Heat N Thermodynamics

Chapter 5 Heat & Thermodynamics
Dr. R. D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences
Learning Outcomes
After completing this chapter, you will be able to Define heat, temperature, thermodynamics and thermal conductivity. Recall the laws of thermodynamics. Demonstrate knowledge of flow of heat and heat engine
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Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC
What is Heat?
Heat is a thermal energy which gives us the sensation of warmth or hotness. Heat is measured in Joules. A body becomes hotter when it gains heat energy and becomes colder when it emits heat energy. Thus measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body is known as its temperature.
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Thermodynamics
A branch of heat in which we study heat in motion is called thermodynamics.
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Thermal conductivity
A measure of the materials ability to conduct heat is called thermal conductivity. It is measured in the unit of, in SI, W /m K (Watts per meter Kelvin)
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Thermal conductivity (K)

The amount of heat () flowing from one face to another depends upon the following factors: Directly proportional to the face area, i.e., Directly proportional to the time of conduction, i.e., Directly proportional to the difference in temperature, i.e., (1 2 ) Inversely proportional to the thickness of the slab, i.e., 1/
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Thermal conductivity
Therefore,
1 2 1 2
where, is the coefficient of thermal conductivity and it depends upon the nature of the material. Thus, = W/m K 1 2
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Sample Exercise 1
A copper rod 20 cm long and of 0.785 2 area of cross-section thermally insulated is heated at one end through 100 while the other end is kept at 30 . Calculate the amount of heat which will flow in 20 minutes along the way. Thermal conductivity of copper is 380 W/m K.
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Solution to Sample Ex 1
Given values are, = 0.785 102 2 = 0.2 1 2 = 100 30 = 70 = 20 60 = 1200 K = 380 W/mK Formula,
=
1 2
380 0.785 102 70 1200 = 0.2 6 = 1.3 10 J ()
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Determination of Q by Lees Disc method

Heat energy conducted, =
In case of poor conductors whose K is very small the quantity of heat conducted will also be very small. Thus to increase the value of , either area of crosssection should be increased or thickness should be decreased or the temperature difference (1 2 ) should be decreased. As the difference in temperature cannot be increased beyond a certain safe limit, hence is increased by taking thin discs of large area of cross-section.
1 2
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Lee's Method for determining K for bad conductor

1 2 the specimen material of which the thermal conductivity is to be determined The size of disc is 10 cm in diameter and 2 to 3 mm thick. 1, 2 , 3 4 are the copper plates Between the ! 3 heater element is placed which heated by an outside battery. Four thermocouples on both sides of 1 2 are used to measure the temperatures 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
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Working
A constant current () is passed through the heater coil and the
potential difference across the coil is measured. The heat generated by the heating element is conducted through 1 3 and then passed through 1 2 . The discs 1 3 ensure uniform distribution of heat so that flow
of heat through 1 2 is normal and steady.

After some time when steady state is reached the temperatures are
measured.
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Calculations
Let the thickness of 1 = 1 and the thickness of 2 = 2
Heat produced by the heater coil in one second = Heat passing through 1 in one second =
1 2 1 3 4 2 4.2
/ - (1)
Heat passing through 2 in one second =

3 4 2 4.2
Heat passing through 1 2 in one second = (2) +

3 4 2
1 2 1
Equating (1) and (2), we have =
From the above expression, the value of K can be determined.
1 2 1
. (3)
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Radial Flow of Heat (Spherical shell method)

In this case the specimen under test is enclosed in between two concentric spheres of radii 1 2 , at the centre of these two shells a heating element is placed. The heat is conducted through specimen from the inner to outer shell. Let 1 and 2 be the temperature of inner and outer shell when the steady state is reached. Thermal conductivity can be determined by 2 1 using = W/mK 41 2 (1 2 )
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Thermal Insulations in buildings

Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Thermal Insulation of buildings helps to keep heat in during the winter and out in summer to improve comfort and save energy. Insulation could add additional benefits such as acoustics and waterproofing. Effective draught proofing, moisture control and ventilation are important at design stage.
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Methods of Thermal Insulation

The principle of thermal insulation is the resistance to heat flow is achieved by: bulk insulation method, reflective insulation method or a combination of both.
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Bulk Insulation
It resists the heat transfer by conduction and convection, depends on pockets of trapped air or low conductive gasses within its structure. The following materials are used for bulk insulation: glass fiber, slag wool, rock fiber, cellulose fiber, polyester fiber, polystyrene, and polyurethane.
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Reflective Insulation
Reflective Foil Insulation resists mostly the radiant heat flow It is effective only when installed/applied in combination with air spaces. Reflective Foils have air spaces, together with high reflective/low emissive surfaces facing the air spaces. The reflective surfaces should be positioned to face the brighter side downwards. The thermal resistance of reflective insulation varies with the direction of heat flow through it, i.e. vertical, horizontal or sloped, the number of air spaces and defined thicknesses of the air spaces.
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Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a study of heat conduction in the materials. There are two well-known laws of thermodynamics in physics and they are discussed below.
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First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is based on the principle of conservation of energy i.e., energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another. According to first law of thermodynamics, a definite amount of mechanical work is needed to produce definite amount of heat and vice versa,
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The ratio of the work done and the heat produced is always constant. Let W is work done in producing H amount of heat, thus according to the above law,
or =

where, is the proportionality constant and is known as a Joules constant.
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Sample Ex
A car is brought to halt by applying brakes in 50 m. If the average frictional force which is stopping the car is 7.5 , how much heat will be produced?
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solution
Given values are, Frictional force = 7.5 = 7.5 103 The distance moved = 50 m Work done (W) = = 7.5 103 50 W = 375 103 We know that, / =
= 375 103 = 4.2 / = 89.286 = 89.286 4.2 kJ =
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W J
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Second Law of Thermodynamics

Claussis Statement: It is impossible for a self-acting machine (i.e., a machine without the support by any external agency), working in a cyclical process, to transfer heat from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature.
i.e., Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold body to hot body without the performance of work by an external agency. This is evident from ordinary experience of refrigeration. For example, in a refrigerator, heat flows from cold to hot region, but only when forced by an external agent, which is called the refrigeration system.
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Kelvins Statement: It is impossible to derive a continuous supply of work by cooling a body to a temperature lower than that of the coldest of its surroundings. The above statement can be explained as it is impossible to extract energy by heat from a hightemperature energy source and then convert all of the energy into work. i.e., no heat engine can covert whole of the heat energy supplied to it into useful work.
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Heat Engine
A heat engine is a device that converts heat energy into mechanical energy. Examples include a) steam engines, b) steam and gas turbines, c) spark-ignition and diesel engines, and external combustion engine. These engines are used to provide the mechanical power for transportation, operating machinery, and producing electricity.
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All heat engines works in a cyclic process of absorbing heat from the source of heat , pressurizing the working fluid or gas, performing a mechanical work (W) and releasing unused heat to the cooler . Ex: In a car engine, the source of heat is the combustion of petrol or diesel, and the cooler is the air in the atmosphere.
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Efficiency of Heat Engine

The efficiency ( ) of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of the work performed by the engine (work done) to the heat supplied to the engine by the source (input heat)
= =
100%
100%
,
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Carnot Engine
A Carnot heat engine is a hypothetical engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle. The basic model of this engine was developed by Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot, a French engineer, in 1824.
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The most efficient heat engine cycle is the Carnot cycle. It consists of four basic reversible processes meaning that the cycle as a whole is also reversible.
P -V diagram of for Carnot cycle
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The four reversible processes are:

1. Isothermal expansion (by placing the system in contact with a heat reservoir with temperature TH). 2. Adiabatic expansion to TC < TH. 3. Isothermal compression (by placing the system in contact with a heat reservoir with temperature TC).
4. Adiabatic compression from TC to TH.

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The product of pressure and volume represents a quantity of work. This is represented by the area below a P-V curve.
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Animated Engines
http://www.animatedengines.com/diesel.htm l
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Thank You
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Heat N Thermodynamics

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Chapter 5 Heat & Thermodynamics

Dr. R. D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences

Thermal conductivity (K)

380 0.785 102 70 1200 = 0.2 6 = 1.3 10 J ()

Determination of Q by Lees Disc method

Lee's Method for determining K for bad conductor

of heat through 1 2 is normal and steady.

Heat passing through 2 in one second =

Heat passing through 1 2 in one second = (2) +

Equating (1) and (2), we have =

From the above expression, the value of K can be determined.

Radial Flow of Heat (Spherical shell method)

Thermal Insulations in buildings

Methods of Thermal Insulation

First Law of Thermodynamics

where, is the proportionality constant and is known as a Joules constant.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Efficiency of Heat Engine

The four reversible processes are:

4. Adiabatic compression from TC to TH.

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