GBC_005_E1_0 GSM Handover and Power Control

Course Objectives:
Understand GSM system handover types and causes Grasp common handover algorithms and parameters Understand basic concepts of GSM system power control Grasp common settings of power control parameters

Contents
1 GSM Handover Princi les!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 1.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Handover ypes...................................................................................................................................1 1.! "mplementation Methods.....................................................................................................................# 1.!.1 $ell %ayer $onfiguration..........................................................................................................# 1.!.2 Measurement &eport 'reprocessing.........................................................................................# 1.!.! (estination $ell Selection........................................................................................................) 1.!.# (estination $ell Sorting...........................................................................................................* 1.!.) Handover 'enalty Strategies.....................................................................................................+ 1.# ,asic Handover -lgorithms and 'arameters........................................................................................ 1.#.1 Uplin/0(ownlin/ Handover due to "nterference....................................................................... 1.#.2 &elevant 'arameters.................................................................................................................1 1.#.! Uplin/0(ownlin/ Handover due to 2uality...........................................................................11 1.#.# &elevant 'arameters...............................................................................................................11 1.#.) Uplin/0(ownlin/ Handover due to %evel..............................................................................1! 1.#.* &elevant 'arameters...............................................................................................................1! 1.#.+ ,etter $ell 3',G 4.................................................................................................................1) " Power Control!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1# 2.1 Overview............................................................................................................................................1+ 2.2 'ower $ontrol 'rocess.......................................................................................................................1. 2.! &apid 'ower $ontrol.........................................................................................................................11 2.# 'ower $ontrol 'arameters.................................................................................................................25
i

2.#.1 'cUl"ncl%ev hs6 'cUl"ncl%ev'6 'cUl"ncl%ev7....................................................................25 2.#.2 'c(l"ncl%ev hs6 'c(l"ncl%ev'6 'c(l"ncl%ev7....................................................................21 2.#.! 'cUl&ed%ev hs6 'cUl&ed%ev'6 'cUl&ed%ev7...................................................................22 2.#.# 'c(l&ed%ev hs6 'c(l&ed%ev'6 'c(l&ed%ev7...................................................................2! 2.#.) 'cUl"ncl2ual hs6 'cUl"ncl2ual'6 'cUl"ncl2ual7...............................................................2! 2.#.* 'c(l"ncl2ual hs6 'c(l"ncl2ual'6 'c(l"ncl2ual7...............................................................2# 2.#.+ 'cUl&ed2ual hs6 'cUl&ed2ual'6 'cUl&ed2ual7..............................................................2) 2.#.. 'c(l&ed2ual hs6 'c(l&ed2ual'6 'c(l&ed2ual7..............................................................2*

ii

1 GSM Handover Principles

1.1 Overview
Handover is a very important function of the cellular mobile system. "n GSM cellular system6 the multiple8ing technology for radio fre9uency resource is fully adopted to reali:e the coverage by several cells. hus the concept of cross;cell handover is introduced. Handover enables a user to /eep continuous conversation during the process of passing through different cells. Handover also ad<usts the traffic of cells. Moreover6 handover is implemented without being noticed by users6 and does not re9uire users= involvement. he following are some of the handover causes>

Signal strength is too wea/ Signal 9uality is too poor Signal interference is too large Mobile user is far away from the base station Uplin/ level degrades suddenly Macro;micro handover here is a more appropriate cell

1.2 Handover Types

?@G15 series products are designed with advanced ideas6 reali:ing various types of effective handover6 increasing handover speed6 and reducing handover failure ratio. hey also combine with many new technologies to increase the networ/ capacity and service 9uality. 1. Handover types

314 -ccording to the two cells involved before and after handover6 ?@G15A,S$ 3B24 supports four handover types>
1

 "ntra;cell handover

he handover is completed by the ,S$ to which the cell belongs.

"ntra;,S$ inter;cell handover

he two cells before and after handover are different cells under the same ,S$. he handover does not re9uire MS$ and is completed by ,S$.
"ntra;MS$ inter;,S$ handover

he two cells before and after handover are under different ,S$s6 and the two ,S$s are controlled by one MS$. he handover is completed by MS$ and the two ,S$s.
"nter;MS$ handover

he two cells before and after handover are under different MS$s. he handover is completed by the two MS$s and two ,S$s to which the two cells belong. 324 -ccording to how MS establishes connection with the destination cell6 ?@G15; ,S$ 3B24 supports three handover types>
Synchronous handover

MS uses the same ime -dvance 3 -4 in the destination cell and the source cell. he synchronous handover is fast6 and usually occurs inside a cell or between two sectors of the same site.
-synchronous handover

MS does not /now the

- used in the destination cell.

he asynchronous

handover is slow6 and is adopted if none of the two cells synchroni:es with ,S$.
'seudo;synchronous handover

MS can calculate the - used in the destination cell. he pseudo;asynchronous handover is fast6 and is adopted if both the cells synchroni:e with ,S$. 2. Special handover functions of ?@G15;,S$ 3B24 Cith the development of various new technologies6 some special handover functions are added to ?@G15;,S$ 3B24>
2

2 'ower $ontrol

$oncentric circle handover 7etwor/ capacity can be increased by using special networ/ planning methods6 of which the concentric circle technology is most commonly used. he concentric circle means that a common cell is divided into two regions> e8terior layer and interior layer. he e8terior layer covers traditional micro cells6 usually adopting the #D! multiple8ing mode. he interior layer covers the area near the site and adopts more aggressive multiple8ing mode such as 2D! or 1D!. he e8terior layer and the interior layer share the site address and the same antenna system. hey also use the same ,$$H6 and the ,$$H must belong to the e8terior layer. here are several types of concentric circle technologies. ?@G15;,S$ 3B24 adopts a highly effective $0";based concentric circle technology6 with which specific handover strategies are designed6 and the networ/ capacity is increased by more than !5E.

Micro;cell handover -nother method to increase networ/ capacity is the micro;cell technology. "t is also an effective way to solve networ/ coverage. he micro;cell and the macro;cell constitute the multi;layer networ/. "n other words6 the large continuous coverage is reali:ed by the macro;cell6 forming the top layer of the multi;layer networ/F while the micro cell is used to reali:e continuous small;area coverage which is overlapped on the micro;cell6 forming the bottom layer of the multi;layer networ/. he micro;cell mainly serves low;speed mobile users. Gor high;speed mobile users6 services are provided by the macro;cell6 avoiding call drops that are caused by too fre9uent handover or handover failure due to insufficient time. ?@G15;,S$ 3B24 tests MS=s moving speed relative to the site through software and then performs the speed;based micro;cell handover.

(ual;fre9uency handover 7etwor/ capacity can also be increased by forming the dual;fre9uency networ/ through adding 1.55 MH: 3or 1155 MH:4 layer. "t can solve the problem of insufficient 155 MH: fre9uency points. $onsidering that the capacity of 1.55 MH: 3or 1155 MH:4 layer is not fully used6
3

G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

ma/e 1.55 MH: 3or 1155 MH:4 cells absorb traffic as much as possible during handover. ?@G15;,S$ 3B24 can manage 155 MH: cells and 1.55 MH: 31155 MH:4 cells simultaneously. "n addition to enhancing 1.55 MH: 3or 1155 MH:4 cells= traffic absorbability by modifying common cell parameters6 it can also set special priorities for handover from 155 MH: cell to 1.55 MH: 3or 1155 MH:4 cell.

1.3 Implementation Methods

1.3.1 Cell ayer Con!i"#ration
he concept of relative layer is adopted in cell hierarchy. Gor each service cell6 the ad<acent cell can be configured as undefined layer6 upper;layer6 co;layer6 and lower; layer. (uring the handover process6 the cell priority should be considered when sorting candidate cells. hree factors determine the se9uence of candidate cells> priority6 traffic6 and radio condition. 'riority and traffic have more influences on the sorting6 and radio condition is considered only in cases that the first two factors= influences are the same.

1.3.2 Meas#rement $eport Preprocessin"

he measurement report provides original data for handover decision. ?@G15;,S$ 3B24 adopts the rolling average method6 which can have different weights to reali:e smooth handover. he rolling average method has the following features>

he number of measurement reports must reach the average window si:e before calculating the average value.

"f ( @ is enabled6 the accuracy of the level and 9uality value in measurement report will decrease. hus when performing the weighted average calculation6 the weight of the measurement report with ( @ must be different from that of the measurement report without using ( @. he fi8ed weight of the measurement report when ( @ is enabled is 1. he weight of the measurement report when ( @ is disabled can be configured as 16 26 or !F if the weight is configured as 16 the measurement report is no different from that when ( @ is enabled.
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2 'ower $ontrol

he number of measurement reports that are allowed to be lost is ZeroAllowed at most. "f the number of lost measurement reports is too large6 the 9ueue resets6 and those lost measurement reports are ta/en as of measurement value 5 3i.e. ;115 d,m46 which are not used in the average calculation. Gor e8ample6 suppose the 7o. 3J;14 measurement report is lost and the average window si:e is .6 then the average value K 10+ 3&@%IBH7$I%%3J4 L 5 L &@%IBH7$I%% 3J;24 L ... L &@%IBH7$I%% 3J;+44.

-fter power control is performed6 implement power compensation for relevant handover decision.

1.3.3 %estination Cell Selection

-fter a comparison succeeds6 that is6 after ,S$ decides to perform handover6 the destination cell is selected according to different handover causes. ?@G15;,S$ 3B24 can find the most appropriate destination cell according to specific handover causes. Gor intra;cell handover6 ?@G15;,S$ 3B24 specifies the type of the new channel is located according to the handover cause. he &@ where the

&@ types include

macro;cell common &@6 macro;cell special &@6 and other &@ in micro;cell. Gor the cause of HOH7I-& OG-& in the e8tended cell6 the type of the &@ where the new channel is located is the e8tended carrier. Gor the cause of HOHG-& O7I-& in the e8tended cell6 the type of the common carrier. Gor inter;cell handover6 the destination cell is selected according to the following formulas>

&@ where the new channel is located is the

Selection rule 1> -v&8%ev7$ell3n4 M &@%IBHM"73n4 L M-@3563MSH @'C&HM-@3n4; '3n444

Selection rule 2> ',G 3n4 M HOHM-&G"73n4

Selection rule !> -v&8%ev7$ell3n4 M av&8%ev(% L HOHM-&G"7H2U-%3n4

Selection rule #>

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G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

-v&8%ev7$ell3n4 M av&8%ev(% L HOHM-&G"7H%IBI%3n4

Para$eter &@%IBHM"7374 ',G 374 H5HM-&G"7374 HOHM-&G"7H2U-%374 HOHM-&G"7H%IBI%374 MSH @'C&HM-@3n4 '3n4 av&8%ev(% -v&8%ev7cell 374 Meanin% he minimum level re9uired to handover;in the ad<acent cell 'ower budget of the ad<acent cell 'ower budget threshold for handover;in the ad<acent cell %evel threshold for handover;in the ad<acent cell ,I& threshold for handover;in the ad<acent cell he ma8imum MS power allowed in the ad<acent cell MS power in the ad<acent cell he average value of MS=s downlin/ strength he average value of the ad<acent cell=s downlin/ strength

Selection rule 1 must be satisfied6 that is6 the average level of the handover;in ad<acent cell must be larger than the minimum handover;in level. Selection rule 2 is used if the handover cause is Nbetter cellO. Selection rule ! is used if the handover cause is Nuplin/0downlin/ 9ualityO. Selection rule # is used if the handover cause is Nuplin/0downlin/ strengthO. I8cept for the case of rapid fading6 the destination cell can be decided if the selection rule and the hierarchical relationship between the destination cell and the service cell are decided. -fter being processed by the sorting module6 the sorted cell list is generated. "f destination cells contain cells of different layers6 concatenate the several cell lists according to the generating se9uence to get the final result.

1.3.& %estination Cell Sortin"

"f more than one ad<acent cell is found6 these ad<acent cells should be sorted. -fter the sorting is completed6 attempt handover according to the sorted list. he sorting strategy of ?@G15;,S$ 3B24 is based on priorities and penalties6 improving the handover success ratio and controlling the handover flow. he sorting rule of ad<acent cell list is as follows> Sort cells according to their dynamic priorities first. "f the dynamic priorities of two cells are the same6 then sort the two cells according to their power budgets. "n destination cells6 the e8tended cell=s priority is lower. he dynamic priority depends on the cell=s static priority and the cell=s resource ratio. he cell=s static priority has eight levels> 5 P +6 and the larger the level6 the higher the priority. he cell=s static priority6 which can be set according to the traffic statistics6
6

2 'ower $ontrol

mainly depends on the cell=s geographical position. Gor e8ample6 the micro cell in a building and its ad<acent cells which are on the same floor are assigned with higher priorities6 while its other ad<acent cells on different floors are assigned with lower priorities. "n this way6 it guarantees that handover is performed on the same floor6 which decreases interference and improves call 9uality. he cell=s resource ratio refers to the percentage of idle $Hs in total $Hs6 with a range of 5 P 155. (uring the handover process6 MS only concerns the handover;in cell=s $Hs. he higher the percentage of available $Hs is6 the lighter the cell=s load is6 which indicates a higher handover success ratio. he sorting flow has the following features>

Gor the speed;based handover6 it is cross;layer handover6 thus cells of the same layer must be removed first.

Gor the interference;based handover6 distinguish different carrier groups in the cell and handle them respectively.

-d<ust the handover candidate cells according to the load> 3within the same ,S$4 ad<ust candidate cells= priorities according to their load6 which influences the destination cell selection and dynamically balancing traffic.

1.3.' Handover Penalty Strate"ies

-dopting penalty strategies after handover failure occurs can effectively avoid repeated failures and increase the handover success ratio.

"nter;cell handover 3including ,S$;controlled and MS$;controlled4 "f handover fails6 then during the ne8t handover attempt6 manually decrease the destination cell=s downlin/ level by an offset of PenaltyLevOffset. -fter doing that6 if the penalty cell still ran/s first 3for e8ample6 the cell is the only destination cell6 or the cell=s level is much higher than that of other cells46 then perform handover to the cell again. Chen performing offset penalty for the destination cell6 the counter PenaltyCount is enabled and set as 1. he counter increments when handover fails6 the offset level increases by PenaltyLevOffset at the same time. Chen the number of handover failures reaches ! 3the ma8imum attempt times4 and the cell is still in the penalty period6 the cell is filtered.
7

he previous penalty

G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

scheme is applied and handover is not attempted towards the cell. "n this way6 repeated handover attempts can be avoided and the handover success ratio will not be influenced.

"ntra;cell handover "f a user performs intra;cell handover repeatedly6 it indicates that the user is located where interference is serious and can not find appropriate channel. "n this case6 the user should be prohibited to perform handover within a certain period of time. he <udgment method is as follows> "f handover occurs again during the timer Ma8"Ho=s interval6 it indicates that the previous handover does not have effect on interference6 the counter "Ho$ount increments6 and Ma8"Ho restarts. "f handover occurs after Ma8"Ho=s interval e8pires6 it indicates that the previous handover is effective6 "Ho$ount=s value is cleared. "f "Ho$ount=s value reaches Ma8"Ho6 it indicates that it is unnecessary to continue the handover attempt within a certain period of time6 and intra;cell handover penalty strategy due to interference can be adopted6 that is6 the intra;cell handover attempt due to interference should not be implemented any more.

1.& (asic Handover )l"orithms and Parameters

1.&.1 *plin+,%ownlin+ Handover d#e to Inter!erence
he handover is caused by>

'oor uplin/0downlin/ receiving 9uality High level MS entering predefined interference area

"n the interference area6 the higher the level is6 the easier it is to find a channel with less interference. herefore6 the intra;cell handover standard is not unified for all calls in the cell. "n other words6 if the level is high6 the intra;cell handover can be performed even if &2 is lowF if the level is low6 the intra;cell handover is performed only if &2 is high. "n this way6 call 9uality is guaranteed6 call drop rate decreases6 and ineffective handovers are avoided.

2 'ower $ontrol

1.&.2 $elevant Parameters

1.&.2.1 IntraHo*l evThs- IntraHo*l evP- IntraHo*l ev.

&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 handover decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. Uplin/ co;fre9uency interference is one of the handover causes. he <udgment process is as follows> "f the uplin/ 9uality handover conditions are satisfied6 and ' of the latest 7 average values of uplin/ signal strength are larger than relevant thresholds6 then handover is performed. interference.

he handover is due to too strong uplin/ co;fre9uency

IntraHoUlLevThs> defines relevant threshold values IntraHoUlLevN> defines relevant 7 values IntraHoUlLevP> defines relevant ' values

Usually6 an intra;cell handover is performed if the handover condition is satisfied.

'alues 1 Q IntraHoUlLevP Q IntraHoUlLevN Q !2

(ntraHo)l*ev+,s 5 1 2 *1 *2 *! Corres ondin% *evel 'alue -dB$. R ;115 ;115 P ;151 ;151 P ;15. ;)5 P ;#1 ;#1 P ;#. M ;#.

Settin%s Usually6 the value of IntraHoUlLevThs must be larger than the threshold value 3PcUlRedLevThs in table &H'O$4 that causes uplin/ power control 3decrease46 to avoid unnecessary intra;cell handover. he default value can be !5 3i.e. ;.1 d,m P ;.5 d,m4. he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.2

G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

1.&.2.2

IntraHo%l evThs- IntraHo%l evP- IntraHo%l ev. &escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 handover decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. (ownlin/ co;fre9uency interference is one of the handover causes. he <udgment process is as follows> "f the downlin/ 9uality handover conditions are satisfied6 and ' of the latest 7 average values of downlin/ signal strength are larger than relevant thresholds6 then handover is performed. he handover is due to too strong downlin/ 3co;fre9uency4 interference.

IntraHoDlLevThs> defines relevant threshold values IntraHoDlLevN> defines relevant 7 values IntraHoDlLevP> defines relevant ' values

Usually6 an intra;cell handover is performed if the handover condition is satisfied.

'alues 1 Q IntraHoDlLevP Q IntraHoDlLevN Q !2

"ntraHo(l%ev hs 5 1 2 *1 *2 *! $orresponding %evel Balue 3d,m4 R ;115 ;115 P ;151 ;151 P ;15. ;)5 P ;#1 ;#1 P ;#. M ;#.

Settin%s Usually6 the value of IntraHoDlLevThs must be less than 3or e9ual to4 the threshold value 3PcDlRedLevThs in table &H'O$4 that causes downlin/ power control 3decrease46 to avoid unnecessary intra;cell handover. he default value can be !5 3i.e. ;.1 d,m P ;.5 d,m4. he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.2 7I(2.+

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2 'ower $ontrol

1.&.3 *plin+,%ownlin+ Handover d#e to /#ality

he handover is caused by poor uplin/0downlin/ receiving 9uality. "f the receiving 9uality is so poor that e8ceeds the predefined value6 the handover is triggered to improve the call 9uality.

1.&.& $elevant Parameters

1.&.&.1 Ho*l/#alThs- Ho*l/#alP- Ho*l/#al. &escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 handover decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. Uplin/ receiving 9uality is one of the handover causes. he <udgment process is as follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of uplin/ signal 9uality are larger than relevant thresholds6 then handover is performed. he handover is due to too poor uplin/ signal 9uality.

HoUlQualThs> defines relevant threshold values HoUlQualN> defines relevant 7 values HoUlQualP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q HoUlQualP Q HoUlQualN Q !2

HoUl2ual hs 5 1 2 * + 5 1 2 * + $orresponding 2uality Grade Meaning ,I&R5.2E 5.2ER,I&R5.#E 5.#ER,I&R5..E *.#ER,I&R12..E 12..ER,I&

Settin%s Usually6 the value of HoUlQualThs must be larger than the threshold value 3PcUlInclQualThs in table &H'O$4 that causes uplin/ power control 3increase4. "n other words6 perform power control first6 and then perform handover if the power control has no effect. he default value can be ). he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

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G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.2 7I(2.+

1.&.&.2

Ho%l/#alThs- Ho%l/#alP- Ho%l/#al. &escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 handover decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. (ownlin/ receiving 9uality is one of the handover causes. he <udgment process is as follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of downlin/ signal 9uality are larger than relevant thresholds6 then handover is performed. he handover is due to too poor downlin/ signal 9uality.

HoDlQualThs> defines relevant threshold values HoDlQualN> defines relevant 7 values HoDlQualP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q HoDlQualP Q HoDlQualN Q !2

Ho(l2ual hs 5 1 2 * + $orresponding 2uality Grade 5 1 2 * + Meaning ,I&R5.2E 5.2ER,I&R5.#E 5.#ER,I&R5..E *.#ER,I&R12..E 12..ER,I&

Settin%s Usually6 the value of HoDlQualThs must be larger than the threshold value 3PcDlInclQualThs in table &H'O$4 that causes downlin/ power control 3increase4. "n other words6 perform power control first6 and then perform handover if the power control has no effect. he default value can be ). he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.2 7I(2.+

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2 'ower $ontrol

1.&.' *plin+,%ownlin+ Handover d#e to evel

he handover is caused by poor uplin/0downlin/ level. Chen the level is lower than the predefined value6 call drop might occur6 and handover is triggered at the moment to /eep the call.

1.&.0 $elevant Parameters

1.&.0.1 Ho*l evThs- Ho*l evP- Ho*l ev. &escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 handover decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. Uplin/ receiving strength is one of the handover causes. he <udgment process is as follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of uplin/ signal strength are less than relevant thresholds6 then handover is performed. he handover is due to too wea/ uplin/ signal strength.

HoUlLevThs> defines relevant threshold values HoUlLevN> defines relevant 7 values HoUlLevP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q HoUlLevP Q HoUlLevN Q !2

HoUl%ev hs 5 1 2 *1 *2 *! $orresponding %evel Balue 3d,m4 R ;115 ;115 P ;151 ;151 P ;15. ;)5 P ;#1 ;#1 P ;#. M ;#.

Settin%s Usually6 the value of HoUlLevThs must be less than the threshold value 3PcUlInclLevThs in table &H'O$4 that causes uplin/ power control 3increase4. "n other words6 perform power control first6 and then perform handover if the power control has no effect. he default value can be 1) 3i.e. ;1* d,m P ;1) d,m46 and the parameter=s value must be ! d, larger than the cell=s
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G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

R LevAccess!"n. he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.2 7I(2.+

1.&.0.2

Ho%l evThs- Ho%l evP- Ho%l ev. &escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 handover decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. (ownlin/ receiving strength is one of the handover causes. he <udgment process is as follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of downlin/ signal strength are less than relevant thresholds6 then handover is performed. he handover is due to too wea/ downlin/ signal strength.

HoDlLevThs> defines relevant threshold values HoDlLevN> defines relevant 7 values HoDlLevP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q HoDlLevP Q HoDlLevN Q !2

Ho(l%ev hs 5 1 2 *1 *2 *! $orresponding %evel Balue 3d,m4 R ;115 ;115 P ;151 ;151 P ;15. ;)5 P ;#1 ;#1 P ;#. M ;#.

Settin%s Usually6 the value of HoDlLevThs must be less than the threshold value 3PcDlInclLevThs in table &H'O$4 that causes downlin/ power control 3increase4. "n other words6 perform power control first6 and then perform handover if the power control has no effect. he default value can be 1) 3i.e. ;1* d,m P ;1) d,m46 and the parameter=s value must be ! d, larger than the cell=s R LevAccess!"n. he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7
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2 'ower $ontrol

can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.2 7I(2.+

1.&.1 (etter Cell 2P(GT3

'ower ,udget 3',G 4 handover6 also called as edge handover6 is the handover that occurs most fre9uently in urban area. he purpose of ',G handover is not to <ust /eep the call process but to have better call 9uality. ',G is calculated each time the measurement report is received. (uring the handover decision process6 no threshold is set actually6 it only re9uires that ',G is larger than 5. ',G appro8imately e9uals the result of the ad<acent cell=s level subtracting the cell=s level. $hec/ each ad<acent cell6 if ' consecutive average level values of an ad<acent cell are larger than or e9ual to 56 the ',G handover condition is satisfied. "t should be emphasi:ed that the ',G handover has destination fre9uency bands6 and the parameter is controlled by Nlayers suitable for standard ',G handoverO. he table below e8plains meanings of the parameter 3in binary code4>
,it bit1 bit2 Balue S (escription 5> can not perform ',G handover to co;layer hetero;fre9uency ad<acent cell 1> can perform ',G handover to co;layer hetero;fre9uency ad<acent cell 5> can not perform ',G relationship 1> can perform ',G handover to ad<acent cell that has hierarchical relationship bit! bit# bit)Pbit. 5> can not perform ',G handover to upper;layer ad<acent cell 1> can perform ',G handover to upper;layer ad<acent cell 5> can not perform ',G handover to lower;layer ad<acent cell 1> can perform ',G handover to lower;layer ad<acent cell &eserved6 being 5 constantly handover to ad<acent cell that has no hierarchical

"t effectively controls the direction of ',G distribution.

handover and the networ/ traffic

he ',G handover threshold can be set as a negative value. "t can be fle8ibly applied in the dual;fre9uency networ/ to control the handover direction.

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2 Power Control
2.1 Overview
'ower control means controlling the actual transmission power of MS or base station in radio propagation to reduce the transmission power as much as possible. "t helps reduce the power consumption of MS and base station as well as reduce the GSM networ/ interference. he premise of performing power control is that the call 9uality is good during the call process. Gigure 2.1 ;1 shows the power control process.

,
Gigure 2.1;1 'ower $ontrol

-s shown in Gigure 2.1 ;16 the MS at position - is far from the base station=s antenna. ,ecause the radio wave propagation loss is in direct proportion of the 7th power of the distance6 a large transmission power is re9uired for MS at position - to guarantee the call 9uality. However6 the MS at position , is close to the base stations= antenna6 the propagation loss is less6 thus similar call 9uality can be obtained with a less transmission power. (uring the call process6 if MS moves from position , to position -6 MS=s transmission power can increase gradually by performing power control. here are two types of power control> uplin/ power control and downlin/ power control. he two can be implemented independently. he uplin/ power control is used to control the transmission power of MS while the downlin/ power control is used to control the transmission power of base station. hey can reduce uplin/0downlin/ interference by reducing the transmission power6 and also reduce the power consumption of MS or base station. Cith the power control technology6 the average call 9uality of GSM networ/ increases greatly and the usable time of MS=s battery is
17

prolonged.

2.2 Power Control Process

he measurement data of MS and base station are raw data used for ma/ing decision in power control process. hese raw data are processed and analy:ed before ma/ing relevant control decision. Gigure 2.1 ;2 illustrates the power control process.

Save measurement data

-verage measurement data

Ma/e power control decision

Send power control command

Modify measurement data

Gigure 2.1;2 'ower $ontrol 'rocess Glow $hart

1.

Save measurement data Measurement data related to the power control include> uplin/ signal level6 uplin/ signal 9uality6 downlin/ signal level6 and downlin/ signal 9uality.

2.

-verage measurement data "n order to reduce the influence of comple8 radio transmission on the measurement data6 the forward average method is often used to reali:e smooth processing of measurement data. "n other words6 multiple average values of measurement data are used in ma/ing power control decision. (uring the average process6 parameter settings may differ for different measurement data types6 that is6 the number of measurement data used may be different.

!.

Ma/e power control decision

18

2 'ower $ontrol

hree parameters are re9uired for power control decision> a threshold6 an 7 value6 and a ' value. "f ' of the latest 7 average values are larger than the threshold value6 it indicates that the signal level is too high or the signal 9uality is too good. "f ' of the latest 7 average values are less than the threshold value6 it indicates that the signal level is too low or the signal 9uality is too poor. -ccording to the signal level or signal 9uality6 MS or base station can decide how to control the transmission power. he positive or negative change in transmission power depends on the predefined value. #. Send power control command -ccording to the power control decision6 the corresponding control command is sent to base station6 which then e8ecutes the command or forwards the command to MS. ). Modify measurement data -fter power control is performed6 the raw measurement data and average values are useless. o avoid ma/ing incorrect power control decision6 these data should either be abandoned or modified before being used. he most fre9uent power control can be performed every #.5 ms6 which is actually the fastest speed that the measurement data is reported. "n other words6 a complete power control process can be e8ecuted every #.5 ms at the fastest speed.

2.3 $apid Power Control

'ower control ranges recommended in I S" specifications are fi8ed6 usually 2 d, or # d,. However6 in many actual applications6 a fi8ed power control range can not gain an optimum result. Gor e8ample6 suppose MS initiates a call in a place very close to the base station=s antenna6 the MS=s initial transmission power is the ma8imum transmission power MSH @'C&HM-@H$$H6 which is in the system message broadcasted on ,$$H. ,ecause MS is very close to the antenna6 the transmission power should be reduced by power control as early as possible. However6 it can not be reali:ed by the power control process recommended in I S" specifications6 because such a power control process can only ma/e MS transmission power reduce by 2 d, or # d, each time. here is a certain interval between two power control processes 3to collect enough new
19

G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

measurement data46 thus there will be a long period of time before MS transmission power is reduced to an appropriate value. hings are the same in downlin/ direction. herefore6 such strategies can not relieve interference of the entire GSM networ/. o solve the above problem6 the power control range should be increased6 which is the main idea of rapid power control. (uring the rapid power control process6 the control range is not fi8ed but depends on the actual signal strength and signal 9uality. "t solves the power control problem during the process of MS=s initial access. "n addition to that6 rapid power control also solves many other power control problems in cases that re9uire large power control ranges6 such as a rapidly moving MS6 a call process during which interference or obstacles suddenly occur.

2.& Power Control Parameters

2.&.1 Pc*lIncl evThs- Pc*lIncl evP- Pc*lIncl ev.
&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 power control decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. Uplin/ receiving strength is one of the reasons that cause MS 3uplin/4 power to increase. follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of uplin/ signal strength are less than relevant thresholds6 then increase MS 3uplin/4 transmission power because the uplin/ signal strength is too wea/.

he <udgment process is as

PcUlInclLevThs> defines relevant threshold values PcUlInclLevN> defines relevant 7 values PcUlInclLevP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q PcUlInclLevP Q PcUlInclLevN Q !2

'cUl"ncl%ev hs 5 1 2 20 R ;115 ;115 P ;151 ;151 P ;15. $orresponding %evel Balue 3d,m4

2 'ower $ontrol

'cUl"ncl%ev hs *1 *2 *!

$orresponding %evel Balue 3d,m4 ;)5 P ;#1 ;#1 P ;#. M ;#.

Settin%s he default threshold value can be 1. 3i.e. ;1! d,m P ;12 d,m4. he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.1 7I( 2.+ 15.1

2.&.2 Pc%lIncl evThs- Pc%lIncl evP- Pc%lIncl ev.

&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 power control decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. (ownlin/ receiving strength is one of the reasons that cause , S 3downlin/4 power to increase. he <udgment process is as follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of downlin/ signal strength are less than relevant thresholds6 then increase , S 3downlin/4 transmission power because the downlin/ signal strength is too wea/.

PcDlInclLevThs> defines relevant threshold values PcDlInclLevN> defines relevant 7 values PcDlInclLevP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q PcDlInclLevP Q PcDlInclLevN Q !2

'c(l"ncl%ev hs 5 1 2 *1 *2 *! $orresponding %evel Balue 3d,m4 R ;115 ;115 P ;151 ;151 P ;15. ;)5 P ;#1 ;#1 P ;#. M ;#.

21

G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

Settin%s he default threshold value can be 1. 3i.e. ;1! d,m P ;12 d,m4. he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.1 7I( 2.+ 15.1

2.&.3 Pc*l$ed evThs- Pc*l$ed evP- Pc*l$ed ev.

&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 power control decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. Uplin/ receiving strength is one of the reasons that cause MS 3uplin/4 power to decrease. follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of uplin/ signal strength are larger than relevant thresholds6 then decrease MS 3uplin/4 transmission power because the uplin/ signal strength is too strong.

he <udgment process is as

PcUlRedLevThs> defines relevant threshold values PcUlRedLevN> defines relevant 7 values PcUlRedLevP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q PcUlRedLevP Q PcUlRedLevN Q !2

'cUl&ed%ev hs 5 1 2 *1 *2 *! $orresponding %evel Balue 3d,m4 R ;115 ;115 P ;151 ;151 P ;15. ;)5 P ;#1 ;#1 P ;#. M ;#.

Settin%s he default threshold value can be 22 3i.e. ;.1 d,m P ;.. d,m4. he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.1 7I( 2.+ 15.1

22

2 'ower $ontrol

2.&.& Pc%l$ed evThs- Pc%l$ed evP- Pc%l$ed ev.

&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 power control decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. (ownlin/ receiving strength is one of the reasons that cause , S 3downlin/4 power to decrease. he <udgment process is as follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of uplin/ signal strength are larger than relevant thresholds6 then decrease , S 3downlin/4 transmission power because the downlin/ signal strength is too strong.

PcDlRedLevThs> defines relevant threshold values PcDlRedLevN> defines relevant 7 values PcDlRedLevP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q PcDlRedLevP Q PcDlRedLevN Q !2

'c(l&ed%ev hs 5 1 2 *1 *2 *! $orresponding %evel Balue 3d,m4 R ;115 ;115 P ;151 ;151 P ;15. ;)5 P ;#1 ;#1 P ;#. M ;#.

Settin%s he default threshold value can be 22 3i.e. ;.1 d,m P ;.. d,m4. he default value of ' can be ! and the default value of 7 can be #.

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.1 7I( 2.+ 15.1

2.&.' Pc*lIncl/#alThs- Pc*lIncl/#alP- Pc*lIncl/#al.

&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 power control decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. Uplin/ receiving 9uality is one of the reasons that cause MS 3uplin/4 power to increase.
23

he <udgment process is as

G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of uplin/ signal 9uality are larger than relevant thresholds6 then increase MS 3uplin/4 transmission power because the uplin/ signal 9uality is too poor.

PcUlInclQualThs> defines relevant threshold values PcUlInclQualN> defines relevant 7 values PcUlInclQualP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q PcUlInclQualP Q PcUlInclQualN Q !2

'cUl"ncl2ual hs 5 1 2 * + 5 1 2 * + $orresponding 2uality Grade Meaning ,I&R5.2E 5.2ER,I&R5.#E 5.#ER,I&R5..E *.#ER,I&R12..E 12..ER,I&

Settin%s he default threshold value can be !. default value of 7 can be #. he default value of ' can be ! and the

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.1 7I( 2.+ 15.1

2.&.0 Pc%lIncl/#alThs- Pc%lIncl/#alP- Pc%lIncl/#al.

&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 power control decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. (ownlin/ receiving 9uality is one of the reasons that cause , S 3downlin/4 power to increase. he <udgment process is as follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of downlin/ signal 9uality are larger than relevant thresholds6 then increase , S 3downlin/4 transmission power because the downlin/ signal 9uality is too poor.

PcDlInclQualThs> defines relevant threshold values

24

2 'ower $ontrol

PcDlInclQualN> defines relevant 7 values PcDlInclQualP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q PcDlInclQualP Q PcDlInclQualN Q !2

'c(l"ncl2ual hs 5 1 2 * + 5 1 2 * + $orresponding 2uality Grade Meaning ,I&R5.2E 5.2ER,I&R5.#E 5.#ER,I&R5..E *.#ER,I&R12..E 12..ER,I&

Settin%s he default threshold value can be !. default value of 7 can be #. he default value of ' can be ! and the

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.1 7I( 2.+ 15.1

2.&.1 Pc*l$ed/#alThs- Pc*l$ed/#alP- Pc*l$ed/#al.

&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 power control decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. Uplin/ receiving 9uality is one of the reasons that cause MS 3uplin/4 power to decrease. follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of uplin/ signal 9uality are less than relevant thresholds6 then decrease MS 3uplin/4 transmission power because the uplin/ signal 9uality is too good.

he <udgment process is as

PcUlRedQualThs> defines relevant threshold values PcUlRedQualN> defines relevant 7 values PcUlRedQualP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q PcUlRedQualP Q PcUlRedQualN Q !2

'cUl&ed2ual hs $orresponding 2uality Grade 25 Meaning

G,$H55)HI1H5 GSM Handover and 'ower $ontrol

5 1 2 * +

5 1 2 * +

,I&R5.2E 5.2ER,I&R5.#E 5.#ER,I&R5..E *.#ER,I&R12..E 12..ER,I&

Settin%s he default threshold value can be !. default value of 7 can be #. he default value of ' can be ! and the

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.1 7I( 2.+ 15.1

2.&.4 Pc%l$ed/#alThs- Pc%l$ed/#alP- Pc%l$ed/#al.

&escri tion -ccording to GSM specifications6 power control decision is performed after a series of average values are obtained. (ownlin/ receiving 9uality is one of the reasons that cause , S 3downlin/4 power to decrease. he <udgment process is as follows> "f ' of the latest 7 average values of downlin/ signal 9uality are less than relevant thresholds6 then decrease , S 3downlin/4 transmission power because the downlin/ signal 9uality is too good.

PcDlRedQualThs> defines relevant threshold values PcDlRedQualN> defines relevant 7 values PcDlRedQualP> defines relevant ' values

'alues 1 Q PcDlRedQualP Q PcDlRedQualN Q !2

'c(l&ed2ual hs 5 1 2 * + 5 1 2 * + $orresponding 2uality Grade Meaning ,I&R5.2E 5.2ER,I&R5.#E 5.#ER,I&R5..E *.#ER,I&R12..E 12..ER,I&

Settin%s
26

2 'ower $ontrol

he default threshold value can be !. default value of 7 can be #.

he default value of ' can be ! and the

/e0erence GSM5).5. -.!.2.1 7I( 2.+ 15.1

27