel$ st!en,th o at least 1::: MPa. 2u!the!*o!e# !o* 2i,u!e 11.1:c# o! the 11.8 ** $ia*ete! line# te*&e!in, te*&e!atu!es ,!eate! than a%out 88:NC will ,i)e $u"tilities ,!eate! than 1B9EL. Hen"e# it is possible to te*&e! this allo' to &!o$u"e the sti&ulate$ *ini*u* 'iel$ st!en,th an$ $u"tilit'+ the te*&e!in, te*&e!atu!e will lie %etween 88:NC an$ =::NC.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

Pre!ipi a ion $ar%ening

11.417 %opper7rich copper?beryllium alloys are precipitation hardenable. After consultin& the portion of the phase dia&ram (Fi&ure 11..0), do the followin&8 (a) Specify the ran&e of compositions o(er which these alloys may be precipitation hardened. (b) @riefly describe the heat7treatment procedures (in terms of temperatures) that would be used to precipitation harden an alloy ha(in& a composition of your choosin&, yet lyin& within the ran&e &i(en for part (a). Solution This &!o%le* is "on"e!ne$ with the &!e"i&itation0ha!$enin, o "o&&e!0!i"h Cu0Be allo's. It is ne"essa!' o! us to use the Cu0Be &hase $ia,!a* -2i,u!e 11.3:.# whi"h is shown %elow.

-a.

The !an,e o "o*&ositions o)e! whi"h these allo's *a' %e &!e"i&itation ha!$ene$ is %etween

a&&!o/i*atel' :.1 wt9 Be -the *a/i*u* solu%ilit' o Be in Cu at a%out 3:: C. an$ 1.B wt9 Be -the *a/i*u* solu%ilit' o Be in Cu at A==C.. -%. The heat t!eat*ent &!o"e$u!e# o "ou!se# will $e&en$ on the "o*&osition "hosen. 2i!st o all# the solution heat t!eat*ent *ust %e "a!!ie$ out at a te*&e!atu!e within the &hase !e,ion# a te! whi"h# the s&e"i*en is quen"he$ to !oo* te*&e!atu!e. 2inall'# the &!e"i&itation heat t!eat*ent is "on$u"te$ at a te*&e!atu!e within the P 1 &hase !e,ion. 2o! e/a*&le# o! a 1.8 wt9 Be0<A.8 wt9 Cu allo'# the solution heat t!eatin, te*&e!atu!e *ust %e %etween a%out =::C -111:2. an$ <::C -1=8:2.# while the &!e"i&itation heat t!eat*ent woul$ %e %elow =:: C

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

-111:2.# an$ &!o%a%l' a%o)e 3::C -8B:2.. Below 3::C# $i usion !ates a!e low# an$ heat t!eat*ent ti*es woul$ %e !elati)el' lon,.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.418 A solution heat7treated 101; aluminum alloy is to be precipitation hardened to ha(e a minimum tensile stren&th of ;/0 4Ca (#/,1/0 psi) and a ductility of at least 1/0EL. Specify a practical precipitation heat treatment in terms of temperature and time that would &i(e these mechanical characteristics. Dustify your answer. Solution 6e a!e aske$ to s&e"i ' a &!a"ti"al heat t!eat*ent o! a 1:17 alu*inu* allo' that will &!o$u"e a *ini*u* tensile st!en,th o 78: MPa -=8#18: &si.# an$ a *ini*u* $u"tilit' o 189EL. 2!o* 2i,u!e 11.1B a# the ollowin, heat t!eatin, te*&e!atu!es an$ ti*e !an,es a!e &ossi%le to the ,i)e the !equi!e$ tensile st!en,th. Te*&e!atu!e -C. 1=: 1:7 17< 111 Ti*e Ran,e -h. :.:10:.1 :.:101: 30=:: O 380Q

6ith !e,a!$ to te*&e!atu!es an$ ti*es to ,i)e the $esi!e$ $u"tilit' H2i,u!e 11.1B bI( Te*&e!atu!e -C. 1=: 1:7 17< 111 Ti*e Ran,e -h. M :.:1# O 7: M :.18 M 1: M 8::

2!o* these ta%ulations# the ollowin, *a' %e "on"lu$e$( It is not &ossi%le to heat t!eat this allo' at 1=: C so as to &!o$u"e the $esi!e$ set o &!o&e!tiesR the!e is no o)e!la& o the two sets o ti*e !an,es. At 1:7C# the heat t!eatin, ti*e woul$ %e %etween :.:1 an$ :.18 h+ ti*es l'in, within this !an,e a!e i*&!a"ti"all' sho!t. At 17<C# the ti*e woul$ %e %etween 3 an$ 1: h. 2inall'# at 111C# the ti*e !an,e is 38 to a%out 8:: h.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.

11.41= 6s it possible to produce a precipitation7hardened 101; aluminum alloy ha(in& a minimum tensile stren&th of ;1/ 4Ca (#1,#1/ psi) and a ductility of at least 110EL+ 6f so, specify the precipitation heat treatment. 6f it is not possible, e'plain why. Solution This &!o%le* inqui!es as to the &ossi%ilit' o &!o$u"in, a &!e"i&itation0ha!$ene$ 1:17 alu*inu* allo' ha)in, a *ini*u* tensile st!en,th o 718 MPa -=1#=18 &si. an$ a $u"tilit' o at least 119EL. In o!$e! to sol)e this &!o%le* it is ne"essa!' to "onsult 2i,u!es 11.1B a an$ 11.1Bb. Below a!e ta%ulate$ the ti*es !equi!e$ at the )a!ious te*&e!atu!es to a"hie)e the sti&ulate$ tensile st!en,th. Te*&e!atu!e -C. 1=: 1:7 17< 111 Ti*e Ran,e -h. M :.8 M 18 101::: O 380Q

6ith !e,a!$ to te*&e!atu!es an$ ti*es to ,i)e the $esi!e$ $u"tilit'( Te*&e!atu!e -C. 1=: 1:7 17< 111 Ti*e Ran,e -h. M :.:1# O 1: M :.7# O 38: M 1: M 1:::

2!o* these ta%ulations# the ollowin, *a' %e "on"lu$e$( At 1=:C# the heat t!eatin, ti*e woul$ nee$ to %e less than :.:1 h -1.1 *in.# whi"h is i*&!a"ti"all' sho!t. At 1:7C# the heat t!eat*ent woul$ nee$ to %e less than :.7 h -17 *in.# whi"h is a little on the sho!t si$e. At 17<C# the ti*e !an,e woul$ %e %etween 1 an$ 1: h. 2inall'# at 111C# this &!o&e!t' "o*%ination is &ossi%le o! )i!tuall' all ti*es less than a%out 1::: h.

E/"e!&ts !o* this wo!k *a' %e !e&!o$u"e$ %' inst!u"to!s o! $ist!i%ution on a not0 o!0&!o it %asis o! testin, o! inst!u"tional &u!&oses onl' to stu$ents en!olle$ in "ou!ses o! whi"h the te/t%ook has %een a$o&te$. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 10 or 10! of the 1" # $nited States %opyri&ht Act without the permission of the copyri&ht owner is unlawful.