Chapter 9 Phase diagrams

Introduction Solubility limit Phases Phase equilibria Binary isomorphous systems

Definitions and basic concepts

Component: pure metals and/or compounds of which an alloy is composed System: a specific body of material under consideration A phase: a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics Equilibrium: a system is at equilibrium if its free energy is at a minimum under some specified combination of temperature, pressure, and composition. Phase equilibrium: minimum energy for a system with multiple phases Phase diagram: Information about phases as function of T, composition, and pressure

Solubility limit

Examples: phase diagram- water-sugar system

10 0 Temperature (C) 80 60 40 20 0
Pure Water

Solubility Limit

L
(liquid)

L
(liquid solution i.e., syrup)

+ S
(solid sugar) 10 0
Pure Sugar

20 40 6 065 8 0 C o =Composition (wt% sugar)

Examples

10 0
Temperature (C)
watersugar system

B (100,70) 1 phase L

D(100,90) 2 phases

80 60 40 20 0
0

(liquid)

L
(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)

+ S
(solid sugar)

A(70, 20 ) 2 phases
20 40 60 70 80 C o =Composition (wt% sugar) 10 0

Binary isomorphous systems

Complete liquid and solid solubility of the two components Cu-Ni solid solution liquidus line solidus line melting temperatures phase composition phase relative amount: tie line and lever rule

Binary isomorphous systems (continue)

Determine phase composition: lever rule
Liquid amount

Solid amount

Determination of the number and types of phases present Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the # and types of phases present.

T(C)
160 0 150 0 140 0 130 0 120 0 110 0 100 0 0 20 40

L (liquid)
B(1250,35)
u liq idu s
us lid so

L +(FCC solid
solution)

A(1100,60) 60 80 10 0

wt% Ni

The composition of each phase Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase.
T(C) TA
130 0

A L (liquid) B
L+

tie line idus liqu

L+

TB
120 0

dus soli

TD
20 3 032

D 35 C LC o

(solid)
4 0 43 50

C wt% Ni

The amount of each phase Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%).

Examples:

T(C) TA
130 0

A L (liquid) B
L +

tie line s idu liqu

L+

TB
120 0

S D

dus soli

TD
20 3 032

(solid)
4 0 43 50

35 C LC o

C wt% Ni

 Development of microstructure

Cu-Ag binary eutectic systems

Cu-Ag Binary eutectic systems

Pb-Sn Binary eutectic systems

Low melting temp, solder Example: Known 40% Sn+60%Pt, T=1500C Find phases, phase composition, and relative amount

Binary eutectic systems (Example)

Explain how spreading salt on ice that is at a temperature below 00C can cause the ice to melt.

Binary eutectic systems (example)

Relative amount Liquid

Primary