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UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering May/June 2008 Examinations
(c)
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PREN109201
SECTION B 2 (a) Explain why atomisation is a fundamental requirement in the combustion of a heavy fuel oil and outline the techniques that are used to achieve atomisation in industrial oil burners. Why it is often necessary to heat the oil prior to atomisation? [50 marks] Discuss the significance of burning velocity, flammability limits and flame temperature for gaseous fuel combustion. Describe the essential features of an atmospheric (partially premixed) gas burner for domestic heating. [50 marks]
(b)
Answer TWO of the following. Illustrate your answers with diagrams or graphs as appropriate. (a) (b) Discuss the significance and pattern of carbon dioxide pollutant emissions from energy sources. [50 marks] A biomass has a gross calorific value, on an as-received basis, of 20,000 kJ/kg and contains 5% hydrogen, 10% water and 10% ash by weight. Calculate the net calorific value of the biomass on an as-received basis and on a dry ash free basis (enthalpy of vaporisation of water is 2442 kJ/kg). [50 marks] Explain the basic principles of: (i) Power generation from pulverised coal combustion; (ii) Nuclear power generation.
(c)
[50 marks]
SECTION C 4 (a) Explain why the mass burning rate in fires in compartments may be much larger than in fires out in the open (for the same fuel type and fuel load). [20 marks] Draw a qualitative diagram of the heat release rate as a function of compartment ventilation. Clearly identify the regions of Ventilation Controlled and Fuel Controlled regimes. [25 marks] Describe the phases of fire development inside a compartment (and their significance). [40 marks] Define and explain the phenomenon of backdraught. [15 marks]
(b)
(c) (d)
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PREN109201
(a)
(i) Explain the concept of a t-square fire. Making suitable assumptions calculate: (ii) the rate of heat release; (iii) the total heat released by 3 minutes after ignition in a post-office mail sorting room. (iv) Give an estimate of the mass of material burned at the end of this period. [50marks] Define "fire resistance". How is it measured? What are the three criteria of fire resistance? Briefly explain the meaning of each. Why is the BS fire resistance test applicable only to cellulosic fuel fires? [50 marks] END
(b)