Allocation Of TCSC in a Power System Using Particle Swarm Optimization

Ajilly Ann John Saintgits College of Engineering Kottayam, n!ia

ajillyannjohn"gmail#com

Saintgits College of Engineering Kottayam, n!ia josephti$in"gmail#com loa!a$ility9=;# S8Cs ma*e it possi$le to enhance the f(nctioning of a transmission networ* $y increasing significantly its loa!ing margin (sing 2en!ers !ecomposition in 9.>;# n 9?;, an o'erloa! sensiti'ity factor is (se! for optimal location of series +ACTS !e'ices for congestion management# A loss sensiti'ity factor metho! is (se! in 9@; to !etermine the location for +ACTS !e'ices# +ACTS !e'ices co(l! $e connecte! either in series or in sh(nt with the power system or e'en in a com$ine! pattern to pro'i!e compensation for the power system# 8aria$le series capacitors, phase shifters an! (nifie! power flow controllers as the most (se! +ACTS !e'ices can $e (tilize! to change the power flow which res(lt in many $enefits li*e losses re!(ce!, sta$ility margin increase! etc# 5(e to s(ch feat(res of +ACTS, integrating it into the congestion management $ecomes more an! more pop(lar# the insertion of +ACTS !e'ices is fo(n! to $e highly effecti'e in maintaining 'oltage sta$ility 9./;# Aowe'er, the $enefits an! performance of +ACTS controllers are !etermine! $y their location an! size 9.:;#Owing to high cost, the n(m$er of +ACTS !e'ices to $e (se! sho(l! $e minimize! an! their $enefits may $e ma&imize! thro(gh efficient optimization metho!s 9./;# The changes that occ(rs in networ* !(e to contingencies will ca(se increase in loa! !eman! in the system ca(sing 'oltage collapse# The reacti'e power flows in the system also !iffers wi!ely (n!er !ifferent contingencies# The stea!y state transmitta$le power can $e increase! an! the 'oltage le'el along line controlle! $y appropriate reacti'e sh(nt compensation# The 'oltages at $(ses fall $elow the specifie! lower limit !(ring hea'y loa! con!itions an! the 'oltage may e&cee! (pper limit !(ring light loa! con!itions# +ACTS !e'ices can $e (se! to maintain the 'oltage within limits an! also it can minimize the acti'e power losses# Pop(lation $ase! co7operati'e an! competiti'e stochastic search algorithms are 'ery pop(lar in the recent years in the research area of comp(tational intelligence# The particle swarm intelligence algorithm is intro!(ce! $y Kenne!y an! E$erhart 9..;,9.B;#PSO is applie! for sol'ing 'ario(s optimization pro$lems in electrical engineering# PSO algorithm $egins $y initializing a ran!om swarm of particles each ha'ing (n*nown parameters to $e optimize!# n each iteration the fitness of each particle is e'al(ate! accor!ing to the selecte! fitness f(nction# The algorithm stores an! progressi'ely replaces the $est fit parameters of each particle

Ti$in Joseph Abstract% Electric power systems are e&pose! to 'ario(s

contingencies# )etwor* contingencies often contri$(te to o'erloa!ing of $ranches, 'iolation of 'oltages an! lea!ing to pro$lems of sta$ility# One of the major operating challenges in the power system is to manage the transmission system congestion to ens(re its sec(re operation# +ACTS !e'ices are (se! to re!(ce the flows in hea'ily loa!e! lines an! there$y eliminating the chances for congestion in transmission lines# This paper presents a metho! for fin!ing an optimal location for Thyristor Controlle! Series Compensator ,TCSC-# Particle swarm optimization algorithm is (se! to fin! the optimal location of the !e'ice# t minimizes the real power loss an! 'oltage !e'iations to ens(re the 'oltage sec(rity of the power system# The effecti'eness of the propose! metho! is teste! for EEE ./ $(s system (sing 0AT1A23PSAT software#

Keywordsoptimal location of +ACTS !e'ice,particle swarm optimisation,minimisation of real power losses,'oltage sta$ility #
)T4O5UCT O)

ncrease in loa! !eman!, changes in generator so(rces an! changes in plant sizes will res(lt in (ncertainity of transactions# Power flow in lines an! transformers sho(l! not $e allowe! to e&cee! a partic(lar le'el# 2(t the increase! transactions may lea! to the operation of power system closer to the operating limit an! res(lt in congestion# To relie'e the congestion mainly two types of techni6(es (se!# Cost free means s(ch as o(tageing of congeste! lines, operation of transformer taps an! operation of +ACTS !e'ices# )on cost free means are re7 !ispatching of generation amo(nts an! loa! c(rtailment# Operation of +ACTS !e'ices are (tilize! as the technology which re!(ces the congestion# +ACTS !e'ices are soli! state con'erters that ha'e the capa$ility of control of 'ario(s electrical parameters in transmission networ*s# +ACTS !e'ices incl(!e Thyristor Controlle! Series Compensator,TCSC-, Static 8ar Compensator,S8C-, Unifie! Power +low Controller,UP+C- an! Static Compensator,STATCO0- etc9:;# +ACTS !e'ices can control the line reactance, $(s 'oltage an! line acti'e an! reacti'e power flows# Therefore the +ACTS !e'ices are (se! to increase the capacity o'er e&isting transmission lines $y proper power flow control o'er !esigne! corri!ors an! to pro'i!e 'oltage s(pport in the networ* 9<;# A priority list metho! $ase! on locational marginal prices ,10Ps- has $een propose! in 9/; for TCSC allocation# A !ecision tree metho! has $een propose! to i!entify critical transmission lines for optimal allocation of TCSC to ma&imize

as well as a single most fit particle among all the particles in the gro(p# n this paper, i!entification of optimal location for placement of TCSC in EEE ./ $(s system is carrie! o(t# An optimization pro$lem is form(late! an! $y (sing PSO optimal sol(tion is o$taine!# The pro$lem is form(late! consi!ering the minimization of real power losses# The section e&plains a$o(t +ACTS !e'ice (se! an! pro$lem form(lation in section # n section 8 the PSO algorithm is presente! in !etail# The res(lts an! !isc(ssions are presente! in section 8# +inally concl(sions are s(mmarize! in section 8 # # +ACTS 5E8 CE 0O5E11 )C

P4O21E0 +O40U1AT O)

A. Objective Function and Constraints 5(ring contingencies ,'oltage 'ariations occ(r an! this can $e eliminate! $y proper placement of +ACTS !e'ices# So the o$jecti'e f(nction is to minimize the real power losses an! 'oltage 'ariation $y optimally locating the +ACTS !e'ices# The o$jecti'e f(nction is

+ = P1n
n= .

nl

,Bwhere P1n 7 Acti'e power loss at nth line s($jecte! to the e6(ality constraints G PCi E G P5i FP1 where G PCi 7 Total power generation at $(s i G P5i 7 Total power !eman! at $(s i ,<-

A. Modelling of TCSC The TCSC is a series compensation component which consists of a series capacitor $an* sh(nte! $y Thyristor controlle! reactor as shown in +ig# .#

+ig#.TCSC $asic str(ct(re

P1 7 1osses in the transmission networ*

The power flow control with the TCSC is (se! to !ecrease or increase the o'erall lines effecti'e series transmission impe!ance, $y a!!ing a capaciti'e or in!(cti'e reacti'e correspon!ingly# The TCSC is mo!ele! as 'aria$le impe!ance as in +ig#B# +ig#B shows a mo!el of transmission line with one TCSC which is connecte! $etween $(s7i an! $(s7j#

Pi = PCi P5i 8i 8jJijCos,Ii I j Hij j=.

)$

,/-

Ki = KCi K5i 8i 8jJijSin,Ii I j Hij j=.

)$

,:-

where Pi 74eal power injecte! at $(s i Ki 7 4eacti'e power injecte! at $(s i an! the ine6(ality constraints are, Apparent power flow limitL Sij M Sijma&
+ig#B TCSC mo!el

,=,?,@8# PSO A1CO4 TA0

2(s 'oltage limitL 8imin M 8i M 8ima& Acti'e power flow limitL PijMPijma&

After installing TCSC, the new reactance of line is presente! $y e6(ation,.-# Dij E ,.F*-D ,.where D is the transmission line reactance an! * is the le'el of reactance compensation#

Particle swarm optimization ,PSO- is one of these algorithms that can $e an! has $een (se! s(ccessf(lly in locating pro$lems# n PSO, the potential sol(tions, calle! particles, are flown thro(gh the pro$lem space $y following the c(rrent optimal particles# Each in!i'i!(al in PSO flies in the search space with a 'elocity which is !ynamically a!j(ste!

accor!ing to its own flying e&perience an! its companions flying e&periences# Each in!i'i!(al *eeps trac* of its coor!inates in the pro$lem space, which are associate! to the $est sol(tion ,fitness- it has achie'e! so far# This 'al(e is calle! P$est, while the o'erall $est 'al(e o$taine! so far $y any particle in the pop(lation, the so7calle! C$est, an! its location is trac*e! $y the glo$al 'ersion of the particle swarm optimizer# At each time step, the particle swarm optimization consists of 'elocity changes of each particle towar!s its P$est an! C$est 9.<;# After fin!ing the $est 'al(es, the particle (p!ates its 'elocity an! position accor!ing to the following e6(ationsL 8i*F. E NO8i* F C.Oran!O,P$esti7Si*- F CBOran!O,C$esti7Si*- ,PSi*F. E Si* F 8i*F. where 8i* E 8elocity of agent i at *th iteration 8i*F. E 8elocity of agent i at ,*F.-th iteration N E inertia weight C.ECBE Neighting factor,> to /Si*E C(rrent position of agent i at *th iteration Si*F.E C(rrent position of agent i at ,*F.-th iteration Nma&E initial 'al(e of inertia weight NminE final 'al(e of inertia weight P$estiE $est position of agent i C$estiE $est position of the gro(p A. Algorithm of Proposed Methodology Step .L The $(s !ata , line !ata an! +ACTS !e'ice ,TCSC!ata are gi'en as inp(ts# Step BL Specify PSO parameters an! ma&im(m n(m$er of iterations# Step <L The initial pop(lation of particles are generate! with ran!om position an! 'elocity# Step /L Set the iteration n(m$er e6(als one# Step :L E'al(ate the o$jecti'e f(nction in e6(ation ,BStep =L Calc(late the total acti'e power loss of the system $y connecting TCSC !e'ice to the system# Step ?L +or each particle the o$jecti'e f(nction is calc(late! an! if it is higher than the in!i'i!(al P$est , then it is the c(rrent P$est an! store the c(rrent position# Step @L The particle with the minim(m P $est 'al(e among all particles is chosen as the o'erall C$est 'al(e# Step PL Particle positions an! 'elocities are (p!ate! $y the e6(ations ,P- an! ,.>-# Step .>L f the ma&im(m iteration reache!, then the optimal sol(tion is the position of the glo$al $est particle# Otherwise increase the iteration an! go to step /# Step ..L O$tain the optimal location for TCSC !e'ice#
TA21E OPT 0A1 8A1UE O+ PSO PA4A0ETE4S

)(m$er of particles )(m$er of iterations C. CB nitial inertia weight +inal inertia weight Particle 'elocity

B> => B#: B >#P >#/ .

,.>-

+ig#< PSO flowchart of propose! metho!

8#

4ESU1TS A)5 5 SCUSS O)S

A. Specification of Test System n or!er to fin! o(t the effecti'eness of propose! approach, it was teste! on EEE ./ $(s system# EEE ./ $(s system consists of : generators,./ $(ses,.= lines,/ transformers an! .. loa!s as shown n +ig#/#

Parameters

Optimal value

Bus 13

Bus 10 Bus 12

Bus 14

Bus 11

Bus 09

Bus 07

Bus 06 Bus 04 Bus 08

Bus 05 Bus 01

+ig#= 1ine power flows with an! witho(t TCSC

Bus 02

Bus 03

+ig#? shows the reacti'e power generation at $(ses with the TCSC at optimal location# t shows reacti'e power generation witho(t TCSC an! reacti'e power generation with TCSC#

+ig#/ EEE ./ $(s system with TCSC

TCSC is optimally place! $y calc(lating the minim(m acti'e power loss # Sol'e! $y (sing )ewton 4aphson Power flow metho! an! the program was co!e! in 0AT1A2 software#

+ig#? 4eacti'e power generations with an! witho(t TCSC

TA21E ACT 8E PONE4 1OSS N TA A)5 N TAOUT TCSC +ig#: 8oltage le'els with an! witho(t TCSC

n fig#:,'oltage le'els with TCSC is compare! against 'oltage le'els witho(t TCSC# t is clear from the fig(re that with the optimal placement of TCSC the 'oltage le'el is increase! witho(t e&cee!ing the 'oltage limits# Th(s the 'oltage le'els are impro'e! with the (se of TCSC# The 'oltage le'els are within >#Pp#(# an! .#.p#(# +ig#= shows the acti'e power flows with an! witho(t TCSC# 1ine power flows are re!(ce! with the placement of TCSC at line ..# Nith the placement of TCSC acti'e power flows in the lines are re!(ce! an! the acti'e power losses are also re!(ce!# So the transmission efficiency can $e increase!#

Nitho(t TCSC Nith TCSC

Acti'e power losses,p#(#>#BP/: >#.@@>P

Ta$le shows the acti'e power losses with an! witho(t TCSC# The total acti'e power losses are re!(ce! $y TCSC at optimal location# 8# CO)C1US O)

n this paper, an approach $ase! on PSO has $een presente! an! applie! to fin! o(t the optimal location of TCSC# The pro$lem is form(late! as an optimization pro$lem to minimize the real power losses an! 'oltage 'ariations in a system# The particle swarm optimization algorithm has $een

(se! to o$tain the optimal location of TCSC with minim(m acti'e power losses an! witho(t 'oltage 'iolations# The propose! metho! was teste! in EEE ./ $(s system# EEE ./ $(s system is mo!ele! in PSAT an! $y (sing 0AT1A2 co!e optimal location for TCSC is fo(n! o(t# The location o$taine! gi'es minim(m acti'e power losses therefore the transmission efficiency of the system can $e impro'e!# t is fo(n! o(t that the propose! metho! is a$le to fin! o(t the optimal location in less comp(tational time an! with relati'ely small n(m$er of iterations# 8 # 4E+E4E)CES
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