GLOSSARY

Course Name: Learning Organization (SHB2034)

No Term Definition/Description
1. Administrative A classical management approach that
Management Theory attempted to identify major principles and
functions those managers could use to
achieve superior organizational performance.
2. autocratic style A leadership approach in which a manager
does not share decision-making authority
with subordinates.
3. behavioral perspective The management views that knowledge of
the psychological and social processes of
human behavior can result in improvements
in productivity and work satisfaction.
4. bureaucracy A classical management approach
emphasizing a structured, formal network of
relationships among specialized positions in
the organization.

5. centralization The location of decision authority at the top

of the organization hierarchy.
6. classical perspective The management perspective formed during
the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
with the evolution of the factory system and
the formation of modern corporations, to
meet the challenges of managing large,
complex organizations.
7. Contingency Theory An approach to the study of management
proposing that the managerial strategies,
structures, and processes that result in high
performance depends on characteristics, or
important contingencies, of the situation in
which they are applied.
8. decision making The process of identifying problems and
opportunities and resolving them.
9. decision quality The aspect of decision making that is based
on such facts as costs, revenues, and
product design specifications.

10. empowerment The process of transferring control of

individual work behavior from the supervisor
to the employee.
11. formal communication Management designated pipelines - running
channels up, down and across the organizational
structure - used for official communication
efforts.
12. Gantt charts A visual sequence of the process steps used
in planning, scheduling, and monitoring
production.
13. Hawthorne effect The finding that paying special attention to
employees motivates them to put greater

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 GLOSSARY

Course Name: Learning Organization (SHB2034)

effort into their jobs.
14. Human Relations Theory A classical management approach that
attempted to understand and explain how
human psychological and social processes
interacts with the formal aspects of the work
situation to influence performance.
15. ICT Management Information Communication Technology
management.
16. Islamic Management A management concept based on major
Islamic principle, which is "aqidah Tauhid" or
"Iman".
17. job evaluation A study that determine the worth of a job in
terms of its value to an organization.
18. knowledge management Cultivating a learning culture in which
organizational members systematically
gather knowledge and share it with others in
the organization to achieve better
performance.

19. knowledge workers Employees who manage information and

make it available to decision makers in the
organization.
20. leadership substitute The leadership theory that contends that
view people overestimate the effect of leaders
even when leader behaviors are irrelevant,
so organizations need to develop
mechanisms to replace or substitute the
influence role assigned to leaders.
21. learning organization An organization skilled at creating, acquiring,
and transferring knowledge, and at
modifying its behavior to reflect new
knowledge and insights.
22. liaison role A management role used to facilitate
communications between two or more
departments.
23. management by A performance appraisal strategy in which
objective employees and supervisors agree on a set of
goals to be accomplished for a particular
period; performance is then assessed at the
end of the period by comparing actual
achievement against the agreed-on goals.
24. Maslow's hierarchy of The theory that people tend to satisfy their
needs needs in a specified order, from the most to
the least basic.
25. motivation The willingness to exert high levels of effort
to reach organizational goals, conditioned by
the effort's ability to satisfy some individual
need.
26. need for achievement A strong drive to accomplish things, in which
the individual receives great satisfaction from
personal attainment and goal completion.

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Course Name: Learning Organization (SHB2034)

27. need for affiliation A strong desire to be liked by others, to
receive social approval, and to establish close
interpersonal relationships.

28. need for power The desire to influence or control other

people.

29. Organizational Behavior A contemporary management approaches

Theory that studies and identifies management
activities that promote employee
effectiveness by examining the complex and
dynamic nature of individual, group, and
organizational processes.

30. physiological needs A management style in which problems are

anticipated before they become pervasive
and time is set-aside on both a daily and
weekly basis to plan goals and priorities.

31. proactive management A management style in which problems are

anticipated before they become pervasive
and time is set-aside on both a daily and
weekly basis to plan goals and priorities.

32. quality circle Groups of employees who meet regularly to

discuss ways to increase quality.

33. quality gap The difference between what customers want

and what they actually get from the
company.

34. quantitative A contemporary management approach that

management emphasizes the application of qualitative
analysis to managerial decisions and
problems.

35. relationship-oriented The team-member role that focuses on

leadership sustaining harmony between team members.

36. role modeling The leadership mechanism in which

managers serve as examples of behaviors
they would like employees to emulate.

37. satisficing Selecting the first alternative solution that

meets a minimum criterion.

38. Scientific Management A classical management approach that

Theory applied scientific methods to analyze and
determine the "one best way" to complete
production tasks.

39. self-actualization needs A person's need to become what he or she is

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Course Name: Learning Organization (SHB2034)

capable of becoming.

40. self-leadership Leadership that stresses the individual

responsibility of employees to develop their
own work priorities aligned with
organizational goals; the manager is a
facilitator who enhances the self-leadership
capabilities of subordinates, encouraging
them to develop self-control skills.

41. System Theory A theory stating that an organization is a set

of interdependent elements, which in turn is
interdependent with the external
environment.

42. Systematic Management A classical management approach that

Theory attempted to build into operations in the
specific procedures and processes that would
ensure coordination of effort to achieve
established goals and plans.

43. Theory X A philosophy of management with a negative

perception of subordinates' potential for and
attitudes toward work.

44. Theory Y A philosophy of management with a positive

perception of subordinates' potential for and
attitudes toward work.

45. Total Quality An integrative approach to management that

Management supports that attainment of customer
satisfaction through a wide variety of tools
and techniques that result in high-quality
goods and services.

46. universality of The reality that management is needed in all

management types and sizes of organizations, at all
organizational levels, in all organizational
areas, and in organizations in all countries
around the globe.

47. utilitarianism A means of making decisions based on what

is good for the greatest number of people.

48. value-based An approach to managing in which manages

management establish, promote, and practice an
organization's shared values.

49. work team A team composed of multi-skilled workers

that do all the tasks previously done by
individual members in a functional
department or departments.

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Course Name: Learning Organization (SHB2034)

50. workplace spirituality A recognition of an inner life that nourishes

and is nourished by meaningful work that
takes place in the context of community.

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