Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study the acceptability of spanking across the span of three different generations. Most of our participants, however, say that they have never spanked a child in their lifetime (about 58 percent). Also, most of the people that we surveyed did not have children of their own that they could spank (about 65.8 of our participants). Also, a majority of the people that we all surveyed did not have any responsibilities to spank a child of any age (about 66.7 percent). This makes a difference in our research because some people can say one thing about spanking but then when they have the opportunity they may not actually do it or they may do it, depending on the person. We concluded that over the span of three generations people think that it is okay to spank a child (roughly 75 percent) even though most of the participants do have responsibilities to spank a child or have a child of their own. To make our study stronger, we should have had a variety of ethnicities instead of mainly Caucasian.

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Introduction Perspectives on Corporal Punishment

Spanking has been accepted as a way to discipline children for many years but has slowly become unacceptable over the past recent years. Spanking is, according to the online dictionary, to strike (a person, usually a child) with the open hand, a slipper, etc., especially on the buttocks, as in punishment (Dictionary). Recent studies have shown that spanking leads to aggressive behaviors, behavioral disorders, and cognitive delays later in life. Most child-development experts include acts such as tapping a toddler's diapercushioned bottom when he misbehaves and smacking the hand of a kid protectively as he reaches for a hot stove in the same category (Moninger). Childdevelopment experts say that spanking is always okay if the child is getting ready to touch a hot stove, for example. In these circumstances, it is okay to pat them on the bottom with their diaper or pull-up on because they have a cushioned bottom or the smacking of their hand(s). This way they will know not to touch something hot or do it again. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) tells parents not to resort to any of these punishments under any type of circumstances. Benjamin Siegel, M.D., chair of AAPs Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health said, theres no reason to get physical with a child when other discipline tactics are more effective (Moninger). This means that experts are also saying that there is no reason for a parent to spank their child. They should use other forms of discipline to punish a child such as time-out or writing sentences to say that they will not do or say the act again. They believe that spanking can evolve into abuse, which can ultimately endanger a childs safety (Moninger).

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment On the other hand, there is some recent research that shows that it is okay and will be good for children to get spanked. Marjorie Gunnoe, a Calvin College Psychology Professor,

stated that spanking children is not a bad thing. Kids who get the occasional smack on the rump before the age of 6 grow up to be more successful adults (Henderson). This statement says that it is okay to spank a child when needed. Children, who are spanked when they are under the age of six years old, have been found to be more successful adults because they were spanked when they were younger. Gunnoe claims that children who were spanked when they were toddlers and preschoolers are more likely to conduct volunteer work and attend secondary schooling after graduating high school. She studied spanking for more than ten years. She says that this, in no way, should be a green light for people to just go ahead and spank their children (Henderson). We are studying the acceptability of spanking across the span of three different generations. We will be reviewing how the acceptability of spanking changes the attitudes of these generations by asking survey questions on whether the participant practiced corporal punishment or was a victim of spanking. This will give us a chance to see what the opinions and practices of spanking looks like over the three generations we are surveying. This will also give us an opportunity to see how drastically the opinions or practices of spanking have changed over the past sixty years or so.

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Review of Literature Our research study is asking the question: Does the effects of spanking affect generation Y, generation X, and the Baby Boom generations attitudes/opinions of the acceptability of spanking? We want to look at how the attitudes on spanking of the generations before have

affected the attitudes toward spanking on the following generation and how those attitudes shape new attitudes. Our research questions are influenced by attachment theories and parental styles. Parental styles and attachment works together to create a secure base for the child (Steinberg, 2011). Creating a secure base also means creating a positive environment with parent and child; in order to create this, the parent must use non punitive discipline. Corporal punishment can harm a relationship between parent and child which in turn can create a negative view toward both parties. We are studying the effect of spanking on multiple generations so we chose to look at research articles from different generations to view the attitudes and ways of each generation. We also looked at those articles in order to see if the attitudes from one generation could affect the attitudes of the next generation. Straus explains that the attitudes toward corporal punishment slowly change over time and have since the early twentieth century; Straus states that corporal punishment was more frequent and severe in earlier centuries than it was in centuries later on (Straus, 2004). This punishment was so severe that it would now be considered abuse, but at the time it was an accepted practice (Straus, 1994). Straus view of how corporal punishment has changed shows that generations can affect how the following generations will respond to corporal punishment; the generations that are being discussed are mostly a parent- child

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment generation so the parents grew up with a certain opinion toward corporal punishment and then raised their children with that view. Those children then have formed new opinions on corporal punishment, whether changed or not, which they use when raising their own children; thus slowly changing perceptions of corporal punishment over generations. Studies done before 2000 accepted spanking as a normal practice and found no research

done to prove that spanking harms children later on in life (Baumrind, 1996). Baumrinds article is an agreement piece to Doctor Robert Larzelere's study proving that spanking does no harm to children; she asserts that if spanking is used consistently, and with an explanation to the child why they are being punished, there will be no consensus that spanking is a generative cause of negative outcome in children and adults (1996, p. 831). Straus (1994) states that, more than 90 percent of American parents hit toddlers and most continued to hit their children for years, which shows the obvious views of the parents and may suggest that parents did not have knowledge that spanking had negative side effects (p.3). Straus (1994) explains that most parents dont look at corporal punishment and see the side effect, the parents are seeing their children misbehave and using corporal punishment to address the misbehaviors; this focus on misbehaviors instead of negative side effects is because of a lack of knowledge on parents part (p. 5). Straus (1994) states that a painful attack of corporal punishment can have lasting effects on the child such as, post-traumatic stress syndrome that creates deep, lifelong psychological problems, such as depression and suicidal thinking (p. 10). Flynn (1998) suggested that, at that time period, virtually all parents spank their children and the vast majority of American adults favor corporal punishment as a disciplinary technique (21). His study was compiled of college students who were being assessed of their attitude towards spanking and overall, the consensus was that these students believed spanking was

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment acceptable in most situations for children of all ages (Flynn, 1998 p. 21). Flynn (1998) explains

that, physicians were least likely to favor spanking for relatively minor misbehavior (refusing to go to bed), and most likely to favor spanking when the child's misbehavior was dangerous (running into the street) (p. 23). This suggests that corporal punishment was still accepted during this time since physicians believed this and most likely advised parents of this. Flynn (1998) also states that parents views on corporal punishment could change as a result from becoming a parent, in which the way they thought they would discipline is different from the way they actually discipline; most people have close to the same opinions as their parents considering they grew up surrounded by that opinion but after having their own children views can change (p. 23). Additionally, Soculor and Stein (1995) found evidence that spanking was not appropriate, yet it is the most common form of discipline in the United States. At the time of this study, mothers from a low-income and high-income area in New York both support spanking their children, in their beliefs and actions. Studies done after the year 2000, done from a generation Z perspective, showed high resistance to spanking as it shows that spanking hurts childrens ability to perform cognitively and childrens behavior in school. For example, according to Knox and Brouwer (2008), Today, many professional organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Association of Social Workers (2006), and the American Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1998) recommend against spanking and other forms corporal punishment and strongly recommend that parents choose alternative methods of discipline, (p. 341). Also in this article, the authors express concern that many countries have even outlawed spanking, yet some professionals in the United States are still recommending spanking as a form of discipline to new

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment mothers (Knox and Brouwer, 2008). Knox and Brouwer (2008) suggest that by spanking children, parents can contribute to misbehaviors and enhance a childs ability to create those misbehaviors; since early experiences develop a foundation in the childs brain, researchers suggest that parents stray away from corporal punishment (p. 341). Knox and Brouwer (2008) have explained that straying away from corporal punishment could increase, a childs learning and socialization, since punishment could have negative lifelong effects on children (p. 341). In a study by Maguire-Jack, Gromoske, and Berger (2012), they found a correlation between spanking and child development during the first 5 years of life. Maguire-Jack, Gromoske, and Berger (2012) has stated that Parental discipline strategies are a form of socialization that may affect and be affected by child functioning and behavior, which suggest that corporal punishment could have negative effects on childrens socialization skills (p. 1962). Spanking, at the age of 1, has been found to be associated with a higher level of externalizing behaviors at the age of 3, as well as a higher internalizing and externalizing level of behavior at age 5; research has found that the relationships between spanking at age 1 and the behavioral problems at age 5 were operated through constant spanking at the age of 3 (Maguire-Jack, Gromoske, and Berger, 2012). There is not, however, a lot of research that has been to link

spanking at the age of 1 and having cognitive development trouble at the ages of 3 and 5 years of age (Maguire-Jack, Gromoske, and Berger, 2012).

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Procedures/Methods We collected our data through a survey that was administered through paper and electronically to college students, and other adults ranging in various ages. If participants completed the survey through paper, they would fill it out, sign the consent form, and hand it

back to myself or one of the other researchers in our group where we would separate the consent form from the survey and put it in a pile with our other surveys. If participants completed the survey electronically, they would highlight their answers, electronically sign the consent form, and email it back to childgrowthanddevelopment@hotmail.com. The research team would then print out the survey and consent form, separate the two papers, and delete the email as to be sure our participants survey answers remained confidential. Our study was cross-sectional because we surveyed different age groups at the same time. Our sample consisted of people from Generation Y, also known as the Millenials generation, who were born between 1980-2000, Generation X, who were born between 1965-1979, Baby Boom who were born between 1946-1964, and the Silent Generation who were born between 1925-1945. Our sample was 64% from Generation Y, 7% from Generation X, 22% from the Baby Boom generation, and 7% from the Silent Generation. It was 86% Caucasian participants, 7% African-American participants, and 5% Other participants. Our sample size was small and limited in variety but the answers among the different participants surveyed varied greatly. Our independent variable was age group/generation. We surveyed different age groups to determine if corporal punishment practices differed from the 1960s, to the 1990s when Generation Y were children, to whether new parents today view corporal punishment as

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment acceptable or not. We asked questions in our survey such as is it okay to a spank a child?

Answers to this question ranged from never, rarely, sometimes, almost always, and always. This question was the basis of our whole research study because our research question was which groups view corporal punishment as an acceptable discipline practice. We also asked another crucial question about whether or not the participant was spanked. This question was critical because it demonstrated if the practice of spanking was acceptable during their childhood, they may view corporal punishment as an acceptable discipline practice to execute for their children. Our dependent variable is which age groups/generations deem spanking acceptable. Through our multitude of survey questions we asked, we tried to determine if the current research affected the participants perceptions on the acceptability of corporal punishment. One of the questions we asked was the question whether or not the participants will spank their children or have spanked children they care for. This is one of our defining questions because it highlights whether or not the research out there about spanking, such as spanking causes delinquent behavior later on in life, and it may cause mental disorders such as anxiety and anger problems, is impacting peoples attitudes toward corporal punishment. Another variable we measured was the varying levels of corporal punishment. Spanking can be defined in many different ways by many different people. Spanking can be classified as hitting someone with an open hand on the buttocks, hitting someone with something other than a hand on the buttocks or hitting someone somewhere other than the buttocks. We asked our participants to rate the acceptability of the varying levels of spanking to see which practices were perceived as a normal discipline practice and which ones were bordering the edge of child abuse.

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment We hypothesize that the Baby Boom generation will deem spanking as an acceptable disciplinary method, while Generation Y will not believe that spanking is acceptable. Figure 1: Perspectives on Corporal Punishment shows our variables and how they connect among one another.

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Experience of corporal punishment during childhood

Perceptions on the effectiveness of spanking

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment

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Corporal punishment/discipline use with offspring

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Results

Frequency of Response What is your gender? Female Male Millennial Generation X Baby Boom Silent 26 12 What year were you born? 24 3 8 3 What is your ethnicity? Caucasian African American Other 33 3 2 Were you spanked when you were a child? Yes No 32 6 How often where you spanked? Rarely Sometimes Almost Always Always N/A 22 6 4 1 5 Is it okay to spank a child? Never Rarely Sometimes Almost Always Always 6 16 14 1 1 16% 42% 37% 3% 3% 58% 16% 11% 3% 13% 84% 16% 87% 8% 5% 63% 8% 21% 8% 68% 32% Percentage of Response

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Is it okay to physically punish a child somewhere besides the buttocks? Never Rarely Sometimes N/A 19 15 3 1 50% 39% 8% 3%

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Is it okay to spank a child with something other than a hand? Never Rarely Sometimes 23 7 8 61% 18% 21%

Do you have a child (biological, adopted, fostering, etc.)? Yes No 13 25 34% 66%

Yes No

Do you have responsibility over a child where you have the freedom to decide what disciplinary action to take on the child (such as a grandchild, niece/nephew, sibling, etc.)? 13 34% 25 Have you ever spanked the child? 66%

Yes No N/A

8 11 19

21% 29% 50%

Have you ever hit the child somewhere besides the buttocks? Yes No N/A 4 15 19 11% 39% 50%

Have you ever used something other than a hand to spank the child? Yes No N/A 1 18 19 Will you spank your children? Yes Maybe No N/A 14 9 5 10 37% 24% 13% 26% 3% 47%

Will you ever hit a child somewhere besides the buttocks? Yes Maybe No N/A 5 10 13 10 13% 26% 34% 26%

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Will you ever use something other than a hand to spank a child? Yes Maybe No N/A 5 8 15 10 13% 21% 39% 26%

The majority of our research is from white females who were spanked during their childhood. This is a limitation in our research because we did not have a very diverse population. The purpose of our research was to compare each generations experiences and opinions on spanking. However, over half of our participants are from one generation. This makes it very difficult to compare our results because they are not of an equal amount. Since most of our research data is from college students who are unmarried and childless, the answer maybe or not answered are the two most prevalent in regards to spanking their children. Very few participants were adamant that they will spank their children or that they will not spank their children. Only one Caucasian male from the Millennial Generation was spanked but claimed that spanking was never okay and that he would never spank his children. On the opposite end, one Caucasian female from Generation X was spanked almost always and also believes that it is okay to spank a child almost always and she has spanked her children and chose maybe for the question, Will you spank your child with something other than a hand? It is also interesting that many participants believe that spanking is okay rarely or sometimes yet there were a handful of participants who were spanked always and almost always. The participants who had been spanked more often than others expressed that they would spank their children somewhere other than the buttocks and with something other than a hand. Most

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment

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participants did not believe that these two things were okay and expressed that they would not do it with their children.

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Discussion/Conclusion

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After reading extensive literature, gathering data through survey questions, and analyzing that data we have come to the conclusion that our hypothesis was rejected. Our data showed that the youngest generation, Generation Y, was spanked, and will spank their children while the older generations such as the Baby Boom Generation or the Silent Generation split down the middle between whether or not they were spanked and whether or not they spanked or would spank their children. Our study goes against our hypothesis and all of the literature we have accumulated from the recent years of research. We noticed in our research that a lot of people were spanked when they were children. There are a lot of factors that are associated with that: region, parents being spanked, number of adults in the household etc. While we are unaware of these factors we notice that there is a positive correlation between the participant being subjected to corporal punishment such as spanking and the participants ideals that corporal punishment is acceptable for their future or current offspring. The reason our data may have been skewed against all the recent research and our hypothesis is because of our limitations. Unfortunately, our study had multiple limitations. The first and probably most influential one is our sample. Our sample greatly lacked diversity. Our sample contained 64% of our participants from Generation Y and only 36% from the other 3 generations. Our sample was 87% Caucasian and 68% female. The most instances of spanking occur in African American families for various reasons that research has proven so we should have had a higher sample from that ethnicity which might have helped prove our hypothesis better. It was interesting to note that while over half of our sample was female, they still chose

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment that they would or have spanked their children because females are thought to have a gentler outlook so physically harming a child to discipline them is not thought of as acceptable. Our second limitation that really affected our study was that we didnt account for the

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retrospective bias in the older generations. Retrospective bias is believing that everything in the past was great. Its also known as the good ol days phenomena. For example, some of the older participants from our survey could have spanked their children a long time but now that their children are grown, the participants believe that they never spanked their children because they raised them right and they would never be so cruel. Another limitation was the questions we omitted from our survey; whether or not the participant was married or a single parent. Some of the research we looked at studied these two interesting phenomena with their effect on spanking. Married couples values may change from when they were single on ideals such as parenting or discipline methods. If a couple has two varying ideals one spouse may affect the other to change their mind or stance on an issue so their perception may have changed once they were married but we didnt ask that question. Single parents have a lot of added stress that a two-parent household doesnt have. A single parent has to be a friend and a disciplinary figure all on their own, while also trying to work and provide for their family. With the high levels of stress, research shows that single parents are more likely to spank their children just as a quick, effective, cheap discipline option that is sometimes proven to work but also helps get the parents anger towards the child out. Corporal punishment may not have always been a part of their belief system but when the stress levels are high the parents lash out sometimes frequently and violently.

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The implications of this research are that more research needs to be done. Due to the fact that our research contradicts a lot of the research out in the field right now, I think this topic needs to be probed a little bit more. Studies need to be done on specific generations longitudinally so research can be done to show if how the differing attitudes toward spanking have or do change over time. More literature needs to be published on the effects of spanking on children later on in life because if the findings are negative parents might choose to spare their children the pain and the negative outcomes in life.

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Consent Form

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This survey is part of a research project about spanking across generations for FCS 400 Child Development at Bridgewater College. It was made by Jennifer Lutz, Michelle Caron, Amanda Halterman and Brooke Coleman. The survey should take about fifteen minutes for you to complete. Your answers will be completely anonymous. While there should not be any risks to taking this survey, you may stop taking it at any time if you wish and your responses will not be used. Data responses will be aggregated to maintain confidentiality. If you have any questions, you may email Dr. Donna Hancock at dhancock@bridgewater.edu Your electronic signature below means that you voluntarily agree to participate in this research study.

Name:

Date:

***Note*** You are receiving this survey by email. Please follow these instructions: 1. 2. 3. Highlight one answer that is the best for you Save the document to your computer Email the document to childgrowthanddevelopment@hotmail.com

Once the email is received your survey will: 1. 2. 3. 4. Be IMMEDIATELY printed out The email will be deleted The consent form and the survey will be separated The consent form will be in a folder with all of the other consent forms

5. The survey (which has no identifiable information about you) will be calculated for the research results

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment Survey Questions

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1) What is your gender? a. b. Male Female

2) What year were you born? a. b. c. d. e. 2000/2001-Present - New Silent Generation or Generation Z 1980-2000 - Millennials or Generation Y 1965-1979 - Generation X 1946-1964 - Baby Boom 1925-1945 - Silent Generation

3) What is your ethnicity? a. b. c. d. e. f. Caucasian African American Asian Hispanic Pacific Islander Other

4) a. b.

Were you spanked when you were a child? Yes No

If question #4 was answered A

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment 5) a. b. c. d. e. How often were you spanked? Never Rarely Sometimes Almost Always Always

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If question #4 was answered A or B 6) a. b. c. d. e. Is it okay to spank a child? Never Rarely Sometimes Almost Always Always

7) a. b. c. d. e.

Is it okay to physically punish a child somewhere besides the buttocks? Never Rarely Sometimes Almost Always Always

8) a. b. c.

Is it okay to spank a child with something other than a hand? Never Rarely Sometimes

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment d. e. Almost Always Always

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9) Do you have a child (biological, adopted, fostering, etc)? a. b. Yes No

10) Do you have responsibility over a child where you have the freedom to decide what disciplinary action to take on the child (such as a grandchild, niece/nephew, sibling, etc.)? a. b. Yes No

If question #9 or #10 was answered A 11) a. b. Have you ever spanked the child? Yes No

12) a. b.

Have you ever hit the child somewhere besides the buttocks? Yes No

13) a. b.

Have you ever used something other than a hand to spank the child? Yes No

Perspectives on Corporal Punishment If question #9 or #10 was answered B 14) a. b. c. 15) a. b. c. 16) a. b. c. Will you spank your children? Yes Maybe No Will you ever hit a child somewhere besides the buttocks? Yes Maybe No Will you ever use something other than a hand to spank a child? Yes Maybe No

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Perspectives on Corporal Punishment References

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Baumrind, D. (1996). A blanket injunction against disciplinary use of spanking is not warranted by the data. Pediatrics, 98(4), 828-831. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=106&hid=111&sid=a4ea7204-0c56-44a5bd36ee5a9f703cb5%40sessionmgr115&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a 9h&AN=9611265231 Flynn, C. P. (1998). To spank or not to spank: the effect of situation and age of child on support for corporal punishment. Journal of Family Violence, 13(1), 21-37. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=104&hid=111&sid=a4ea72040c56-44a5-bd36-ee5a9f703cb5@sessionmgr115 Henderson, Tom. 5 January 2010. Researcher Says a Little Spanking Is Good for Kids. Parent Dish. 17 November 2012. <http://www.parentdish.com/2010/01/05/researcher-says-alittle-spanking-is-good-for-kids/>. Knox, M., & Brouwer, J. (2008). Early childhood professionals' recommendations for spanking young children. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1(4), 341-348. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6&hid=125&sid=5e999444fd84-408c-9b65-f6c76676a66e@sessionmgr113 Maguire-Jack, K., Berger, L. M., & Gromoske, A. N. (2012). Spanking and child development during the first 5 years of life. Child Development, 1-18. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01820.x/pdf

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Moninger, Jeannette. 2012. The Great Spanking Debate. Parents. 17 November 2012. <http://www.parents.com/toddlers-preschoolers/discipline/spanking/spanking-disciplinedebate/>. Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G, & Wallace, L. E. (2004). Families, delinquency, and crime: linking societys most basic institution to antisocial behavior. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company. Socolar, R. R. S., & Stein, R. E. K. (1995). Spanking infants and toddlers: Maternal belief and practice. Pediatrics, 95, 105. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&hid=125&sid=fbe98eff6b02-4e8f-b563-29c82b7b15b0@sessionmgr111 Spanking. Dictionary.com. 17 November 2012. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse /spanking>. Steinberg, L. (2011). Development: Infancy through adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Straus, M. (1994). Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in american families. New York: Lexington Books.