Code No: RR410108 Set No.

1
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
HYDROLOGY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) There is no starting point and ending point in the hydrology cycle ? Explain
the statement along with a neat sketch. [8]
(b) Define hydrology as a science and explain. [8]

2. (a) Rain gauge stations A, B, C, D, E and F have annual normal rainfalls of

610,545,455,656,543 and 432 respectively. During a storm stations B, C, D, E
and F have reported rainfalls of 22, 29, 35, 17, and 23 mm respectively and
station A has not reported as it was inoperative. Estimate the missing storm
rainfall at A by the arithmetic mean method and normal ratio method. [8]
(b) How do you check the adequacy of the number of existing rain gauges in a
basin according to Indian standards. [8]

3. (a) What is perched water table? Draw a neat sketch and explain. How is it
compared with ground water table in an unconfined aquifer ? [8]
(b) Define confined aquifer with the help of a neat sketch and what are the factors
influencing ground water recharge to confined aquifer ? [8]

4. (a) A well of size 7.7m × 4.65m and depth 6.15m is made in alluvial soil. The
water level is 5m below ground level. By pumping for 90 minutes the water
level was depressed to 6m below ground level. The recuperation rates of the
well during 4hours after the pumping was stopped, are given below. The quan-
tity of water pumped is 33 m3 . Determine the specific capacity of the well. [10]

Time since pumping stopped(min) 0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240

Water level below ground level (m) 6 5.89 5.8 5.7 5.63 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.15
(b) Define draw down. How will it differ in observation wells at different radii
from the pumping well. [6]

5. (a) What do you understand by potential evapo transpiration ? [8]

(b) Explain water balance method of measuring evaporation. [8]

6. (a) The total observed runoff during a 6hr storm with a uniform intensity of 1.5
cm / h is 20 million m3 . The area over which rainfall occurred is 256 km2 .
What is the average infiltration rate for the basin. [8]
(b) Out of forest land, grazed pasture, concrete pavement and rock outcrop, which
has highest infiltration capacity. Justify. [8]

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Code No: RR410108 Set No. 1
7. (a) What are the uses of flow duration curve? What data is needed to construct
the flow duration curve? [8]
(b) List out all the basin characteristics that affect runoff from a basin. Describe
their influence on the runoff. [8]

8. (a) Explain the procedure to derive the flood hydrograph if unit hydrograph is
known.
(b) How is a unit hydrograph of higher duration derived from unit hydrograph of
smaller duration. [8+8]

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Code No: RR410108 Set No. 2
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
HYDROLOGY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What are different forms of presenting a hydrological cycle? Explain briefly
about their features. [8]
(b) Enumerate what are studied in two branches of hydrology namely surface
water hydrology and ground water hydrology. [8]

2. (a) What are non recording type of rain gauges? [8]

(b) What are different forms of precipitation? [8]
3. (a) How does the recharge occur to confined aquifer? Explain with a sketch. [6]
(b) What is the relation between specific yield and specific retention of an aquifer?
[6]
(c) Define transmissibility of an aquifer. [4]
4. (a) Explain how the yield of an open well can be determined using recuperation
test. [8]
(b) What are the assumptions in Dupuit’s theory to determine the flow from a
well made in a confined aquife? What do you mean by interference among
well? [8]

5. (a) What do you understand by potential evapo transpiration ? [8]

(b) Explain water balance method of measuring evaporation. [8]

6. (a) Explain the infiltration process and enumerate the factors influencing the
same. [8]
(b) A 12 hour storm has given the following depths in cm over a basin. The surface
run off resulting from the storm is 25 cm depth over the basin. Determine the
average infiltration index for the basin. [8]
2, 2.5, 7.6, 3.8, 10.6, 5.0, 7.2, 10.2, 6.5, 3.8, 1.5, 1.4

7. (a) Define and describe the following [10]

i. Inter flow
ii. Base flow
iii. Direct run off
iv. Overland flow
(b) What is time of concentration and what does it reflect ? How is it known [6]

8. (a) How do you fix starting and ending points of base flow separation curve?

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Code No: RR410108 Set No. 2
(b) Define Instantaneous unit hydrograph and explain its concept. What are its
uses and limitations? [4+12]

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Code No: RR410108 Set No. 3
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
HYDROLOGY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain the movement and circulation of water through atmosphere, hydrosphere
and lithosphere. [8]
(b) How do you account for Indian water budget from global water budget ? What
are the assumptions implied ? [8]

2. (a) What are non recording type of rain gauges? [8]

(b) What are different forms of precipitation? [8]

3. (a) Differentiate between [8]

i. Water table and piezometric surface.
ii. Artesian well and flowing well.
(b) A quantity of 3.68 Million m3 of water was pumped out of an unconfined
aquifer. The aerial extent of the aquifer is 6.2 Km2 . The water table went
down by 2.6 m due to pumping of water. What is the specific yield of the
aquifer ? [8]

4. (a) Explain how the yield of an open well can be determined using recuperation
test. [8]
(b) What are the assumptions in Dupuit’s theory to determine the flow from a
well made in a confined aquife? What do you mean by interference among
well? [8]

5. (a) What do you understand by potential evapo transpiration ? [8]

(b) Explain water balance method of measuring evaporation. [8]

6. (a) Discuss the infiltration equation. Describe how fc , fo , and k can be obtained
in Horton’s equation from the experimental data. [8]
(b) What is the role played by infiltration in the circulation, storage and movement
of water in a hydrology cycle. [8]

7. (a) What are different components of run off? Describe them.

(b) The average monthly inflows in million m3 are given below. If a uniform
demand of 230 million m3 is to be met by a reservoir proposed, what should
be the capacity? [6+10]
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Flow 52 160 536 778 535 338 267 214 150 107 78 67

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Code No: RR410108 Set No. 3
8. (a) Differentiate between total run off hydrograph and direct run off hydrograph.
How is the latter obtained from the former. Explain with neat sketches.
(b) What is synthetic unit hydrograph? What are its uses and how is it obtained?
[6+10]

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Code No: RR410108 Set No. 4
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
HYDROLOGY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What is the quantity of water held in atmosphere in relation to total global
water available? Elaborate. [8]
(b) Explain clearly what factors influence the availability of water in atmosphere?
[8]

2. (a) The cumulative rainfall with time is given below. Construct the hyetograph
of the storm using uniform time interval of 2 hrs. [8]
Time(hrs) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Rainfall 0 11 24 38 57 66 67
(b) Explain how you arrive at the number of rain gauge stations to be provided
in a river basin. What are the Indian standards. [8]

3. (a) What is an aquiclude ? What are its water bearing properties ? [6]
(b) What is the relation between coefficient of permeability and transmissibility?
[6]
(c) Define water table. How does it fluctuate ? [4]

4. (a) A well of size 7.7m × 4.65m and depth 6.15m is made in alluvial soil. The
water level is 5m below ground level. By pumping for 90 minutes the water
level was depressed to 6m below ground level. The recuperation rates of the
well during 4hours after the pumping was stopped, are given below. The quan-
tity of water pumped is 33 m3 . Determine the specific capacity of the well. [10]

Time since pumping stopped(min) 0 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 240

Water level below ground level (m) 6 5.89 5.8 5.7 5.63 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.15
(b) Define draw down. How will it differ in observation wells at different radii
from the pumping well. [6]

5. (a) Explain Lysimeter method of measuring evapotranspiration. [8]

(b) Differentiate among evaporation, transpiration and evapo transpiration with
examples. [8]

6. (a) The total observed runoff during a 6hr storm with a uniform intensity of 1.5
cm / h is 20 million m3 . The area over which rainfall occurred is 256 km2 .
What is the average infiltration rate for the basin. [8]
(b) Out of forest land, grazed pasture, concrete pavement and rock outcrop, which
has highest infiltration capacity. Justify. [8]

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Code No: RR410108 Set No. 4
7. (a) What are the uses of flow duration curve? What data is needed to construct
the flow duration curve? [8]
(b) List out all the basin characteristics that affect runoff from a basin. Describe
their influence on the runoff. [8]

8. (a) What are the uses of unit hydrograph ? Why is it named so ? What are the
assumptions ?
(b) Give the step by step procedure of constructing an instantaneous unit hydro-
graph.
(c) How do you check whether the derived unit hydrograph is correct? [6+6+4]

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