INTRODUCTION TO LYMPHOID TISSUE AND IMMUNE SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completi ! t"i# #ectio $ t"e #t%&e t #"o%l& 'e ('le to ) o*+

1. The function of the lymphoid tissue.

2. Different cell types in found in lymphatic tissue.

3. The location of central and peripheral lymphoid organs

4. The function of the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph node.

INTRODUCTION TO LYMPHOID TISSUE AND IMMUNE SYSTEM

LECTURE OUTLINE

LYMPHOID TISSUE+ DE,INITION+

Cells, tissues, and organs composing the imm% e #-#tem, including the 'o e m(rro*, t"-m%#$ #plee $ and l-mp" o&e#.

,UNCTION O, THE LYMPHOID TISSUE+ L-mp"oi& ti##%e i# re#po #i'le for t"e &efe #e of 'o&-.
This defense is against alien chemical substances (antigens . !r remo"al of foreign body or unwanted material from the body (e.g. microorganism, to#ins .

It perform# t"i# f% ctio

$. %hagocytosis.

'-+

$$.

&on phagocytic reaction.

The acti"e cells in lymphoid tissue are lymphocytes (T' lymphocytes and ('lymphocytes , plasma cells and macrophages.

ANTIGEN+
A ti!e is a molecule ha"ing structural configuration that elicit

an immune reaction in the body. The antigens are recogni)ed by lymphocytes by specific receptors. *ntigens get attached to the lymphocytes. $f T' lymphocytes recogni)e the antigen they +ill it. $f ('lymphocytes recogni)e the antigen, lymphocytes are con"erted to plasma cells. These plasma cells then secrete ( ti'o&ie# which destroy the antigen. The lymphocytes are concentrated at many sites in the body. The main areas of lymphocyte proliferation are classified as prim(r- or #eco &(r- lymphoid tissue. The #tem cell# are present in 'o e m(rro*. The precursors of T'lymphocytes pass from bone marrow to thymus for differentiation and maturation.

 *fter maturation in thymus these lymphocytes enter in general circulation. ,aturation of ('lymphocytes ta+e place in bone marrow, from there they enter in general circulation. -o bone marrow and thymus are classified as prim(r- or ce tr(l l-mp"oi& or!( #. Seco &(r- or perip"er(l organs are lymph node, spleen tonsils and lymphoid tissue associated with epithelial surfaces (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or ,*.T . /#amples of ,*.T are tonsils, %eyer0s patches and lymph nodules in respiratory and urogenital system.

CENTRAL LYMPHOID TISSUE+

Consists of 'o e m(rro* and t"-m%#. (one marrow produces stem cells. -tem cells are of two types1 a T' lymphocytes, mature in thymus. b B' lymphocytes mature in bone marrow.

PERIPHERAL TISSUE+
.ymph node. -pleen.

 Tonsil. ,*.T (,ucosa *ssociated .ymphoid Tissue .

BONE MARRO/+
Central lymph organ is the 'o e m(rro* of the long bones where lymphocytes are produced.

THYMUS
The t"-m%# is also a central organ. $t is large pin+ organ lying 2ust under the sternum.

$t has an important function of processing lymphocytes so they are capable of recogni)ing and attac+ing foreign in"aders (antigens li+e bacteria to#ins etc. Thymus produces hormones li+e thymosin and thymopoietin. T'lymphocytes are produced by thymus which are carried by blood to the other lymphoid organs.

PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS0TISSUE1 A2 LYMPH NODE+

a .ymph nodes are minute organs scattered all o"er the body.

a .ymph nodes are immunological filter of the lymph.

a They produce lymphocytes.

a *ntibodies are also produced in lymph nodes in response to antigen.

B2 SPLEEN+
The #plee is an important part of the lymphatic system.

$t is a deep red organ situated in the abdomen. $t is composed of two different types of tissues.

The first type ma+es and stores lymphocytes, the cells of the immune system. The second type of tissue destroys worn out red blood cells, brea+ing down the hemoglobin into iron, which is recycled, and the waste products that are e#creted. The spleen also stores red blood cells. 3hen se"ere blood loss occurs, it contracts and releases them into the circulation.

TONSIL+

 Tonsils are aggregate of lymphoid tissue, found in the pharyn#. They are classified into a %alatine tonsil. b .ingual tonsil. c %haryngeal tonsil.

A.PALATINE TONSIL+
P(l(ti e to #il#, occasionally called the f(%ci(l to #il#, are the tonsils that can be seen on the left and right sides at the bac+ of the throat (pharyn# . /ach tonsil is composed of tissue similar to lymph nodes, co"ered by pin+ mucosa (li+e on the ad2acent mouth lining . 4unning through the mucosa of each tonsil are pits, called crypts.

B. LINGUAL TONSIL+
The li !%(l to #il# are rounded masses of l-mp"(tic ti##%e that co"er the posterior region of the to !%e. They are on the dorsal surface at the '(#e of t"e to !%e. Their lymphatic tissue are dense and nodular, their surface is co"ered with #tr(tifie& #3%(mo%# epit"eli%m which in"aginates as a single cr-pt into each lingual tonsil. They are partially surrounded by connecti"e tissue placing them in the group of %artially'/ncapsulated .ymphatic !rgans, to #il#, the only one of its +ind. They ha"e associated

m%co%# glands which are drained by ducts directly into the single tonsillar crypt.

C. PHARYNGEAL TONSIL+
%haryngeal tonsils (A&e oi&# or in the roof of the nasopharyn#, where the mo%t". Normally, in children, they make a soft mound in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, just above and behind the uvula. (#op"(r- !e(l to #il# o#e blends into the

are a mass of l-mp"oi& ti##%e situated at the "ery bac+ of the nose,