Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC EXCHANGES

1.0 Introdu t!on The prime purpose of an e chan!e is "o pro#i$e a "emporar% pa"h for simu&"aneous' (i)$irec"iona& "ransmission of speech (e"ween *i+ ,u(scri(er &ines connec"e$ "o same e chan!e *&oca& swi"chin!+ *ii+ ,u(scri(er &ines an$ "runks "o o"her e chan!e*ou"!oin! "runk ca&&+ *iii+ ,u(scri(er &ines an$ "runks from o"her e chan!es*incomin! "runk ca&&s+ an$ *i#+ -airs of "runks "owar$s $ifferen" e chan!es *"ransi" swi"chin!+ These are a&so ca&&e$ "he swi"chin! func"ions of an e chan!e an$ are imp&emen"e$ "hrou!h "he e.uipmen" ca&&e$ "he swi"chin! ne"work' An e chan!e/ which can se"up 0us" "he firs" "hree "%pes of connec"ions'/ is ca&&e$ a ,u(scri(er or Loca& E chan!e' If an e chan!e can se"up on&% "he four"h "%pe of connec"ions/ i" is ca&&e$ a Transi" or Tan$em E chan!e' The o"her $is"in!uishe$ func"ions of an e chan!e are i+ ii+ iii+ E chan!e of informa"ion wi"h "he e "erna& en#ironmen" *,u(scri(er &ines or o"her e chan!es+ i'e' si!na&in!' -rocessin! "he si!na&in! informa"ion an$ con"ro&&in! "he opera"ion of si!na&in! ne"work/ i'e' con"ro&/ an$ Char!in! an$ (i&&in!

A&& "hese func"ions can (e pro#i$e$ more efficien"&% usin! compu"er con"ro&&e$ e&ec"ronic e chan!e/ "han (% "he con#en"iona& e&ec"romechanica& e chan!es' This han$ou" $escri(es "he (asic principa&s of ,-C e chan!es an$ e p&ains how "he e chan!e func"ions are achie#e$' 1'1 Stor"d Pro#r$%%" Contro&&"d E' ($n#") In e&ec"romechanica& swi"chin!/ "he #arious func"ions of "he e chan!e are achie#e$ (% "he opera"ion an$ re&ease of re&a%s an$ swi"ch *ro"ar% or cross(ar+ con"ac"s/ un$er "he $irec"ion of a Con"ro& ,u(),%s"em' These con"rac"s are har$ ) wire$ in a pre$e"ermine$ wa%' The e chan!e $epen$en" $a"a/ such as/ su(scri(er2s c&ass of ser#ice/ "rans&a"ion an$ rou"in!/ com(ina"ion si!na&in! charac"eris"ics/ are achie#e$ (% har$)ware an$ &o!ic/ (% a of re&a% se"s/ !roupin! of same "%pe of &ines/ s"rappin! on Main or In"erme$ia"e 3is"ri(u"ion 4rame or "rans&a"ion fie&$s/ e"c' When "he $a"a is "o (e mo$ifie$/ for in"ro$uc"ion of a new ser#ice/ or chan!e in ser#ices a&rea$% a#ai&a(&e "o a su(scri(er/ "he har$ware chan!e ran!in! from incon#enien" "o near impossi(&e/ are in#o&#e$'

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

In an ,-C e chan!e/ a processor simi&ar "o a !enera& purpose compu"er/ is use$ "o con"ro& "he func"ions of "he e chan!e' A&& "he con"ro& func"ions/ represen"e$ (% a series of #arious ins"ruc"ions/ are s"ore$ in "he memor%' Therefore "he processor memories ho&$ a&& e chan!e)$epen$en" $a"a' such as su(scri(er $a"e/ "rans&a"ion "a(&es/ rou"in! an$ char!in! informa"ion an$ ca&& recor$s' 4or each ca&& processin! s"ep' e'!' for "akin! a $ecision accor$in! "o c&ass of ser#ice/ "he s"ore$ $a"a is referre$ "o/ 6ence/ "his concep" of swi"chin!' The memories are mo$ifia(&e an$ "he con"ro& pro!ram can a&wa%s (e rewri""en if "he (eha#ior or "he use of s%s"em is "o (e mo$ifie$' This impar"s an$ enormous f&e i(i&i"% in o#era&& workin! of "he e chan!e' 3i!i"a& compu"ers ha#e "he capa(i&i"% of han$&in! man% "ens of "housan$s of ins"ruc"ions e#er% secon$/ 6ence/ in a$$i"ion "o con"ro&&in! "he swi"chin! func"ions "he same processor can han$&e o"her func"ions a&so' The imme$ia"e effec" of ho&$in! (o"h "he con"ro& pro!ramme an$ "he e chan!e $a"a/ in easi&% a&"era(&e memories/ is "ha" "he a$minis"ra"ion can (ecome much more responsi#e "o su(scri(er re.uiremen"s' (o"h in "erms of in"ro$ucin! new ser#ices an$ mo$if%in! !enera& ser#ices/ or in respon$in! "o "he $eman$s of in$i#i$ua& su(scri(er' 4or e amp&e/ "o res"ore ser#ice on pa%men" of an o#er$ue (i&& or "o permi" chan!e from a $ia& ins"rumen" "o a mu&"i fre.uenc% sen$er/ simp&% "he appropria"e en"ries in "he su(scri(er $a"a)fi&e are "o (e amen$e$' This can (e $one (% "%pin!) in simp&e ins"ruc"ions from a "e&e"%pewri"er or #isua& $isp&a% uni"' The a(i&i"% of "he a$minis"ra"ion "o respon$ rapi$&% an$ effec"i#e&% "o su(scri(er re.uiremen"s is &ike&% "o (ecome increasin!&% impor"an" in "he fu"ure' The mo$ifica"ions an$ chan!es in ser#ices which were pre#ious&% impossi(&e (e achie#e$ #er% simp&% in ,-C e chan!e/ (% mo$if%in! "he s"ore$ $a"a sui"a(&%' In some case$/ su(scri(ers can a&so (e !i#en "he faci&i"% "o mo$if% "heir own $a"a en"ries for supp&emen"ar% ser#ices/ such as on)$eman$ ca&& "ransfer/ shor" co$e/ *a((re#ia"e$ + $ia&in!/ e"c' The use of a cen"ra& processor/ a&so makes possi(&e "he connec"ion of &oca& an$ remo"e "ermina&s "o carr% ou" man)machine $ia&o!ue wi"h each e chan!e' Thus/ "he main"enance an$ a$minis"ra"i#e opera"ions of a&& "he ,-C e chan!es in a ne"work can (e performe$ from a sin!&e cen"ra&ise$ p&ace' The processor sen$s "he informa"ion on "he performance of "he ne"work/ such as/ "raffic f&ow/ (i&&in! informa"ion/ fau&"s/ "o "he cen"re/ which carries ou" reme$ia& measures wi"h "he he&p of comman$s' ,imi&ar&%/ o"her mo$ifica"ions in ser#ices can a&so (e carrie$ ou" from "he remo"e cen"re' This a&&ows a (e""er con"ro& on "he o#era&& performance of "he ne"work' As "he processor is capa(&e of performin! opera"ions a" a #er% hi!h spee$/ i" has !o" sufficien" "ime "o run rou"ine "es" pro!rammes "o $e"ec" fau&"s/ au"oma"ica&&%' 6ence/ "here is no nee$ "o carr% ou" "ime consumin! manua& rou"ine "es"s'

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

In an ,-C e chan!e/ a&& con"ro& e.uipmen" can (e rep&ace$ (% a sin!&e processor' The processor mus"/ "herefore/ (e .ui"e powerfu&/ "%pica&&%/ i" mus" process hun$re$s of ca&&s per secon$/ in a$$i"ion "o performin! o"her a$minis"ra"i#e an$ main"enance "asks' 6owe#er/ "o"a&&% cen"ra&ise$ con"ro& has $raw(acks' The sof"ware for such a cen"ra& processor wi&& (e #o&uminous/ comp&e / an$ $ifficu&" "o $e#e&op re&ia(&%' Moreo#er/ i" is no" a !oo$ arran!emen" from "he poin" of #iew of s%s"em securi"%/ as "he en"ire s%s"em wi&& co&&apse wi"h "he fai&ure of "he processor' These $ifficu&"ies can (e o#ercome (% $ecen"ra&isin! "he con"ro&' ,ome rou"ine func"ions/ such as scannin!/ si!na& $is"ri(u"in!/ markin!/ which are in$epen$en" of ca&& processin!/ can (e $e&e!a"e$ "o au i&iar% or periphera& processors' These periphera& uni"s/ each wi"h specia&ise$ func"ion/ are of"en "hemse&#es con"ro&&e$ (% a sma&& s"ore$ pro!rammes processors/ "hus re$ucin! "he si8e an$ comp&e i"% a" cen"ra& con"ro& &e#e&' ,ince/ "he% ha#e "o han$&e on&% one func"ion/ "heir pro!rammes are &ess #o&uminous an$ far &ess su(0ec"e$ "o chan!e "han "hose a" cen"ra&' Therefore/ "he associa"e$ pro!ramme memor% nee$ no" (e mo$ifia(&e *!enera&&%/ semicon$uc"ors ROM9s are use$+' 1.* B&o + S ("%$t! o, SPC E' ($n#" 3espi"e "he man% $ifference (e"ween "he e&ec"ronic swi"chin! s%s"ems/ an$ a&& o#er "he wor&$ "here is a !enera& simi&ari"% (e"ween mos" of "he s%s"ems in "erms of "heir func"iona& su($i#isions' In i"2s simp&es" from' an ,-C e chan!e consis"s of fi#e main su()s%s"ems/ as shown in fi!' i' ii' iii' i#' #' #i' Termina& e.uipmen"/ pro#i$es on in$i#i$ua& (asis for each su(scri(er &ine an$ for in"ere chan!e "runk' ,wi"chin! ne"work/ ma% (e space) $i#ision or "ime)$i#ision/ uni)$irec"iona& or (i) $irec"iona&' ,wi"chin! processor/ consis"in! main&% of processors an$ memories' ,wi"chin! periphera&s * ,canner/ 3is"ri(u"or an$ Marker +/ are In"erface Circui"s (e"ween con"ro& s%s"em "ermina& e.uipmen" an$ swi"chin! ne"work' ,i!na&in! in"erfaces $epen$in! on "%pe of si!na&in! use$/ an$ 3a"a -rocessin! -eriphera&s * Te&e ) "%pewri"ers/ -rin"ers/ e"c' + for man) machine $ia&o!ue for opera"ion an$ main"enance of "he e chan!e'

*;+
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Man Machine 3ia&o!ue periphera&s

Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

Line < Trunks

Termina& E.uipmen"

*2+ ,wi"chin! ne"work *1+

Common channe& ,i!na&in! &inks

Common channe& si!na&in! "ermina& *:+

Channe& associa"e$ si!na&in! "ermina& *:+

*7+ 3is"ri(u"or

*7+ ,canner

*7+ Marker

*5+ Cen"ra& con"ro& CC Memories

, -

*;+ Man Machine $ia&o!ue periphera&s

F!#. Fun t!on$& -u.d!/!-!on- o, $n -0 "' ($n#"

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

1.T"r%!n$& E1u!0%"nt. In "his e.uipmen"/ &ine/ "runk/ an$ ser#ice circui"s are "ermina"e$/ for $e"ec"ion/ si!na&in!/ speech "ransmission/ an$ super#ision of ca&&s' The Line Circui"s carr% ou" "he "ra$i"iona& func"ions of super#isin! an$ pro#i$in! (a""er% fee$ "o each su(scri(er &ine' The Trunk Circui"s are use$ on ou"!oin!/ incomin! an$ "ransi" ca&&s for (a""er% fee$ an$ super#ision' ,er#ice Circui"s perform specific func"ions/ &ike/ "ransmission an$ recep"ion of $eca$ic $ia& pu&ses or M4 si!na&s/ which ma% (e economica&&% han$&e$ (% a specia&ise$ common poo& of circui"s' In con"ras" "o e&ec"romechanica& circui"s/ "he Trunk an$ ,er#ice circui"s in ,-C e chan!es/ are consi$era(&% simp&er (ecause func"ions/ &ike coun"in!/ pu&sin!/ "imin! char!in!/ e"c' are $e&e!a"e$ "o s"ore$ pro!ramme' *. S2!t (!n# N"t2or+. In an e&ec"ronic e chan!e/ "he swi"chin! ne"work is one of "he &ar!es" su()s%s"em in "erms of si8e of "he e.uipmen"' I"s main func"ions are / i' ,wi"chin!/ i'e'/ se""in! up "emporar% connec"ion (e"ween "wo or more e chan!e "ermina"ions/ an$ ii' Transmission of speech an$ si!na&s (e"ween "hese "ermina"ions/ wi"h re&ia(&e accurac%' There are "wo "%pes of e&ec"ronic swi"chin! s%s"em' #i8' ,pace $i#ision an$ Time 3i#ision' *.1 S0$ " D!/!-!on -2!t (!n# S3-t"%' In a space 3i#ision ,wi"chin! s%s"em/ a con"inuous ph%sica& pa"h is se" up (e"ween inpu" an$ ou"pu" "ermina"ions' This pa"h is separa"e for each connec"ion an$ is he&$ for "he en"ire $ura"ion of "he ca&&' -a"h for $ifferen" connec"ions is in$epen$en" of each o"her' Once a con"inuous pa"h has (een es"a(&ishe$'/ ,i!na&s are in"erchan!e$ (e"ween "he "wo "ermina"ions' ,uch a swi"chin! ne"work can emp&o% ei"her me"a&&ic or e&ec"ronic cross)poin"s' -re#ious&%/ usa!e of me"a&&ic cross)poin"s/ #i8'/ ree$ re&a%/ mini)cross (ar $eri#a"i#e swi"ches/ e"c'were fa#ore$' The% ha#e "he a$#an"a!e of compa"i(i&i"% wi"h "he e is"in! &ine an$ "runk si!na&in! con$i"ions in "he ne"work' *.* T!%" D!/!-!on S2!t (!n# S3-t"%. In Time 3i#ision ,wi"chin!/ a num(er of ca&&s share "he same pa"h on "ime $i#ision sharin! (asis' The pa"h is no" separa"e for each connec"ion/ ra"her/ is share$ se.uen"ia&&% for a frac"ion of a "ime (% $ifferen" ca&&s' This process is repea"e$ perio$ica&&% a" a sui"a(&e hi!h ra"e' The repe"i"ion ra"e is = Kh8/ i'e' once e#er% 12: microsecon$s for "ransmi""in! speech on "e&ephone ne"work/ wi"hou" an% apprecia(&e $is"or"ion' These samp&es are "ime mu&"ip&e e$ wi"h s"a!!ere$

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

samp&es of o"her speech channe&s/ "o ena(&e sharin! of one pa"h (% man% ca&&s' The Time 3i#ision ,wi"chin! was ini"ia&&% accomp&ishe$ (% -u&se Amp&i"u$e Mo$u&a"ion *-AM+ ,wi"chin!' 6owe#er/ i" s"i&& cou&$ no" o#ercome "he performance &imi"a"ions of si!na& $is"or"ion noise/ cross)"a&k e"c' Wi"h "he a$#en" of -u&se Co$e Mo$u&a"ion *-CM+/ "he -AM si!na&s were con#er"e$ in"o a $i!i"a& forma" o#ercomin! "he &imi"a"ions of ana&o! an$ -AM si!na&s' -CM si!na&s are sui"a(&e for (o"h "ransmission an$ swi"chin!' The -CM swi"chin! is popu&ar&% ca&&e$ 3i!i"a& ,wi"chin!' Co%0$t!.!&!t3 2!t( E'!-t!n# N"t2or+ In "his area/ "he app&ica"ion of e&ec"ronic "echni.ues has encoun"ere$ "he !rea"es" $ifficu&"%' To apprecia"e "he reasons/ &e" us consi$er "he (asic re.uiremen"s of a con#en"iona& swi"chin! ne"work' 6i!h O44 resis"ance an$ &ow ON resis"ance' ,ufficien" power han$&in! capaci"% for "ransmi""in! rin!in! curren"/ (a""er% fee$ e"c'''/ on su(scri(er &ines' Goo$ fre.uenc% response *5??)57?? Kh8 + @i)$irec"iona& pa"h *prefera(&e+ 3'C' si!na&in! pa"h "o work wi"h e is"in! 0unc"ion e.uipmen" *prefera(&e+ Econom% Eas% "o con"ro&' Low power consump"ion/ an$ Immuni"% "o e "raneous noise/ #o&"a!e sur!es' The presen" $a% e&ec"ronic $e#ices canno" mee" a&& "hese re.uiremen"s a$e.ua"e&%' I" is seen "ha" re.uiremen" iii/#/ #i an$ #ii on&%/ can easi&% (e me" (% e&ec"ronic $e#ices' These consi$era"ions show "ha" su(s"i"u"ions of "he ana&o! mo$e of e&ec"romechanica& swi"chin! ne"work (% fu&&% e&ec"ronic e.uipmen" is no"/ s"rai!h" wa% prac"ica&' The main #ir"ue of "he e is"in! e&ec"romechanica& $e#ices is "heir immuni"% "o e "raneous noise #o&"a!e sur!e/ e"c'/ which are fre.uen"&% e perience$ in a "e&ephone ne"work' Moreo#er/ me"a& con"ac" swi"ches offer &i""&e res"ric"ion on "he #o&"a!es an$ curren"s "o (e carrie$' In "he e is"in! ne"work an$ su(scri(er han$se"s/ "%pica&&%/ =? #o&" peak "o peak rin!in! curren" is re.uire$ "o (e "ransmi""e$ on "he &ine' This is $ifficu&"/ if no" imprac"ica&/ for e&ec"ronic swi"ches "o han$&e' Therefore/ "o a#ai& of "he a$#an"a!es of "he e&ec"ronic e chan!es/ ei"her of "he "wo fo&&owin! a&"erna"i#es ma% (e a$op"e$' i' 3ep&o% a new ran!e of periphera&sA e.uipmen"s/ sui"e$ "o "he charac"eris"ics of "he e&ec"ronic swi"chin! $e#ices/ on one han$/ an$ re.uiremen"s of "e&ephone ne"work on "he o"her han$' i'e' emp&o% Time 3i#ision ,wi"chin! s%s"ems/ or ii' Con"inue "o use me"a& con"ac" swi"ches/ whi&e o"her su()s%s"ems ma% (e chan!e$ "o e&ec"ronic' i'e' semi)e&ec"ronic "%pe of e chan!es ra"her "han fu&&% e&ec"ronic e chan!es/ "o emp&o% ,pace 3i#ision ,wi"chin! ,%s"ems'

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

4.

S2!t (!n# Pro "--or The swi"chin! processor is a specia& purpose rea& "ime compu"er/ $esi!ne$ an$ op"imise$ for $e$ica"e$ app&ica"ions of processin! "e&ephone ca&&s' I" has "o perform cer"ain rea& "ime func"ions *which ha#e "o (e performe$ a" "he "ime of occurrence an$ canno" (e $eferre$+/ such as/ recep"ion of $ia&e$ $i!i"s/ an$ sen$in! of $i!i"s in case of "ransi" e chan!e' The (&ock schema"ic of a swi"chin! processor/ consis"in! of cen"ra& con"ro& pro!ramme s"ore is shown in fi!'2'

To ,wi"chin! Ne"work

C"ntr$& ontro& Pro "--or

-ro!ramme ,"ore Trans&a"ion ,"ore 3a"a ,"ore

F!#.* S2!t (!n# Pro "--or Cen"ra& Con"ro& *CC+ is a hi!h spee$ $a"a processin! uni"/ which con"ro&s "he opera"ion of "he swi"chin! ne"work' In -ro!ramme s"ore/ se"s of ins"ruc"ions' ca&&e$ pro!rammes/ are s"ore$' The pro!rammes are in"erpre"e$ an$ e ecu"e$ (% "he cen"ra& con"ro&' 3a"a ,"ore pro#i$es for "he "emporar% s"ora!e of "ransien" $a"a/ re.uire$ in processin! "e&ephone ca&&s/ such as $i!i"s $ia&e$ (% "he su(scri(er/ (us% A i$&e s"a"es of &ines an$ "runks e"c' Trans&a"ion ,"ore con"ains informa"ion re!ar$in! &ines' e'!' ca"e!or% of ca&&in! an$ ca&&e$ &ine' rou"in! co$e/ char!in! informa"ion/ e"c' 3a"a ,"ores is "emporar% memor%/ whereas Trans&a"ion an$ -ro!ramme ,"ores are of semi)permanen" "%pe' The informa"ion in "he ,emi) permanen" memories $oes no" chan!e $urin! "he processin! of "he ca&&/ (u" "he informa"ion in 3a"a ,"ore chan!es con"inuous&% wi"h ori!ina"ion an$ "ermina"ion of each ca&&' 5 S2!t (!n# P"r!0("r$& E1u!0%"nt The "ime in"er#a&s/ in which "he processor opera"es/ is in "he or$er of microsecon$s/ whi&e "he componen"s in "he "e&ephone swi"chin! sec"ion opera"e in mi&&isecon$s * if "he swi"chin! ne"work is of "he ana&o! "%pe+' The e.uipmen"/ known as "he swi"chin! periphera&/ is "he in"erface (e"ween "hese "wo e.uipmen"s workin! a" $ifferen" spee$s' The in"erface e.uipmen" ac"s as spee$ (uffer/ as we&& as/ ena(&es con#ersion of $i!i"a& &o!ic si!na&s from "he processor "o "he

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

appropria"e e&ec"rica& si!na&s "o opera"e re&a%s an$ cross)poin"s/ e"c' ,canners/ ,i!na& $is"ri(u"ors an$ Marker fa&& un$er "his ca"e!or% of $e#ices' 7'1 S $nn"r I"s purpose is "o $e"ec" an$ inform CC of a&& si!nifican" e#en"s A si!na&s on su(scri(er &ines an$ "runks' connec"e$ "o "he e chan!e' These si!na&s ma% ei"her (e con"inuous or $iscre"e' The e.uipmen"s a" which "he e#en"s A si!na&s mus" (e $e"ec"e$ are e.ua&&% $i#erse' i' Termina& e.uipmen" for su(scri(er &ines an$ in"er)e chan!e "runks an$' ii' Common e.uipmen" such as 3TM4 *3ua& ) Tone Mu&"i 4re.uenc%+ or M4C $i!i" recei#ers an$ in"er)e chan!e si!na&in! sen$ers A recei#ers connec"e$ "o "he &ines an$ "runks' In #iew of "his wi$e $i#ersi"% in "he "%pes of &ines' "runks an$ si!na&in!/ "he scannin! ra"e/ i'e' "he fre.uenc% a" which scan poin"s are rea$/ $epen$s upon "he ma imum ra"e a" which e#en"s A si!na&s ma% occur' 4or e amp&e/ on a su(scri(er &ine/ wi"h $eca$ic pu&es si!na&in! wi"h 1C2 make )(reak ra"io/ "he necessar% precision/ re.uire$ for pu&se $e"ec"ion/ is of "he or$er of "en mi&&isecon$s/ whi&e o"her con"inuos si!na&s * c&ear/ off hook/ e"c'+ on "he same &ine are usua&&% se#era& hun$re$ mi&i)secon$s &on! an$ "he same hi!h precision is no" re.uire$' To $e"ec" new ca&&s/ whi&e comp&%in! wi"h "he $ia& "one connec"ion specifica"ions/ each &ine mus" (e scanne$ a(ou" e#er% 5?? mi&&isecon$s' I" means "ha" in a 7?/??? &ines e chan!e * norma& si8e e&ec"ronic e chan!e + :??? or$ers are "o (e issue$ e#er% 5?? mi&&isecon$s/ assumin! "ha" ei!h" &ines are scanne$ simu&"aneous&%' M$r+"r Marker performs ph%sica& se"up an$ re&ease of pa"hs "hrou!h "he swi"chin! ne"work/ un$er "he con"ro& of CC' A pa"h is ph%sica&&% opera"e$ on&% when i" has (een reser#e$ in "he cen"ra& con"ro& memor%' ,imi&ar&%/ pa"hs are ph%sica&&% re&ease$ (efore (ein! c&eare$ in memor%/ "o keep "he memor% informa"ion up$a"e$ #is)a)#is swi"chin! ne"work/ 3epen$in! upon whe"her is swi"chin! is Time $i#ision or ,pace $i#ision/ marker ei"her wri"es informa"ion in "he con"ro& memor% of "ime an$ space s"a!es' *Time 3i#ision ,wi"chin!+/ or ph%sica& opera"es "he cross ) poin"s *,pace 3i#ision ,wi"chin!+ D!-tr!.utor I" is a (uffer (e"ween hi!h ) spee$ ) &ow ) power CC an$ re&a"i#e&% s&ow)spee$) hi!h)power si!na&in! "ermina& circui"s' A si!na& $is"ri(u"or opera"es or re&eases e&ec"rica&&% &a"chin! re&a%s in "runks an$ ser#ice circui"s/ un$er "he $irec"ion of cen"ra& con"ro&' Bu- S3-t"% Darious swi"chin! periphera&s are connec"e$ "o "he cen"ra& processor (% means of a common s%s"em' A (us is a !roup of wires on which $a"a an$ comman$s pu&ses are "ransmi""e$ (e"ween "he #arious su() uni"s of a swi"chin! processor or (e"ween swi"chin! processor an$ swi"chin! periphera&s' The $e#ice "o (e

5.*

5.4

5.5

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

ac"i#a"e$ is a$$resse$ (% sen$in! i"s a$$ress on "he a$$ress (us' The common (us s%s"em a#oi$s "he cos"&% mesh "%pe of in"erconnec"ion amon! #arious $e#ices' 5.6 L!n" Int"r,$ " C!r u!tTo ena(&e an e&ec"ronic e chan!e "o func"ion wi"h "he e is"in! ou"$oor "e&ephone ne"work/ cer"ain in"erfaces are re.uire$ (e"ween "he ne"work an$ "he e&ec"ronic e chan!e' An$&o#u" Su.- r!."r L!n" Int"r,$ " The func"ions of a ,u(scri(er Line In"erface/ for each "wo wire &ine/ are of"en known (% "he acron%m C @OR,6T @ C @a""er% fee$ O C O#er&oa$ pro"ec"ion R C Rin!in! , C ,uper#ision of &oop s"a"us 6 C 6%(ri$ T C Connec"ion "o "es" e.uipmen" A&& "hese func"ions canno" (e performe$ $irec"&% (% "he e&ec"ronic circui"s an$/ "herefore/ sui"a(&e in"erfaces are re.uire$' Tr$n-%!--!on Int"r,$ " Transmission in"erface (e"ween ana&o!ue "runks an$ $i!i"a& "runks *in$i#i$ua& or mu&"ip&e e$+ such as/ AA3 an$ 3AA con#er"ers/ are known as CO3EC/ These ma% (e pro#i$e$ on a per)&ine an$ per)"runk (asis or on "he (asis of one per 5? speech channe&s' S!#n$&!n# Int"r,$ "A "%pica& "e&ephone ne"work ma% ha#e #arious e chan!e s%s"ems *Manua&/,"row!er/ Cross (ar/ e&ec"ronic+ each ha#in! $ifferen" si!na&in! schemes' In such an en#ironmen"/ an e chan!e mus" accommo$a"e se#era& $ifferen" si!na&in! co$es' S!#n$&!n# Ini"ia&&%/ a&& si!na&in! (e"ween au"oma"ic e chan!es was $eca$ic i'e' "e&ephone num(ers were "ransmi""e$ as "rains of 1"o 1? pu&ses/ each "rain represen"in! one $i!i"' To increase "he spee$ a" which "he ca&&s cou&$ (e se" up/ an$ "o impro#e "he re&ia(i&i"% of si!na&in!/ compe&&e$ se.uence mu&"i fre.uenc% si!na&in! s%s"em was "hen in"ro$uce$' In "his s%s"em/ each si!na& is "ransmi""e$ as a com(ina"ion of 2 ou" of a !roup of sa% : or ; fre.uencies' In (o"h $eca$ic an$ mu&"i fre.uenc% me"ho$s/ "he si!na&s for each ca&& are sen" o#er a channe& $irec"&% associa"e$ wi"h "he in"er)e chan!e speech "ransmission circui" use$ for "ha" ca&&' This is "erme$ as channe& associa"e$ si!na&in!' Recen"&%/ a $ifferen" "echni.ue has (een $e#e&ope$/ known as common channe& si!na&in!' In "his "echni.ue/ a&& "he si!na&in! informa"ion for a num(er of ca&&s is sen" o#er a si!na&in! &ink in$epen$en" of "he in"er)e chan!e speech circui"s' 6i!her "ransmission ra"e can (e u"i&ise$ "o ena(&e

5.6.1

5.6.*

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Basic Principles of SPC Exchanges

e chan!e of much &ar!er amoun" of informa"ion' This resu&"s in fas"er ca&& se"up/ in"ro$uc"ion of new ser#ices/ e'!''/ a((re#ia"e$ $ia&in!/ an$ more re"ria&s u&"ima"e&% accomp&ishin! hi!her ca&& comp&e"ion ra"e/ Moreo#er/ i" can pro#i$e$ an efficien" means of co&&ec"in! informa"ion an$ "ransmi""in! or$ers for ne"work mana!emen" an$ "raffic en!ineerin!' 5.6.5 D$t$ Pro "--!n# P"r!0("r$&-' 4o&&owin! (asic ca"e!ories of 3a"a -rocessin! -eriphera&s are use$ in opera"ion an$ main"enance of e chan!e' i' Man ) machine $ia&o!ue "ermina&s/ &ike Te&e)"%pewri"er *TTE+ an$ Disua& 3isp&a% Uni"s *D3U+/ are use$ "o en"er opera"or comman$s an$ "o !i#e ou" &ow)#o&ume $a"e concernin! "he opera"ion of "he swi"chin! s%s"em' These "ermina&s ma% (e &oca& i'e' wi"hin a few "ense of me"ers of "he e chan!e/ or remo"e&% &oca"e$' These periphera&s ha#e (een a$op"e$ in "he swi"chin! ,%s"ems for "heir ease an$ f&e i(i&i"% of opera"ion' ii' ,pecia& purpose periphera& e.uipmen" is/ some"imes emp&o%e$ for carr%in! ou" repea"e$ func"ions/ such as/ su(scri(er &ine "es"in!/ where spee$ is more impor"an" "han f&e i(i&i"%' iii' 6i!h spee$ &ar!e capaci"% $a"a s"ora!e periphera&s *Ma!ne"ic Tape 3ri#es/ ma!ne"ic 3isc Uni"+ are use$ for &oa$in! sof"ware in "he processor memor%' i#' Main"enance periphera&s/ such as/ A&arm Annuncia"ors an$ ,pecia& Conso&es/ are use$ primari&% "o in$ica"e "ha" au"oma"ic main"enance proce$ure ha#e fai&e$ an$ manua& a""en"ion is necessar%' Con &u-!on The e&ec"ronic e chan!es work on "he princip&e of ,"ore$ -ro!ramme Con"ro&' A&& "he ca&& processin! func"ions are performe$ on "he (asis ofpre)$esi!ne$ pro!ramme which is s"ore$ in "he memor% of "he Cen"ra& -rocessor' Thou!h "he ini"ia&&% $esi!ne$ E&ec"ronic E chan!es ha$ sin!&e cen"ra&ise$ processor' "he con"ro& is (ein! $ecen"ra&ise$/ pro#i$in! $e$ica"e$ micro ) processor con"ro&&e$ su() s%s"ems for impro#e$ efficienc% an$ securi"% of "he s%s"em' This mo$u&ar archi"ec"ure a&so ai$s fu"ure e pansions'

1.4

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