Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
An organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge which establishes its own rules and standards for protection of the public & professionals
Profession
A profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering though the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations. (ANA, 2003)
Nursing
Nursing Profession
Professions are based on a specific body of knowledge that can be learned Professions are practical as well as theoretical
Nurses are educated in institutions of higher learning & function in a responsible and accountable manner. Nursing continues to develop its own specific body of knowledge from which nursing practice emerges. Evolved in response to needs identified by society & is guided by ethical code.
Professional work can be taught through professional education Professions have strong internal organization Practitioners are guided by altruism
Nursing Profession
Nurses are educated primarily in different types of degree programs PNA & other bodies provide internal organization Many nurses enter nursing profession out of desire to help others
Professional Nursing- an art & science dominated by an ideal of service in w/c certain principles are applied in the skillful care of the well & the ill. Professional Nurse one who has acquired the art & science of nursing through basic education, who interprets her role in nursing in terms of social needs for w/c it exists
Has faith in the fundamental values that underlie the democratic way of life Has sense of responsibility for understanding Has faith in the reality of spiritual & aesthetic value and the awareness & pleasure of self-development Has basic knowledge, skills & attitudes necessary to address presentday social problems
Has skill in using written & spoken language Appreciates & understands importance of good health Has emotional balance Likes hard work Appreciates high standards of workmanship Accepts and tries to understand people of all sorts Competent to provide excellent care
Guides and directs how nurses conduct their practice Requires Focus is on:
Experiential knowledge of social values Ethical reasoning
Matters of obligation, what ought to be done Right , wrong and responsibility Ethical codes of nursing Confronting and resolving conflicting values, norms, interests or principles
Personal knowing
Personal knowing needs to be integrated or reconciled with professional responsibilities Personal Knowing is the basis of the therapeutic use of self in the nurse patient relationship
Perceiving self feelings, and prejudices within the situation
Aesthetic knowing
To respond with skilled action
It uses the nurses intuition and empathy Is based on the skill of the nurse in a given situation
Based on the assumption that what is known is accessible through the physical senses: seeing, touching and hearing.
Competent action grounded in scientific knowledge including theories and formal description Involves conscious problem solving and logical reasoning Nursing theory
Empirical knowing
Positivist science Source of this knowledge
Research Theory
Emancipatory knowing addresses the social and political context of nursing and healthcare and critiques the four fundamental patterns of knowing It recognises serious social barriers to health and well-being Emancipatory knowing requires an understanding of the nature of knowledge Praxis is the process of emancipatory knowing. It requires both critical reflection and action
Personal
Aestheti c
An instructional method in which students work in small groups Used to gain knowledge and acquire problem-solving skills.
Early beliefs and practices Diseases & their causes and treatment were shrouded with mysticism & superstitions 1. Beliefs about causation of disease 2. People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons w/ powers to expel demons 3. People believed in special gods of healing w/ priest-physician as intermediary.
A. In the Philippines Early Care of the Sick Herbmen Nonos Mabuting Hilot
History of nursing
Health Care during Spanish Regime - Religious orders built hospitals in different parts of the Philippines.
History of nursing
Earliest Hospitals Established: Hospital Real de Manila (1577) San Lazaro Hospital (1578) Hospital de Indio (1586) Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)
Nursing during the Philippine Revolution: Josephine Bracken installed field hospital in Tejeros Rosa Sevilla de Alvero converted house into quarters for Filipino soldiers Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo organized Filipino Red Cross Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo President of Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas. Melchora Aquino nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers Capitan Salome revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija Agueda Kahabagan revolutionary leader in Laguna Trinidad Tecson Ina ng Biac na Bato
History of nursing
Nursing during the Philippine Revolution: Filipino Red Cross was established in Malolos, Bulacan Hospitals & Schools of Nursing 1. Iloilo Mission Hosp. School of Nursing (Iloilo City,1906) ran by Baptist Foreign Mission Society of america o Miss Rose Nicolet o Miss Flora Ernst o April 1944 : First Nurses Board Exam 2. St. Pauls Hosp. School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) - established by Most. Rev. Jeremiah Harty, Archbishop of Manila o Rev. Mother Melanie o Miss E. Chambers
History of nursing
Nursing during the Philippine Revolution: Hospitals & Schools of Nursing 3. Philippine General Hosp. School of Nursing (1907) o Elsie McCloskey-Gaches o Anastacia Giron-Tupas 4. St. Lukes Hosp. School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907) o Miss Helen Hicks o Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran o Dr. Jose Flores
History of nursing
Nursing during the Philippine Revolution: Hospitals & Schools of Nursing 5. Mary Johnston Hosp. & School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) - was called Bethany Dispensary & funded by Methodist Mission - burned down in 1945 - reopened in 1947 at Harris Memorial 6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing - 3 schools of Nursing operated by United Christian Missionary Society of Inidianapolis, India namely: Sallie Long Read Memorial Hosp. School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte, 1903) Mary Chiles Hosp. School of Nursing (Manila, 1911)
History of nursing
Nursing during the Philippine Revolution: Hospitals & Schools of Nursing Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 1911) 7. San Juan De Dios Hosp. School of Nursing (Manila, 1913) - run by the Daughters of Charity, directed by Sister Taciana Trianes 8. Emmanuel Hosp. School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913) - funded by the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society o Miss Clara Pedrosa 9. Southern Islands Hosp. School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918) - organized by Anastacia Giron-Tupas o Miss Visitacion Perez
History of nursing
Nursing during the Philippine Revolution: Other Schools of Nursing: 1. Zamboanga General Hosp. SON (1921) 2. Chinese General Hosp. SON (1921) 3. Baguio General Hosp. SON (1923) 4. Manila Sanitarium & Hosp. SON (1930) 5. St. Pauls SON in Iloilo City (1946) 6. North General Hosp. & SON (1946) 7. Siliman University SON (1947)
History of nursing
First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines UST College of Nursing (1946) MCU College of Nursing (1947) UP College of Nursing (1948) Nursing Leaders in the Philippines: Anastacia Giron-Tupas founder of PNA Cesaria Tan 1st Filipino to receive Masters degree in Nursing abroad Socorro Sirilan pioneer in Hosp. Social Service in San Lazaro Hosp. Rosa Militar pioneer in school health education Sor Ricarda Mendoza pioneer in nursing education Socorro Diaz 1st editor of PNA magazine called The Message
History of nursing
Conchita Ruiz 1st full-time editor of newly named PNA magazine The Filipino Nurse Loreto Tupaz Florence Nightingale of Iloilo Health & Nursing organizations Early institutions for child welfare: 1) Hospicio de San Jose (Manila, 1782) 2) Asylum of San Jose (Cebu) 3) Asylum of Looban (Manila)e 4) Colegio de Santa Isabel (Naga City) 5) Gota de Leche (Manila, 1907) 6) Liga Nacional Filipiniana para la Protection de la Primera Infancia 7) Pulic Welfare Board
Health & Nursing organizations Nursing Organizations: 1) Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) 2) National League of Nurses 3) Catholic Nurses Guild of the Philippines 4) Others: ORNAP, MCNAP, CCNAPI, etc.
History of nursing
Nursing in the Near East - Beliefs and Practices Mans mode of living changed from nomadic to agrarian society to an urban community life. Means of communication & beginnings of body of scientific knowledge were developed Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, sisters / mothers Care of the sick was still closely related to religion, superstition & magic 3 great religious ideologies were born namely: Judaism, Christianity & Islam
Nursing in the FarEast China people strongly believed in spirits & demons - practiced ancestor worship - gave the world knowledge of materia medica (pharmacology) India men of medicine built hospitals, practiced intuitive form of asepsis
Nursing in the Ancient Greece Nursing was the task of untrained slave Greeks introduced Caduceus, the insignia of medical profession today Hippocrates, Father of Scientific Medicine was born in Greece Nursing in Rome Transition from pagan to Christian philosophy took place. Romans attempted to maintain vigorous health Care of the ill was left to slaves / Greek physicians Fabiola made her home the first hospital in the Christian world.
Period of Apprentice Nursing - period from founding of religious nursing orders in the Crusades which began in 11th century and ended in 1835. - period of on the job training - when Crusades began - Military religious orders were established such as: 1) Knights of St. John of Jerusalem 2) Teutonic Knights 3) Knights of St. Lazarus - Alexian Brothers Hosp. SON: largest school of nursing under religious order was founded
Period of Apprentice Nursing - Rise of Secular Orders when the rise of religious nursing orders for women began. - Only by entering a convent that a woman could follow a career, obtain an education & perform acts of charity that her faith would help her gain grace in heaven. Order of St. Francis of Assissi (1200 present)
- Believed in devoting their lives to poverty & service to the poor a. First Order b. Second Order (Poor Clares) c. Third Order (Tertiary Order)
Period of Apprentice Nursing Secular Orders founded during the Period of Crusades The Beguines - Lay nurses who devoted their lives to the service of suffering humanity The Oblates (12th century) Benedictines Ursulines Augustinians
- extends from 17th to 19th century from period of reformation until the US Civil War - Nursing became the work of the least desirable women Several leaders who sought to bring about reforms: 1) John Howard: prison reformer 2) Mother Mary Aikenhand: established Irish Sisters of Charity 3) Pastor Theodor Fliedner & Frederika Munster Fliedner: established the Institute for the Training of Deaconesses at Kaiserwerth, Germany (1836)
Nursing in America o Hotel Dieu of Montreal, a log cabin hospital was founded by Mdme Jeanne Mance o Pre-Civil War Nursing In USA & Canada, religious nursing orders both Catholic & Protestant carried out nursing o American Reforms in Nursing The Nurses Society of Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under the direction of Dr. Joseph Warrington in 1839. Womens Hospital in Philadelphia established a 6 month course in nursing to increase nurses knowledge while they worked.
- period began on June 15, 1860 when the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London. Facts About Florence Nightingale recognized as the Mother of Modern Nursing; also known as Lady with a Lamp born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy raised in England in an atmosphere of culture & affluence Advocated for care of those afflicted w/ diseases caused by lack of hygienic practices.
Facts About Florence Nightingale At the age of 31, she entered the Deaconess School at Kaiserwerth Worked as a superintendent for Gentlewoman during illness Upgraded practice of nursing & made nursing an honorable profession for gentlewomen Led nurses that took care of the wounded during the Crimean War Place down her ideas in 2 published books: Notes on Nursing & Notes on Hospitals
Period of Educated Nursing Other Important Persons/ Groups/ Events During the Period of Educated Nursing Preparation of standard curriculum based on objectives for schools of nursing (1913-1937) Edith Cavell: Mata Hari, served the wounded soldiers in World War I.
o Events & Trends Establishment of WHO by the United Nations Use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical diagnosis & treatment Utilization of computers for collecting data, teaching, record keeping, billing, etc. Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis & therapy Advent of space medicine brought about the development of aerospace nursing Health is perceived as a fundamental human right Technological advances Development of expanded role of the nurse