Bab 04 Thermo EnergyBalance

Thermodinamika +Neraca Energi 8/24/2011
PurwiyatnoHariyadi/ITP/Fateta/IPB 1
THERMODYNAMICS & THERMODYNAMICS &
ENERGY BALANCE ENERGY BALANCE
THERMODYNAMICS & THERMODYNAMICS &
ENERGY BALANCE ENERGY BALANCE
L t N t L t N t Lecture Note Lecture Note
Principles of Food Principles of Food Engineering Engineering (ITP 330) (ITP 330)
Dosen Dosen : :
Prof. Prof. Dr Dr. . Purwiyatno Purwiyatno Hariyadi Hariyadi, , MSc MSc
Dept of Food Dept of Food Science & Science & Technology Technology Dept of Food Dept of Food Science & Science & Technology Technology
Faculty of Agricultural Technology Faculty of Agricultural Technology
Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Agricultural University
BOGOR BOGOR
2002 2002
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives
Understand the conceptual basis of the Law of Understand the conceptual basis of the Law of
THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY BALANCE THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY BALANCE THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY BALANCE THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY BALANCE
Understand the conceptual basis of the Law of Understand the conceptual basis of the Law of
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
Understand the fundamental energy balance concepts Understand the fundamental energy balance concepts
Be able to list and discuss important terms related to Be able to list and discuss important terms related to
energy transfer energy transfer
Be able to list and discuss energy balance applications Be able to list and discuss energy balance applications
in food processing and handling operations in food processing and handling operations in food processing and handling operations in food processing and handling operations
Be able to conceptually describe how energy balance Be able to conceptually describe how energy balance
determinations or calculations are obtained determinations or calculations are obtained
Pur Hariyadi/TPG/Fateta/IPB Pur Hariyadi/TPG/Fateta/IPB
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the branch of science which studies is the branch of science which studies
the transformation of energy from one form to another the transformation of energy from one form to another
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics -- Science which is concerned with Science which is concerned with
WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS? WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS? WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS? WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
changes in the forms or location of energy and may be changes in the forms or location of energy and may be
thought in terms of energy dynamics thought in terms of energy dynamics
Thermodynamics of process : Thermodynamics of process :
............. .............
>> looks at the energy transformations looks at the energy transformations
which occur as a result of process which occur as a result of process
How much heat is evolved during a process? How much heat is evolved during a process?
What determines the spontaneous process? What determines the spontaneous process?
What determines the extent of process? What determines the extent of process?
Composed of a finite portion of matter and is Composed of a finite portion of matter and is
defined in terms of the boundaries which enclose it defined in terms of the boundaries which enclose it
Boundaries may be real or imaginary Boundaries may be real or imaginary
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM.........1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM.........1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM.........1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM.........1
Boundaries may be real or imaginary Boundaries may be real or imaginary
Region surrounding boundaries may be referred to Region surrounding boundaries may be referred to
as its environment as its environment
May consider a plant or any portion thereof as a May consider a plant or any portion thereof as a
boundary boundary
System System
Surrounding=environment Surrounding=environment
energy energy
mass mass
Two (common) types of systems are: Two (common) types of systems are:
open system open system
l d t l d t
closed system closed system
Open system Open system
-- boundaries permit the crossing of matter boundaries permit the crossing of matter
-- energy may cross the boundaries of the open system energy may cross the boundaries of the open system
System System
energy energy
mass mass
energy may cross the boundaries of the open system energy may cross the boundaries of the open system
with the flow of mass or separately with the flow of mass or separately
Closed System Closed System
-- boundaries do not permit the crossing of matter boundaries do not permit the crossing of matter
-- energy may cross the boundaries of closed systems energy may cross the boundaries of closed systems
Steady state conditions: Steady state conditions:
yy
> mass of the system remains unchanged > mass of the system remains unchanged
> rate of flow leaving system is constant > rate of flow leaving system is constant
and equal to that entering the system and equal to that entering the system
Transient (unsteady) state conditions: Transient (unsteady) state conditions:
> mass of the system may remain unchanged > mass of the system may remain unchanged
ff > heat of the system changes with time > heat of the system changes with time
Energy which crosses the boundary is classified as Energy which crosses the boundary is classified as
either heat or work either heat or work
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM .........4 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM .........4 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM .........4 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM .........4
heat heat
System System
work work
mass mass
Heat is the form of energy that is transferred from the Heat is the form of energy that is transferred from the
heat heat
environment external to the system by way of diffusion environment external to the system by way of diffusion
due to a temperature gradient. due to a temperature gradient.
Positive sign Positive sign -- refers to heat entering system refers to heat entering system
Negative sign Negative sign -- heat leaving system heat leaving system
Property Property -- Observable, measurable, or calculable Observable, measurable, or calculable
characteristic of a substance which depends only characteristic of a substance which depends only
PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM ........ 1 PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM ........ 1 PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM ........ 1 PROPERTIES OF THE SYSTEM ........ 1
p y p y
upon the state of the substance upon the state of the substance
State of a given system is its condition or its position State of a given system is its condition or its position
with respect to other systems with respect to other systems
Equation of state Equation of state -- relationship between relationship between
> pressure, > pressure,
> specific volume, and > specific volume, and
> temperature > temperature
Equation of state of a perfect/ideal gas Equation of state of a perfect/ideal gas
(Boyle, Charles, Guy (Boyle, Charles, Guy- -Lussac) : Lussac) :
PV = nRT; where: PV = nRT; where:
PV = nRT; where: PV = nRT; where:
P = absolute pressure, kPa/m P = absolute pressure, kPa/m
22
V = volume, m V = volume, m
33
n = number of molecules, kgmole n = number of molecules, kgmole
R = universal gas constant [=]???? R = universal gas constant [=]????
T = absolute temperature, T = absolute temperature,
oo
K K
Standard Condition? Standard Condition?
At 273 At 273
oo
K, 760 mm Hg (101.325 kPa), K, 760 mm Hg (101.325 kPa),
1 gmole occupy 22,4 L 1 gmole occupy 22,4 L
1 kgmole occupy 22.4 m 1 kgmole occupy 22.4 m
33
R R = 0.08206 lit(atm)/(gmole. = 0.08206 lit(atm)/(gmole.
oo
K) K)
= 8315 Nm/kgmole = 8315 Nm/kgmole
oo
KK
= 8315 Nm/kgmole. = 8315 Nm/kgmole.
oo
KK
= 1545 ft(lbf)/(lbmole. = 1545 ft(lbf)/(lbmole.
oo
RR
Typical properties of a system for a given state are : Typical properties of a system for a given state are :
> pressure, > pressure,
> l > l > volume, > volume,
> temperature, > temperature,
> velocity, and > velocity, and
> the elevation of the system. > the elevation of the system.
Van der Waals Equation of state Van der Waals Equation of state :: Van der Waals Equation of state Van der Waals Equation of state ::
( ) nRT nb V
V
a n
P
2
2
=
+
where: where:
P = absolute pressure P = absolute pressure V = volume, m V = volume, m
33
n = number of molecule n = number of molecule R = gas constant R = gas constant
T = absolute temp. T = absolute temp. a, b = constant a, b = constant
a
Pa(m
3
/kgmole)
2
b
m
3
/kgmole
Gas
Pa(m
3
/kgmole)
2
m
3
/kgmole
Air 1.348 10
5
0.0366
Ammonia 4.246 10
5
0.0373
CO2 3.648 10
5
0.0428
Water vapor 5.553 10
5
0.0306
Pure substance is a single substance which retains Pure substance is a single substance which retains
PURE SUBSTANCES...... 1 PURE SUBSTANCES...... 1 PURE SUBSTANCES...... 1 PURE SUBSTANCES...... 1
Pure substance is a single substance which retains Pure substance is a single substance which retains
an unvarying molecular structure an unvarying molecular structure
Examples include: Examples include:
> pure oxygen > pure oxygen
> ammonia > ammonia
> dry air (in the gaseous state) > dry air (in the gaseous state) -- largely composed largely composed
of oxygen and nitrogen with fixed percentages of oxygen and nitrogen with fixed percentages
of each of each
A pure substance may exist in any of three A pure substance may exist in any of three
phases including solid, liquid, or gas phases including solid, liquid, or gas
= f (P V T) = f (P V T)
= f (P, V, T) = f (P, V, T)
Melting Melting
-- change of phase from solid to liquid change of phase from solid to liquid
Vaporization Vaporization
-- change of phase from liquid to gas change of phase from liquid to gas
Condensation Condensation Condensation Condensation
-- change of phase from vapor to liquid change of phase from vapor to liquid
Sublimation Sublimation
-- substance passing from the solid directly to a substance passing from the solid directly to a
gaseous phase (dry ice) gaseous phase (dry ice)
k
P
a
)
k
P
a
)
liquid liquid
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
solid solid
liquid liquid
gas gas
Triple Triple
HH
22
OO
T (4,6 Torr, 0.01 T (4,6 Torr, 0.01
oo
C) C)
CO CO
22
T(5.4 Torr, T(5.4 Torr, - - 57 57
oo
C) C)
Temperature (K) Temperature (K)
pp
point point
(T) (T)
(
k
P
a
)
(
k
P
a
)
liquid liquid
Melting Melting
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
solid solid
liquid liquid
gas gas
Vaporization Vaporization
Condensation . Condensation .
Sublimation Sublimation
(
k
P
a
)
(
k
P
a
)
liquid liquid
Critical Critical
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
solid solid
liquid liquid
gas gas
Critical Critical
Point Point
The higher the pressure the higher the The higher the pressure the higher the
saturation temperature saturation temperature
pp
Critical point : Critical point :
gas and liquid become indistinguishable gas and liquid become indistinguishable
density and other properties become identica density and other properties become identica
Gas or Vapor? Gas or Vapor?
......... .........
>> = identical !!! = identical !!!
Vapor : Vapor :
-- gas which exists below its critical temperature gas which exists below its critical temperature
-- condensable by compresion at constant T condensable by compresion at constant T
Gas : Gas :
-- non condensable gas non condensable gas
-- gas above the critical point gas above the critical point
PURE SUBSTANCES PURE SUBSTANCES ...... Vapor Pressure ...... Vapor Pressure
...... Vapor ...... Vapor- -liquid Equlibrium liquid Equlibrium
PURE SUBSTANCES PURE SUBSTANCES ...... Vapor Pressure ...... Vapor Pressure
...... Vapor ...... Vapor- -liquid Equlibrium liquid Equlibrium
Vaporization and condensation at constant T and P are Vaporization and condensation at constant T and P are
equilibrium process equilibrium process
-- equilibrium pressure = vapor pressure equilibrium pressure = vapor pressure equilibrium pressure vapor pressure equilibrium pressure vapor pressure
-- at a given T : at a given T :
........ ........
> > there is only one P at which liquid and there is only one P at which liquid and
vapor coexist (in equilibrium). vapor coexist (in equilibrium).
e

(
k
P
a
)
e

(
k
P
a
)
Vapor and liquid Vapor and liquid
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
in equilibrium in equilibrium
P=500 mm Hg
PURE SUBSTANCES...... Vapor Pressure PURE SUBSTANCES...... Vapor Pressure PURE SUBSTANCES...... Vapor Pressure PURE SUBSTANCES...... Vapor Pressure
P=900 mm Hg P=250 mm Hg
All
190
o
F
Vapor
liquid
a
)
a
)
190
o
F 190
o
F
vapor
All All
liquid liquid
HH
22
OO
H
2
O
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
Transformation of Transformation of
liquid water into water liquid water into water
vapor at constant T vapor at constant T
PURE SUBSTANCES...... Vapor Pressure PURE SUBSTANCES...... Vapor Pressure PURE SUBSTANCES...... Vapor Pressure PURE SUBSTANCES...... Vapor Pressure
P=14.7 psia
All
P=14.7 psia P=14.7 psia
a
)
a
)
213
o
F
vapor
212
o
F
Vapor
H
2
O
liquid
211
o
F
All All
liquid liquid
HH
22
OO
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
Transformation of Transformation of
liquid water vapor into liquid water vapor into
water at constant P water at constant P
System may be losing and gaining energy System may be losing and gaining energy
Total energy of the system?. Total energy of the system?.
............ ............
> internal energy, E. > internal energy, E.
Internal energy Internal energy : : total energy of system total energy of system
Internal Energy, E Internal Energy, E Internal Energy, E Internal Energy, E
gy gy gy y gy y
(the sum of all the system's energy). (the sum of all the system's energy).
Chemical, nuclear, heat, gravitational, etc Chemical, nuclear, heat, gravitational, etc
It is impossible to measure the total internal energy of It is impossible to measure the total internal energy of
our system our system
........... ...........
> intrinsic property > intrinsic property
So why define a quantity which we cannot measure? So why define a quantity which we cannot measure?
We can measure changes in the internal energy. We can measure changes in the internal energy.
Thermodynamics is all about changes in energy : Thermodynamics is all about changes in energy :
The change in internal energy of a system a very useful The change in internal energy of a system a very useful
experimental quantity. experimental quantity.
E may change in 3 different ways : E may change in 3 different ways :
heat passes into or out of the system; heat passes into or out of the system;
work is done on or by the system; work is done on or by the system;
mass enters or leaves the system mass enters or leaves the system
Change of Internal Energy, E Change of Internal Energy, E Change of Internal Energy, E Change of Internal Energy, E
mass enters or leaves the system. mass enters or leaves the system.
Again : Again :
Closed system Closed system : :
no transfer of mass is possible : no transfer of mass is possible :
E may only change due to heat and work. E may only change due to heat and work.
Isolated system Isolated system ::
heat work and mass transfer are all impossible heat work and mass transfer are all impossible heat, work and mass transfer are all impossible heat, work and mass transfer are all impossible
no change in E no change in E
Open system Open system ::
E may change due to transfer of heat, mass and work E may change due to transfer of heat, mass and work
between system and surroundings. between system and surroundings.
If If Q Q and and WWare the increments of are the increments of heat heat and and work work energy energy
crossing the systems boundaries : crossing the systems boundaries :
Closed system Closed system Closed system Closed system
dE = dE = QQ -- WW
or or
E = Q E = Q - - WW
The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics
= law of conservation of energy = law of conservation of energy
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS
AGAINST A FIXED ESTERNAL PRESSURE AGAINST A FIXED ESTERNAL PRESSURE
PP
atm atm
Work ?? Work ??
PP
atm atm
= force x distance = force x distance
= pressure x area x distance = pressure x area x distance
= P = P
atm atm
x A x (h2 x A x (h2--h1) h1)
=P =P
atm atm
VV
h1 h1 h2 h2
Remember! Remember!
Positive sign Positive sign -- heat entering system heat entering system
-- work done on the system (compression) work done on the system (compression)
Negative sign Negative sign -- heat leaving system heat leaving system
-- work done by the system (expansion) work done by the system (expansion)
W = W = - - PP
atm atm
. . VV
If If
........... ...........
> P [=] Pa > P [=] Pa
33
........... ...........
> V [=] m > V [=] m
33
then then
........... ...........
> W [=] J > W [=] J
Enthalpy (H) Enthalpy (H)
Another intrinsic thermodynamic variable Another intrinsic thermodynamic variable
H = E + PV H = E + PV
or, in differential form : or, in differential form :
dH = dE + PdV + VdP dH = dE + PdV + VdP
PdV = PdV = W W
.......... ..........
> dH = dE + > dH = dE + W + VdP W + VdP
W + dE = W + dE = QQ
.......... ..........
> dH = > dH = Q + VdP Q + VdP
for constant pressure process (dP=0) for constant pressure process (dP=0)
dH = dH = Q or Q or H = Q H = Q
pp
dT dT
dQ dQ
CC
pp
==
........... ...........
>>
Specific heat at constant P (C Specific heat at constant P (C
pp
))
........... ...........
> > H = Q = H = Q = CC
pp
dT dT Enthalpy Enthalpy = = Heat content < Heat content <
..... .....
Enthalpy (H) Enthalpy (H)
........... ...........
> > H = Q= H = Q= CC
pp
dT dT
........... ...........
> > H = mC
p.av
(T
2
- T
1
)
Enthalpy Enthalpy == Heat content Heat content
H : positive H : positive
...... ......
> heat is absorbed ( > heat is absorbed (endothermic endothermic))
Back to Ineternal energy : Back to Ineternal energy : dE = dE = Q Q - - W W
Constant Volume process : Constant Volume process :
W =0 W =0
.......... ..........
> dE = > dE = Q Q
E = Q E = Q
H : negative H : negative
...... ......
> heat is envolved ( > heat is envolved (exothermic exothermic))
VV
dT dT
dQ dQ
CC
VV
==
........... ...........
>>
Specific heat at constant V (C Specific heat at constant V (C
vv
))
........... ...........
> > E = C E = C
VV
dT dT
Relationship between C Relationship between C
pp
and C and C
vv
Relationship between C Relationship between C
pp
and C and C
vv
dE = dQ dE = dQ - - PdV PdV
teking the derivative with resoect to T : teking the derivative with resoect to T :
dT
dV
P
dT
dQ
dT
dE
P
=
CC
1 mole of Ideal gas 1 mole of Ideal gas
PV = RT PV = RT
at constant pressure : at constant pressure :
(dV/dT) = R/P (dV/dT) = R/P
CC
pp
CC
VV
(dV/dT) = R/P (dV/dT) = R/P
CC
VV
= C = C
PP
-- RR
RR
............. .............
> C > C
PP
/C /C
V V
= =
............. .............
> C > C
PP
/R = /R = /( /(--1) 1)
STEAM TABLE STEAM TABLE STEAM TABLE STEAM TABLE
Gas ready to start to condense : saturated gas Gas ready to start to condense : saturated gas
............. .............
> dew point > dew point
Liquid ready to start to vaporize : saturated liquid Liquid ready to start to vaporize : saturated liquid
//
............. .............
> bubble/boiling point > bubble/boiling point
Mixture of liquid and vapor at equilibrium (called a Mixture of liquid and vapor at equilibrium (called a wet gas wet gas))
............. .............
> both liquid and vapor are saturated > both liquid and vapor are saturated
a
)
a
)
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
STEAM TABLE STEAM TABLE .......... Degree of superheat .......... Degree of superheat STEAM TABLE STEAM TABLE .......... Degree of superheat .......... Degree of superheat
k
P
a
)
k
P
a
)
Steam Steam
100 i 100 i
..and.. Steam quality ..and.. Steam quality ..and.. Steam quality ..and.. Steam quality
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
Steam Steam
500 500
oo
F, F,
100 psia 100 psia
100 psia 100 psia
327.8 327.8
oo
FF
Degree of superheat Degree of superheat
= 500 = 500- -326.8 = 172.2 326.8 = 172.2
oo
FF
Wet vapor : Wet vapor :
consists of saturated vapor + saturated liquid consists of saturated vapor + saturated liquid
Steam quality Steam quality
= weight fraction of vapor = weight fraction of vapor
SAT SAT-- STEAM TABLE .......... STEAM TABLE .......... Appendix A3 (Toledo, p. 572 Appendix A3 (Toledo, p. 572- -3) 3) SAT SAT-- STEAM TABLE .......... STEAM TABLE .......... Appendix A3 (Toledo, p. 572 Appendix A3 (Toledo, p. 572- -3) 3)
Temp Temp
((
OO
F) F)
Absolute Absolute
presure presure
lb/in lb/in
22
Spec. Vol (ft Spec. Vol (ft
33
/lb) /lb)
Sat. Sat.
liquid liquid
vv
Evap. Evap.
vv
fg fg
Sat. Sat.
vapor vapor
vv
Ethalpy (BTU/lb) Ethalpy (BTU/lb)
Sat. Sat.
liquid liquid
hh
Evap. Evap.
hh
fg fg
Sat. Sat.
vapor vapor
hh vv
ff
vv
gg
hh
ff
hh
gg
32 32 0.08859 0.016022 3304.7 3304.7 0.08859 0.016022 3304.7 3304.7 - -.0179 .0179 1075.5 1075.5 1075.5 1075.5
..
..
..
..
80 80 0.5068 0.016072 633.3 633.3 0.5068 0.016072 633.3 633.3 48.037 48.037 1048.4 1048.4 1096.4 1096.4
..
..
..
..
212 212 14.696 0.016719 26.782 26.799 14.696 0.016719 26.782 26.799 180.17 180.17 970.3 970.3 1150.5 1150.5
SAT SAT--STEAM TABLE .......... STEAM TABLE .......... Appendix A4 (Toledo, p. 574 Appendix A4 (Toledo, p. 574- -5) 5) SAT SAT--STEAM TABLE .......... STEAM TABLE .......... Appendix A4 (Toledo, p. 574 Appendix A4 (Toledo, p. 574- -5) 5)
Temp Temp
((
OO
C) C)
Absolute Absolute
presure presure
kPa kPa
Ethalpy (MJ/kg) Ethalpy (MJ/kg)
Sat. Sat.
liquid liquid
hh
Evap. Evap.
hh
fg fg
Sat. Sat.
vapor vapor
hh
00 0.6108 0.6108 - -0.00004 0.00004 2.5016 2.5016 2.5016 2.5016
..
..
..
..
100 100 101.3250 101.3250 0.41908 0.41908 2.25692 2.25692 2.67996 2.67996
hh
ff
hh
gg
..
..
..
..
120 120 198.5414 198.5414 0.50372 0.50372 2.20225 2.20225 2.70607 2.70607
SAT SAT--STEAM TABLE .......... STEAM TABLE .......... Example (1) Example (1) SAT SAT--STEAM TABLE .......... STEAM TABLE .......... Example (1) Example (1)
At 290 At 290
oo
F and 57.752 psia the specific volume of a wet steam F and 57.752 psia the specific volume of a wet steam
mixture is 4.05 ft mixture is 4.05 ft
33
/lb. What is the quality of the steam? /lb. What is the quality of the steam?
Look at the Table (A.3) Look at the Table (A.3)
vv
ff
= 0.017360 ft = 0.017360 ft
33
/lb /lb
vv
gg
= 7.4641 ft = 7.4641 ft
33
/lb /lb
basis : 1 lb of wet steam mixture basis : 1 lb of wet steam mixture
let x = vapor weight fraction let x = vapor weight fraction
............ ............
> (1 > (1--x) = liquid weight fraction x) = liquid weight fraction
.....? .....? XX
==
4.05 4.05 xx 7.4641 7.4641 xx 0.07360 0.07360 0.017360 0.017360
== ++
[[ ]] [[ ] ]
ft ft 4.05 4.05 vapor vapor lb lb xx
vapor vapor lb lb 11
ft ft 7.4641 7.4641
liquid liquid lb lb x) x) (1 (1
liquid liquid lb lb 11
ft ft 0.017360 0.017360
33
33 33
== ++
Gas Mixture Gas Mixture Gas Mixture Gas Mixture
PP
tt
= P = P
aa
+ P + P
bb
+ P + P
cc
... P ... P
nn
PP
tt
= total presure = total presure
......... .........
> Daltons Law of Partial Pressures > Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
PP
tt
total presure total presure
PP
aa
, P , P
bb
, P , P
cc
and P and P
n n
= partial pressure = partial pressure
nn
ii
= f(P = f(P
ii
) )
............ ............
> P > P
ii
V = n V = n
ii
RT RT
VV
tt
= V = V
aa
+ V + V
bb
+ V + V
cc
... V ... V
nn
......... .........
> Amagats Law of Partial Volumes > Amagats Law of Partial Volumes
PP
tt
= total volume = total volume
PP
aa
, P , P
bb
, P , P
cc
and P and P
n n
= partial volume = partial volume
nn
ii
= f(V = f(V
ii
) )
............ ............
> P V > P V
ii
= n = n
ii
RT RT
Gas Mixture/Sat Gas Mixture/Sat--steam table steam table ...example (Toledo, p. 119) ...example (Toledo, p. 119) Gas Mixture/Sat Gas Mixture/Sat--steam table steam table ...example (Toledo, p. 119) ...example (Toledo, p. 119)
Head space of can at 20 Head space of can at 20
oo
C. C. Pressure : 10 in Hg vacuum. Pressure : 10 in Hg vacuum.
Atmospheric pressure = 30 in Hg. Volume head space = 16.4 cm Atmospheric pressure = 30 in Hg. Volume head space = 16.4 cm
33
Calculate the quantity of air in head space! Calculate the quantity of air in head space!
Head space consists of air and water vapor. Head space consists of air and water vapor.
PP
tt
= P = P
air air
+ P + P
water water
PP
tt
= 10 in Hg vacuum = 10 in Hg vacuum
= P = P
bar bar
-- PP
gage gage
= (30 = (30 - - 10)= 20 in Hg (3386.38 Pa/in Hg) = 67,728 Pa 10)= 20 in Hg (3386.38 Pa/in Hg) = 67,728 Pa
PP ?? PP
water water
= ? = ?
From Steam Table (appendix A4) : From Steam Table (appendix A4) :
at 20 at 20
oo
C, vapor pressure of water = P C, vapor pressure of water = P
water water
= 2336.6 Pa = 2336.6 Pa
PP
air air
= P = P
tt
-- PP
water water
PP
air air
= 67,728 = 67,728 - - 2336.6 = 65,392.4 Pa 2336.6 = 65,392.4 Pa
Head space of can at 20 Head space of can at 20
oo
C. C. Pressure : 10 in Hg vacuum. Pressure : 10 in Hg vacuum.
Atmospheric pressure = 30 in Hg. Volume head space = 16.4 cm Atmospheric pressure = 30 in Hg. Volume head space = 16.4 cm
33
Calculate the quantity of air in head space! Calculate the quantity of air in head space!
Gas Mixture/Sat Gas Mixture/Sat--team table team table ...example (Toledo, p. 119) ...example (Toledo, p. 119) Gas Mixture/Sat Gas Mixture/Sat--team table team table ...example (Toledo, p. 119) ...example (Toledo, p. 119)
nn
air air
= (P = (P
air air
V)/RT V)/RT
use SI unit use SI unit T = 20 + 273 = 293 K T = 20 + 273 = 293 K
PP
air air
= 65,392.4 Pa = 65,392.4 Pa
V = 16.4 cm V = 16.4 cm
33
= 16.4 cm = 16.4 cm
33
(10 (10
--66
)m )m
33
/cm /cm
33
= 2 x 10 = 2 x 10
--55
mm
33
R = 8315 Nm/kgmole.K R = 8315 Nm/kgmole.K
kgmoles kgmoles xx nn
air air
77
10 10 40 40 .. 44

==
KK
KK kgmoles kgmoles
Nm Nm
mm xx
mm
NN
RT RT
VV PP
nn
air air
air air
33 55
22
)) 293 293 )( )(
..
8315 8315 ((
)) 10 10 64 64 .. 11 )( )( 44 .. 392 392 ,, 63 63 ((

== ==
Sealing condition for canning process : Sealing condition for canning process :
Temperature : 80 Temperature : 80
oo
C; P atmospheric = 758 mmHg C; P atmospheric = 758 mmHg
Calculate the vacuum (mm Hg) inside the can when the Calculate the vacuum (mm Hg) inside the can when the
content cool down to 20 content cool down to 20
oo
C. C.
Answer : Answer :
Assume the headspace consists of air and H Assume the headspace consists of air and H
22
O vapor. O vapor.
Appendix A.4. Appendix A.4.
Vapor pressure of H Vapor pressure of H
22
O at 80 O at 80
oo
C = 47.3601 kPa = 47.360.1 Pa C = 47.3601 kPa = 47.360.1 Pa
Vapor pressure of H Vapor pressure of H
22
O at 20 O at 20
oo
C = 2.3366 kPa = 2,336.6 Pa C = 2.3366 kPa = 2,336.6 Pa
PP
tt
= P = P
air air
+ P + P
H2O H2O
PP
air air
= P = P
tt
-- PP
H2O H2O
Condition 1 Condition 1 : : T = 80 T = 80
oo
C and P C and P
tt
= 758 mm Hg= 101,064 Pa. = 758 mm Hg= 101,064 Pa.
PP
air air
= (101,064 = (101,064 - - 46,360.1) Pa 46,360.1) Pa
kgmole kgmole 0.018296V 0.018296V
KK 80) 80) (273 (273
kgmole.K kgmole.K
Nm Nm
8315 8315
mm V V xx 47,360.1)Pa 47,360.1)Pa (101,064 (101,064
RT RT
PV PV
nn
33
11
air air
==
++
==
==
Sealing condition for canning process : Sealing condition for canning process :
Temperature : 80 Temperature : 80
oo
C; P atmospheric = 758 mmHg C; P atmospheric = 758 mmHg
Calculate the vacuum (mm Hg) inside the can when the Calculate the vacuum (mm Hg) inside the can when the
content cool down to 20 content cool down to 20
oo
C. C.
Answer : Answer :
KK 20) 20) (273 (273
kgmole.K kgmole.K
Nm Nm
8315 8315
Px V Px V
RT RT
PV PV
nn
11
air air
==0.018296V kgmole 0.018296V kgmole
++
==
==
Condition 2 Condition 2 : : T = 20 T = 20
oo
C and P C and P
tt
= ?. = ?.
nn
air air
= 0.018296V kgmole = 0.018296V kgmole
4.1014 10 4.1014 10
--77
PV = 0.018296V PV = 0.018296V
4.1014 10 4.1014 10
--77
P = 0.018296 P = 0.018296
P = 44,575 Pa absolute P = 44,575 Pa absolute
P = 332 mm Hg absolute P = 332 mm Hg absolute
Vacuum = 758 Vacuum = 758 - - 332 = 426 mm Hg 332 = 426 mm Hg
SUPERHEATED STEAM TABLE... Appendix A.2 (Toledo, p. 571) SUPERHEATED STEAM TABLE... Appendix A.2 (Toledo, p. 571) SUPERHEATED STEAM TABLE... Appendix A.2 (Toledo, p. 571) SUPERHEATED STEAM TABLE... Appendix A.2 (Toledo, p. 571)
Abs. Pressure (psi) Abs. Pressure (psi)
Superheated steam : steam (water vapor) at T higher than Superheated steam : steam (water vapor) at T higher than
boiling point. boiling point.
Temp Temp
((
oo
F) F)
1 psi 1 psi
Ts=101.74 Ts=101.74
oo
FF
v h v h
5 psi 5 psi
Ts=162.24 Ts=162.24
oo
FF
v h v h
200 200 392.5 392.5 1150.2 1150.2 78.14 78.14 1148.6 1148.6
250 250 422.4 422.4 1172.9 1172.9 84.21 84.21 1171.7 1171.7
300 300 452.3 452.3 1195.7 1195.7 90.24 90.24 1194.8 1194.8
..
..
..
600 600 631.1 631.1 1336.1 1336.1 126.15 126.15 1335.9 1335.9
Ts : saturation Temp at deignated pressure Ts : saturation Temp at deignated pressure
v : spec volume (ft v : spec volume (ft
33
/lb) /lb)
h : enthalpy (BTU/lb) h : enthalpy (BTU/lb)
Sat Sat- -steam table steam table ...example (Toledo, p. 148) ...example (Toledo, p. 148) Sat Sat- -steam table steam table ...example (Toledo, p. 148) ...example (Toledo, p. 148)
How much heat is required to convert 1 lb H2O (70 How much heat is required to convert 1 lb H2O (70
oo
F) to steam at F) to steam at
14.696 psia (250 14.696 psia (250
oo
F) F)
-- steam at 14.696 psia steam at 14.696 psia
.............. ..............
> boiling point=212 > boiling point=212
oo
F (Sat. steam Table) F (Sat. steam Table)
> t 250 > t 250
oo
F > 212 F > 212
oo
F h t d! F h t d!
.............. ..............
> at 250 > at 250
oo
F > 212 F > 212
oo
F : superheated! F : superheated!
-- heat required = h heat required = h
gg
(250 (250
oo
F, 14.696 psia) F, 14.696 psia) - - hh
ff
(70 (70
oo
F) F)
= 1168 BTU/lb = 1168 BTU/lb -- 38.05 BTU/lb 38.05 BTU/lb
= 1130.75 BTU/lb = 1130.75 BTU/lb
How much heat would be given off by cooling superheated steam at How much heat would be given off by cooling superheated steam at
14.696 psia (500 14.696 psia (500
oo
F) to 250 F) to 250
oo
F at the same pressure? F at the same pressure? p ( p ( )) pp
-- basis 1 lb of steam basis 1 lb of steam
-- heat given off = h heat given off = h
gg
(14.696 psia, 500 (14.696 psia, 500
oo
F) F) - - hh
gg
(14.696 psia, 250 (14.696 psia, 250
oo
F) F)
= 1287.4 = 1287.4 - - 1168.8 1168.8
= 118.6 BTU/lb = 118.6 BTU/lb
-- superheated steam is superheated steam is not not very efficeient heating medium! very efficeient heating medium!
................ ................
> Konservasi Energi > Konservasi Energi
................ ................
> Kesetimbangan Energi > Kesetimbangan Energi
................ ................
> Konservasi Energi > Konservasi Energi
................ ................
> Kesetimbangan Energi > Kesetimbangan Energi
Masukan Masukan Keluaran Keluaran
i t i t
HUKUM THERMODINAMIKA I : HUKUM THERMODINAMIKA I : HUKUM THERMODINAMIKA I : HUKUM THERMODINAMIKA I :
Energi Energi
masuk masuk
= Energi = Energi
keluar keluar
+ Akumulasi + Akumulasi
Kondisi Kondisi Steady State Steady State = tidak terjadi akumulasi : = tidak terjadi akumulasi :
......... .........
> Energi > Energi
masuk masuk
= Energi = Energi
keluar keluar
ENERGI ENERGI
sistem sistem
......... .........
> > PANAS= uap, air, padatan, dll PANAS= uap, air, padatan, dll
......... .........
> > MEKANIK MEKANIK
......... .........
> > ELEKTRIK ELEKTRIK
......... .........
> > ELEKTROMAGNETIK ELEKTROMAGNETIK
......... .........
> > HIDROLIK HIDROLIK
......... .........
> > DLL DLL
Draw a sketch or diagram describing process Draw a sketch or diagram describing process
Identify information available Identify information available
Steps in Energy Balance Preparation Steps in Energy Balance Preparation
== Steps in Mass Balance Preparation Steps in Mass Balance Preparation
Steps in Energy Balance Preparation Steps in Energy Balance Preparation
== Steps in Mass Balance Preparation Steps in Mass Balance Preparation
Identify information available Identify information available
Identify boundaries of system with dotted lines Identify boundaries of system with dotted lines
Identify all input (inflows) and output (outflows) Identify all input (inflows) and output (outflows)
Use symbols or letters to identify unknown Use symbols or letters to identify unknown
items/quantities items/quantities
Write energy balance equation : Write energy balance equation : te e e gy ba a ce equat o te e e gy ba a ce equat o
choose appropriate basis of calculation choose appropriate basis of calculation
do total and/or component energy balance do total and/or component energy balance
Solve resulting algebraic equation(s) Solve resulting algebraic equation(s)
KESETIMBANGAN PANAScontoh 1 KESETIMBANGAN PANAScontoh 1
Hitung Hitung air yang diperlukan untuk mensuplai alat pindah panas air yang diperlukan untuk mensuplai alat pindah panas
yang digunakan untuk mendinginkan pasta tomat (100 kg/jam) yang digunakan untuk mendinginkan pasta tomat (100 kg/jam)
dari 90 dari 90
oo
C ke 20 C ke 20
oo
C. Pasta tomat: 40% padatan. C. Pasta tomat: 40% padatan.
Naiknya suhu air pendingin Naiknya suhu air pendingin = 10 = 10
oo
CC
air dingin (T air dingin (T
11
), ), W Kg W Kg
qq
33
qq
22
Pasta tomat Pasta tomat
20 20
oo
C C
Pasta Pasta
Tomat Tomat
qq
11
100 kg/jam 100 kg/jam
90 90
oo
CC
qq
44
Air hangat Air hangat
40% padatan 40% padatan
TT
22
(T (T
22
> T > T
11
; T ; T
22
-- TT
11
= 10 = 10
oo
C) C)
TT
22
= T = T
11
+ 10 + 10
oo
CC
Misal: Misal:
TT
11
= 20 = 20
oo
CCTT
ref ref
: 20 : 20
oo
CC
TT
22
= 30 = 30
oo
CC
Cp. air = 4187 Cp. air = 4187
KK KK
JJ
KK .. Kg Kg
Cp. Pasta tomat = 3349 M + 837.36 Cp. Pasta tomat = 3349 M + 837.36
= 3349(0.6) + 837.36 = 2846.76 J/Kg.K = 3349(0.6) + 837.36 = 2846.76 J/Kg.K
Formula Siebel Formula Siebel
Kandungan panas masuk: Kandungan panas masuk:
(( ))
MJ MJ .. KK
Kg.K Kg.K
JJ
2846.76 2846.76 Kg Kg qq
oo
11
927 927 19 19 20 20 90 90 100 100
==
==
gg

Kandungan panas keluar: Kandungan panas keluar:
(( ) )
KK
Kg.K Kg.K
JJ
2846.76 2846.76 Kg Kg qq
oo
22
00 20 20 20 20 100 100
==
==
Air masuk, W kg Air masuk, W kg
(( )) 00
33
==
== KK 20 20 -- 20 20
Kg.K Kg.K
JJ
4187 4187 Wkg Wkg qq
oo
(( )) (( )) JJ KK 20 20 30 30
JJ
4187 4187 Wk Wk
oo

(( )) (( )) JJ ww ,, KK 20 20 -- 30 30
Kg.K Kg.K
JJ
4187 4187 Wkg Wkg qq
oo
870 870 41 41
44
==
==
Kesetimbangan Panas Kesetimbangan Panas air dingin (T air dingin (T
11
), ), WKg WKg
qq
33
qq
22
Pasta tomat Pasta tomat
20 20
oo
CC
Pasta Pasta
Tomat Tomat
qq
11
qq
11
+ q + q
33
= q = q
22
+ q + q
44
20 20
oo
C C
qq
44
Air hangat Air hangat
90 90
oo
CC
TT
22
(T (T
22
> T > T
11
; T ; T
22
-- TT
11
= 10 = 10
oo
C) C)
TT
22
= T = T
11
+ 10 + 10
oo
CC
qq
11
+ q + q
33
= q = q
22
+ q + q
44
qq
22
= q = q
44
19.927 MJ = q 19.927 MJ = q
44
19.927 103 19.927 103
33
J = 41,870 (w) J J = 41,870 (w) J
w = 475.9 Kg w = 475.9 Kg
Atau: Atau: Panas yang hilang dari pasta tomat Panas yang hilang dari pasta tomat ==
Panas yang diserap oleh air pendingin Panas yang diserap oleh air pendingin
(( )) (( )) KK TT -- 10 10 TT
JJ
4187 4187 WW KK 20 20 -- 90 90
JJ
2846 76 2846 76 kg kg
oo
++
==
100 100
(( )) (( )) KK TT -- 10 10 TT
Kg.K Kg.K
4187 4187 W W KK 20 20 -- 90 90
Kg.K Kg.K
2846.76 2846.76 kg kg
11 11
++
==
100 100
100 (2846.76) (70) = 41,870 W 100 (2846.76) (70) = 41,870 W
W = 475.9 Kg W = 475.9 Kg
Pemblansiran hancuran tomat dengan uap Pemblansiran hancuran tomat dengan uap
1. Hancuran tomat: 1. Hancuran tomat: 94.9% H 94.9% H
22
OO
5 1%padatan 5 1%padatan
5.1% padatan 5.1% padatan
70 70
oo
FF
2. Uap yang digunakan: uap jenuh pada 1 atm (212 2. Uap yang digunakan: uap jenuh pada 1 atm (212
oo
F) F)
3. Kondensat uap akan mengencerkan hancuran tomat dan suhu 3. Kondensat uap akan mengencerkan hancuran tomat dan suhu
hancuran tomat keluar = 190 hancuran tomat keluar = 190
oo
FF
FF .. lb lb
BTU BTU
oo
4. C 4. C
padatan tomat padatan tomat
= 0.5 = 0.5
Hitung: Hitung:
Konsentrasi total padatan hancuran tomat yang dihasilkan Konsentrasi total padatan hancuran tomat yang dihasilkan
Hancuran tomat Hancuran tomat
panas 190 panas 190
oo
FF
212 212
oo
F F
uap uap
HH
22
OO
Basis: 100 lb Basis: 100 lb
Hancuran tomat masuk Hancuran tomat masuk
pp
70 70
oo
FF
94.9% H 94.9% H
22
OO
94.9 lb air, 70 94.9 lb air, 70
oo
F F hh
11
= 38.052 = 38.052 (daftar uap) (daftar uap)
lb lb
BTU BTU
5.1 lb padatan, 70 5.1 lb padatan, 70
oo
F F h h
22
= C = C
pp
(T (T - - TT
oo
) = 0.5 (70 ) = 0.5 (70 - - 0) = 35 0) = 35
lb lb
BTU BTU
TT
0 0
=T =T
ref ref
=0 =0
oo
FF
panas 190 panas 190
oo
FF
212 212
oo
F F
uap uap
HH
22
OO
Uap masuk Uap masuk
X lb, h X lb, h
33
= 1150.5 = 1150.5 (Tabel Uap) (Tabel Uap)
lb lb
BTU BTU
Produk Produk
pp
70 70
oo
FF
94.9% H 94.9% H
22
OO
Produk Produk
(94.9 + x) lb air, 190 (94.9 + x) lb air, 190
oo
F F hh
44
= 158 = 158 (Tabel Uap) (Tabel Uap)
lb lb
BTU BTU
5.1 lb padatan, 190 5.1 lb padatan, 190
oo
F F h h
55
= C = C
pp
(190 (190 -- 0) = 85 0) = 85
lb lb
BTU BTU
Total keseimbangan entalpi: h Total keseimbangan entalpi: h
11
+ h + h
22
+ h + h
33
= h = h
4 4
+ h + h
55
Udara 43.3 Udara 43.3
oo
C C
PEMANAS PEMANAS
Uap jenuh Uap jenuh
121.1 121.1
oo
CC
Udara, 21.1 Udara, 21.1
oo
C, 0.002 H C, 0.002 H
22
O/udara kering (w/w) O/udara kering (w/w)
daur ulang daur ulang
Notasi: Notasi: qq
11
: entalpi air dalam udara masuk (uap pada 121.1 : entalpi air dalam udara masuk (uap pada 121.1
oo
C) C)
qq : entalpi udara kering pada 21 1 : entalpi udara kering pada 21 1
oo
CC
Apel 21.1 Apel 21.1
oo
C C
80% H 80% H
22
O O
45.4 Kg/jam 45.4 Kg/jam
0.04 H 0.04 H
22
O/ud O/ud
(w/w) (w/w)
HH
22
OO
76.7 76.7
oo
CC
Apel kering Apel kering
10% H 10% H
22
O O
37.7 37.7
oo
CC
qq
22
: entalpi udara kering pada 21.1 : entalpi udara kering pada 21.1
oo
CC
qq
33
: entalpi air dalam apel masuk (air pada 21.1 : entalpi air dalam apel masuk (air pada 21.1
oo
C) C)
qq
44
: entalpi padatan dalam buah apel masuk pada 21.1 : entalpi padatan dalam buah apel masuk pada 21.1
oo
CC
qq : masukan panas : masukan panas
qq
55
: entalpi air dalam udara keluar (uap pada 43.3 : entalpi air dalam udara keluar (uap pada 43.3
oo
C) C)
qq
66
: entalpi udara kering keluar (43.3 : entalpi udara kering keluar (43.3
oo
C) C)
qq
77
: entalpi air pada apel keluar (37.7 : entalpi air pada apel keluar (37.7
oo
C) C)
qq
88
: entalpi padatan dalam apel keluar (37.7 : entalpi padatan dalam apel keluar (37.7
oo
C) C)
Kesetimbangan Entalpi : Kesetimbangan Entalpi :
q + q q + q
11
+ q + q
22
+ q + q
33
+ q + q
44
= q = q
55
+ q + q
66
+ q + q
77
+ q + q
88
Kesetimbangan massa untuk padatan apel : Kesetimbangan massa untuk padatan apel :
(0.2) (45.4) = x (0.9) (0.2) (45.4) = x (0.9) x= berat apel kering x= berat apel kering
x = 10.09 Kg/hr x = 10.09 Kg/hr
Kesetimbangan air: Kesetimbangan air:
Air hilang dari apel = Air hilang dari apel = air diterima oleh udara pengering air diterima oleh udara pengering
45.4 45.4 - - 10.09 = 35.51 Kg/jam 10.09 = 35.51 Kg/jam
Per kilogram udara kering Per kilogram udara kering (0.04 (0.04 - - 0.002) = 0.038 0.002) = 0.038
kering kering udara udara Kg Kg
air air Kg Kg
Mis. W = massa udara yang kering (Kg) Mis. W = massa udara yang kering (Kg)
Total air yang diterima = 0.038 (w) kg Total air yang diterima = 0.038 (w) kg
35.31 = 0.038 w 35.31 = 0.038 w
w = 929.21 Kg udara kering/jam w = 929.21 Kg udara kering/jam
qq
11
= entalpi air dalam udara masuk (uap pada 21.1 = entalpi air dalam udara masuk (uap pada 21.1
oo
C) C)
Tabel uap Tabel uap hh
qq
= 2.54017 MJ/kg = 2.54017 MJ/kg (interpolasi) (interpolasi)
(( ))

==
Kg Kg
mJ mJ
..
kering kering ud ud Kg Kg
air air Kg Kg
.. kering kering ud. ud. kg kg 929.21 929.21 qq
11
54017 54017 22 002 002 00

Kg Kg
kering kering ud. ud. Kg. Kg.
qq
22
= entalpi udara kering pada 21.1 = entalpi udara kering pada 21.1
oo
CC
qq
22
= m.C = m.C
pp
.dT .dT - - m.C m.C
pp
. (T . (T
22
-- TT
ref ref
))
Dari tabel Dari tabel 25 25
oo
C: C C: C
pm pm
= 1008 J/Kg.K = 1008 J/Kg.K
qq
11
= 4.7207 = 4.7207
Kg Kg
mJ mJ
a tabe a tabe 55 C C C C
pm pm
008 J/ g 008 J/ g
50 50
oo
C: C C: C
pm pm
= 1007 J/Kg.K = 1007 J/Kg.K
Asumsi: C Asumsi: C
pm pm
pada 21.1 pada 21.1
oo
C = 1008 J/Kg.K C = 1008 J/Kg.K
(( )) (( ))
KK 00 -- 21.1 21.1
Kg.K Kg.K
JJ
1008 1008 kering kering ud. ud. kg kg 929.21 929.21 qq
22
==
qq
22
= 19.7632 = 19.7632
qq
33
= entalpi air dalam apel masuk (air pada 21.1 = entalpi air dalam apel masuk (air pada 21.1
oo
C) C)
Tabel uap Tabel uap hh
ff
= 0.08999 MJ/kg = 0.08999 MJ/kg (interpolasi) (interpolasi)
qq
33
= 45.4 (0.8) (0.08999) = 3.2684 mJ = 45.4 (0.8) (0.08999) = 3.2684 mJ
qq
44
= entalpi padat dalam apel (21.1 = entalpi padat dalam apel (21.1
oo
C) C)
qq
44
= (45.4) (0.2) (837.36) (21.1 = (45.4) (0.2) (837.36) (21.1 - - 0) = 0.16043 mJ 0) = 0.16043 mJ
CC
p p
padatan = 837.36 padatan = 837.36
KK .. Kg Kg
JJ
qq
55
= entalpi air dalam udara kering (43.3 = entalpi air dalam udara kering (43.3
oo
C) C) qq
55
p g ( p g ( ))
qq
55
= (929.21 kg ud. Kering) (0.04 = (929.21 kg ud. Kering) (0.04 ) (h ) (h
99
pada 43.3 pada 43.3
oo
C) C)
kering kering ud. ud. Kg Kg
air air Kg Kg
Tabel uap Tabel uap
hh
99
= 2.5802 mJ/Kg = 2.5802 mJ/Kg
Puree buah, 100 Kg/jam Puree buah, 100 Kg/jam
40 40
oo
CC
40% d t 40% d t
Puree buah, Puree buah,
20 20
oo
CC
Uap jenuh 140 Uap jenuh 140
oo
CC
evaporator evaporator
KESETIMBANGAN PANAS KESETIMBANGAN PANAS
contoh 4 contoh 4
20 20 CC
Kondensat 110 Kondensat 110
oo
CC
KONDENSOR KONDENSOR Kondensat, 37 Kondensat, 37
oo
CC
uap, 40 uap, 40
oo
CC
Air dingin, 20 Air dingin, 20
oo
CC
Ai h t 30 Ai h t 30
oo
CC Air hangat, 30 Air hangat, 30
oo
CC
a. hitung laju aliran masing a. hitung laju aliran masing- -masing produk (kondensat). masing produk (kondensat).
b. hitung konsumsi uap (uap jenuh yangdipakai, 140 b. hitung konsumsi uap (uap jenuh yangdipakai, 140
oo
C, akan C, akan
berkondensasi pada 110 berkondensasi pada 110
oo
C) C)
CC
total padatan total padatan
= 2.10 kJ/Kg.K = 2.10 kJ/Kg.K
CC
air air
= 4.19 kJ/Kg.K = 4.19 kJ/Kg.K
C. pada kondensor: hitung laju aliran air dingin (gunakan Tabel Uap C. pada kondensor: hitung laju aliran air dingin (gunakan Tabel Uap
TERIMAKASIH TERIMAKASIH
SELAMAT
BELAJ AR
SELAMAT
BELAJ AR BELAJ AR BELAJ AR

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Bab 04 Thermo EnergyBalance

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Thermodinamika +Neraca Energi 8/24/2011

KESETIMBANGAN PANAScontoh 1 KESETIMBANGAN PANAScontoh 1

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