Distillation Column Design

CHAPTER 4

MECHANICAL DESIGN

36

Distillation Column Design

4.1 MATERIAL SELECTION

Mechanical design of any type of a process vessel is the most important section when considering the safety. This includes the selection of materials in order to withstand the operating conditions and the substances without any failures to the system. For chlorosilane systems under the absence of water Carbon steel is satisfactory for piping and other equipments. Non-ferrous metals and alloys such as Aluminum !ron"e Cupper #inc and Magnesium should never be used since they are corroded. Cast iron again is not suitable due to its brittleness. $ince this distillation column is used in solar cell industry the purity is most important. Considering all above facts candidate materials should possess following properties $uitable for hygienic conditions o Corrosion resistance %ithstand to &.'(atm pressure %ithstand to )** *C

Therefore $tainless steel is the best option for this design. Again considering the available types of stainless steel A+$+ Type (*, -Chromium steel. is best suited for these operating conditions. Composition of A+$+ Type (*, Element C Mn $i Cr 1 $ Mo Weight % *.)* ).** ).** /.*-0.* *.*/ *.*& *./*-*.0(

37

Distillation Column Design

4.2 THICKNESS 4.2.1 De ign P!e "!e

23ternal 1ressure 1e3t Ma3imum 5perating by 6auge pressure For this system 1in81e3t therefore9 1design 4 1ma3 operating by gauge : (; e3tra 4 *.&'77' : *.*(<*.&'77' P#e ign $ %.&'(') MNm*2 P#e ign $ %.4 MNm*2 4 1atm 4 ) atm 4 &.'( atm 4 *.&'77' MNm-,

4.2.2 De ign Tem+e!,t"!e

$ystem does not sub=ected to direct heating and therefore9 T design 4 T highest T of body :)**C $ )** :)* *C T #e ign $ 11% %C

4.2.& W,ll Thi-.ne

>ield stress of the selected steel at ))* *C ?esign $tress @design 4)'/ MNm-, 4 >ield stress A).0
38

Distillation Column Design 4 )'/A).0MNm-, 4 )*B.'( MNm-, %eld =oint efficiency -C. ThicDness of the $hell 4 *.' 4 1design<diA-,<C<@design- 1design. 4 *.&7B7'<*.'(A-,<*.'<)*B.'(. 4 ).70 mm Corrosion allowance $hell ThicDness after corrosion allowance 4 , mm 4 ).70:, 4 &.70mm Considering the marDet availability of the steel plates suitable thicDness $ 4mm

+n practice pressure vessels are sub=ected to other loads in addition to pressure and the design must be able to withstand the worst combination of that loads. Followings are the main sources of loads. ). 1ressure ,. ?ead weight of the vessel and contents &. %ind /. 2arthquaDes -$eismic. (. 23ternal loads imposed by piping and attached equipments Above calculated thicDness was calculated considering the pressure alone and is used as a trial thicDness to ensure that the ma3imum allowable stress intensity is not e3ceeded at any point.

4.2.&.1 De,# /eight Followings are the sources of dead weight ). The vessel shell. ,. The vessel fittings &. +nternal fittings /. 23ternal fittings 0. +nsulation. '. The weight of liquid to fill the vessel. For the Vessel egE manways no""les. egE plates -plus the fluid on the plates.9 heating and cooling coils. egE ladders platforms piping. eg9 condensers agitators.

(. Au3iliary equipment which is not self-supported

39

Distillation Column Design For preliminary calculations appro3imate weight of the vessel including domed ends with a uniform thicDness is given by9 W0$C012mDmg3H04%.(Dm5t61%*& %here %v 4 Total weight of the shell e3cluding internal fittings such as plates -N. Cv 4 A factor to account for the weight of no""les internal supports etc 4 ).*B for vessels with only a few internal fittings 4 ).)( for distillation columns Fv 4 Gength of the cylindrical section -m. g t 4 6ravitational acceleration -7.B) mAs,. 4 wall thicDness -mm.

Hm 4?ensity of vessel material -DgAm&.

?m 4 Mean diameter of vessel -?m4?i : t < )*-&. -m. %v 4 ).)(<&.)/<B***<-*.'(:*.**/.<7.B)<-7:*.B<-*.'(:*.**/..<*.**/ 4 B,*'.7 N 4 B.,) DN For Plates Number of plates ?iameter Feight 1late area 4 )' 4 *.'( m 47m 4 I<-*.'(A,., 4 *.//)(0 m, %eight of contacting plates including typical liquid loading 4 )., DNAm, %eight of plates 4 ).,<)'<*.//)(0 4 7 DN For the Insulation +nsulation material J 6lass fiber Kecommended thicDness ?ensity of glass fiber Lolume of insulation 4 (*mm 4 )** DgAm& 4 I<*.'(< 7< *.*( 4 ).*(7 m&
40

Distillation Column Design %eight of insulation 4 ).*(7<)**<7.B)A)*** 4 ).*/ DN This value is doubled to allow for fittings etc. Total weight of insulation 4 ,.*B DN

Total ?ead %eight

$ weight of vessel : weight of internals : weight of insulation

4 B.,): 7 : ,.*B $ 1'.2' .N

4.2.&.2 Win# l7,#ing TaDe ?ynamic wind pressure 4 ),B*NAm, 4 *.B(B m Goading -1er linear m. Fw For Feight -F.M,*m9 !ending moment due to wind -Mw. 4 Fw < F,A, 4 )*7B.,/<7,A, $ 444)(.) Nm 4.2.&.& St!e ,n,l8 i 4 ),B*<*.B(B 4 )*7B.,/ NAm 5uter diameter including insulation 4 *.'(:,<-*.*(:*.**/.

Stresses due to Pressure 1design 4 *./ M1a ,9i,l #"e t7 +!e

"!e

$ PDi:4t 4 )B.' M1a h77+ $ PDi:2t hoop 4 *./<*.'(A,A*.**/

41

a3ial due to pressure 4 *./<*.'(A/A*.**/

Distillation Column Design 4 &'./ M1a Dead weight stress ,9i,l #e,# %here 9 %dead t ?i a3ial dead $ W#e,#:1t3Di4t5 4 ?ead weight 4 %all thicDness 4 +nner diameter 4 )7.,7A-&.)/<*.**/<-*.'(*:*.**/.. 4 ,.*/ M1a a3ial dead 4 ?ead weight stress

Stress due to wind #"e t7 /in# $ 4 4M:31t3Di4t5Di5

: for tensile stress of upwind direction - for compressive stress of downwind direction due to wind 4 4 /<///'B.'A-&.)/<*.**/<-*.'(:*.**/.<.'(. 4 : ,(.*( M1a Upwind calculations Kesultant a3ial stress -a3ia resultant. 4 a3ial due to pressure - a3ial dead weight : due to wind 4 )B.'-,.*/:,(.*( 4 /).') M1a Assume $hear stress -N. 4 * 4 O -hoop : a3ia resultant :P (hoop - a3ia resultant., : /N. 4 O -&'./:/).'):-&'./-/).').. 4 &'./* M1a , 4 O -hoop : a3ia resultant -P (hoop -a3ia resultant., : /N. 4 O -&'./:/).')--&'./-/).').
42

Distillation Column Design 4 /).') M1a & 4 *.(<1design 4 *.(<*./ 4*., M1a )J , 4 &'./-/).') 4 -/.&) M1a )J & 4 &'./-*., 4 &'., M1a ,J & 4 /).')-*., 4 /).() M1a

Ma3imum difference from above three -*. 4 /).() M1a design 4 ))* M1a * < design There for the above selected wall thicDness -*.**/m. is acceptable.

Downwind calculations Kesultant a3ial stress -a3ia resultant. 4 a3ial due to pressure - a3ial dead weight - due to wind 4 )B.'-,.*/-,(.*( 4 -B.&B M1a Assume $hear stress -N. 4 * 4 O -hoop : a3ia resultant :P (hoop - a3ia resultant., : /N. 4 O -&'./-B.&B :-&'./---B.&B... 4 &'./* M1a , 4 O -hoop : a3ia resultant -P (hoop -a3ia resultant., : /N.
43

Distillation Column Design 4 O -&'./-B.&B --&'./---B.&B.. 4 -B.&B M1a & 4 *.(<1design 4 *.(<*./ 4*., M1a )J , 4 &'./---B.&B. 4 /(.'7 M1a )J & 4 &'./-*., 4 &'., M1a ,J & 4 -B.&B -*., 4 -B.(B M1a

Ma3imum difference from above three -*. 4 /(.'7 M1a design 4 ))* M1a * < design There for the above selected wall thicDness -*.**/m. is acceptable.

44

Distillation Column Design

4.2.4 Sele-ti7n 7; En#

Following types of heads and closures are available for vessels. ). Flat heads ,. Flange only heads &. Flanged and shallow dished /. Flanged and standard dished (. Torispherical 0. 2lliptical '. Femispherical B. Conical 7. Toriconical From above types torispherical heads are the most commonly used end closure for vessels up to operating pressures of )( bars. %ithin this range it is the most economical closures compared to ellipsoidal and hemispherical heads. Therefore suitable closures for this are the Torispherical heads and closures.

45

Distillation Column Design

46

Distillation Column Design

Figure 4.1 Geometry of a Torispherical head

4.2.< Dimen i7n 7; En#

47

Distillation Column Design 4.2.<.1 Thi-.ne he3t 4 ?o,A/K 4 -?or A,.*.( 4 K-Q-K-?oA,.<- K-?oA,-,r.R*.( %here 9 ?o K r According to A$M29 K r 4 ?o 4 -*.'(:,<*.**/.m 4 0; ?inner 4 *.*0<*.'(m he3t 4 *.'(B,A-/<*.'(B. 4 -*.'(B<*.*/(A,.*.( 4 *.*/(m 4 *.)B7( 4 *.)&*(7 4 *./,'*( 4 *.'(Bm - 5uter shell diameter - Crown radius of the head - SnucDle radius

From the above set of equations for he3t

4 *.'(B-Q-*.'(B-*.'(BA,.<-*.'(B-*.'(BA,-,<*.*/(.R*.( $elect the minimum value as he3t9 he3t 4 *.)&*(7 he3tA ?o 4 *.)&*(7A*.'(B 4 *.)', $tress concentration factor -C. is given by following chart. t:D7 %.%1 ,.)( ,.)( ).** *.'' *.(7 *.((

he9t: D7 *.)( *.,* *.,( *.&* *./* *.(*

%.%%2 /.(( ,.&* ).&B *.7, *.(7 *.(( ,.00 ,.0( ).)/ *.'' *.(7 *.((

%.%%<

%.%2 ).7( ).&' ).** *.'' *.(7 *.(( ).'( ).&, ).** *.'' *.(7 *.((

%.%4

Table 4.1 Stress concentration factor C T!i,l 1= Assume tA?o 4 *.**( t 4 *.**(<*.'(B t 4 *.**&'7
48

Distillation Column Design From the table /.) C<4 ,.,&'0 Then9 tactual 4 1design ?o C< : C ,@designC

4 *./<)*T0<*.'(B<,.,&'0A-,<)*B.'(<)*T0<*.((
4 *.**(0 m Two different t values assumed tA?o is incorrect T!i,l 2= Assume tA?o 4 *.**' t 4 *.**'<*.'(B t 4 *.**(& From the table /.) C<4 ,.*'7&0 Then9 t 4 1design ?o C< ,@designC

4 *./<)*T0<*.'(B<,.*'7&0A-,<)*B.'(<)*T0<*.((.
4 *.**(& m Two values obtained for thicDness are same and therefore the suitable thicDness is (.&mm ThicDness after corrosion allowance 4 (.&:, mm 4 '.&mm !lanD thicDness 4 '.&:0; e3tra 4 '.'& mm Considering the marDet availability ThicDness of the plate $ (mm

!lanD diameter required for the fabrication of head is given by !lanD ?iameter 4 ?o : ?oA/,:-,A&. r :,Fflange 4 *.'(B:*.'(BA/,:-,A&.<*.*/(:,<*.*/
49

Distillation Column Design $ %.((>m 4.2.<.2 Ge7met!i-,l C,l-"l,ti7n Kcrown 4 *.'(B m KDnucDle 4 *./( m ?head !C 4 *.'( m 4 Kcrown J KDnucDle 4 *.'(B J *.*/( 4 *.')& m A! 4 ?head A , J KDnucDle 4 *.'(A, J *.*/( 4 *.&& m AC 4 -!C, J A!,.*.( 4 -*.')&,-*.&&,.*.( 4 *.0&, m A5 4 C5 J AC 4 *.'(B J *.0&, 4 *.),0 m

50

Distillation Column Design

51

Distillation Column Design

4.& INTERNAL DESIGN 4.&.2 Pl,te H8#!,"li- De ign

Figure 4.2 i!uid flo" inside the column %here9 hb lt hw how hap - ?owncomer bacDup - 1late spacing - %eir height - %eir crest - Feight of the bottom edge of the apron above the plate

4.&.2.1 Li?"i# ;l7/ ,!!,ngement From previous calculations Giquid flow rate is /./3)*& m&As From ANN2U A./ $uitable flow arrangement is Cross flow -$ingle pass. 4.&.2.2 H7le i@ing Assumptions Fole area -Ah. Fole ?iameter -dh. %eir height -hw. 4 *.)<Active area -Aa. 4 (mm 4 (*mm
52

Distillation Column Design From 1revious calculations9 Net Area -An. Column Area -Ac. 4 *.&B/0&/ m, 4 *./&'*B/ m,

?own comer Area -Ad. 4 *.),< Ac 4 *.*(,/( m, Active Tray Area -Aa. 4 Ac-,<Ad 4 *./&'*B/-,<*.*(,/( 4*.&&, m, Fole area -Ah. 4 *.)<Active area -Aa. 4 *.)<*.&&, 4 *.*&&, m, Get Number of holes 4 N N<I<-dhA,., N 4 Ah 4 -*.*&&, A I. < /A -*.**(., 4 )'** 4.&.2.& Che-.ing ;7! /ee+ing %eir Gength -lw. AdAAc lwA?c lw 4 ),; 4 *.'0 4 *.'0<*.'( 4 *.(' m Minimum design vapour velocity at weep point is given by From ANN2U A.(

$ince dh and L are constants Vh minimum occurs at minimum D,

53

Distillation Column Design According to ANN2U A.0 Minimum S, occurs at minimum -hw:how. Again we Dnow the value of hw and how is given by

%here9

Gw G lw how

4 Giquid flow rate -DgAs. 4 Giquid density -DgAm&. 4 %eir length -m. 4 %eir crest -mm - liquid.

For minimum how Minimum Gw 4 *.' < Ma3imum Gw Ma3imum Gw 4 (./7 DgAs Minimum Gw 4 *.' < (./7 4 &.B/& DgAs G 4 ),&'.(' DgAm&

From equation above equation how min 4'(*<-&.B/&A),&'.('A*.('.,A& 4 ,&.,B mm liquid -hw :how.min 4 (*:,&.,, 4 '&.,B mm From the Figure ANN2U A.0 S, 4 &*.0

From equation previous equation %eep point velocity -Vh. 4 -&*.0-*.7-,(./-(..A-)'.(BB.*.( 4 ,.7) mAs Ma3imum vapour flow rate 4 *.)0)B(7 m&As Minimum vapour flow rate 4 *.'<*.)0)B(7 4 *.))& m&As
54

Distillation Column Design Actual Minimum vapour velocity 4 *.))&AAh 4 *.))&A*.*&&, 4 &./*mAs Actual Minimum vapour velocity 8 %eep point velocity Therefore assumed hole diameter -(mm. is correct

4.&.2.4 Pl,te +!e "!e #!7+ 6enerally for stainless steel plates9 1late thicDness 4 &mm Dry plate drop Ma3imum vapour velocity through holes 4 Ma3imum vapour flow rateA Ah 4 *.)0)B(7A*.*&&, 4 /.B' mAs 1late thicDness A hole diameter 4 *.**&A*.**( 4 *.0 AhAAp W AhAAa From ANN2U A.' C* 4 *.) 4 *.'/

1ressure drop through dry plate is given by

hd

4 ()< -/.B'A*.'/., <-)'.(BA),&'.('. 4 &)./)mm liquid

Kesidual head is given by

hr

4 ),.(<)*&A),&'.('
55

Distillation Column Design 4 )*.) mm liquid

For ma3imum how how ma3 4 '(*<-(./7A),&'.('A*.('.,A& 4 ,7.(/ mm liquid Total ma3imum pressure drop is given by ht 4 hd:- hw :how.ma3: hr 4 &)./):-(*:,7.(/.:)*.) 4 ),).*( mm liquid 4 7.B)<)*-& <),).*(< ),&'.(' 1a 4 )./'D1a This is acceptable 4.&.2.< D7/n -7me! li?"i# A,-."+ Get hap 4 hw-)* 4 (*-)* 4 /*mm Aap $ hap < lw 4 *.*/<*.(0' 4 *.*,,0B m, Fead loss in the downcomer -hdc. is given by

%here9

Gwd Am hdc

- liquid flow rate in downcomer DgAs - either the downcomer area Ad or the clearance area under the downcomer Aap9 whichever is the smaller m,. 4 )00<-(./7A),&'.('A*.*,,0B., 4 0.&/ mm

?owncomer bacDup is given by9 hb 4 -hw : how.: ht : hdc 4 -(*:,7.(/. : ),).*(:0.&/ 4 ,*0.7& mm
56

Distillation Column Design 4 *.,*' m

O-plate spacing : weir height. 4 -*.(:*.*(.A, hb M O-plate spacing : weir height. Therefore plate spacing is acceptable 4.&.2.> Ent!,inment 1ercentage flooding 4 B*; FGL 4 *.,& From ANN2U A.B X 4 *.**B X is well bellow *.)

4.&.2.) Pe!;7!,te# ,!e, lwA?c Yc 4 *.('A*.'( 4 *.'0 4 77* 4 )B** - 77* 4 B)* Mean length unperforated edge strips Area of unperforated edge strips Mean length of calming "one appro3. 4 -*.'( - (* 3 )*-&.<I< B)A)B* 4 *.7B7) m 4 (* 3 )*-& 3 *.7B7) 4 *.*(m, 4 weir length : width of unperforated strip 4 *.(' : (* 3 )*-& 4 *.0, m Area of calming "ones Total area for perforations Ap AhAAp From ANN2U A.7 4 ,<-*.0, 3(* 3 )*-& . 4 *.*0, m, 4 *.&&, - *.*(- *.*0, 4 *.,, m, 4 *.*&&, A*.,, 4 *.)( lpAdh 4 ,.09 satisfactory within ,.( to /.*.
57

Angle subtended by the edge of the plate

Distillation Column Design

Pl,te +e-i;i-,ti7n

$cale )E(

58

Distillation Column Design

4.4 SBPPORTS AND OTHERS 4.4.1 S"++7!t

?esign of supports depends on the si"e shape weight of the vessel9 design pressure and the temperature of the system9 vessel location and arrangement9 and the internal and e3ternal fittings and arrangements. 6enerally for vertical vessels sDirts legs bracDets or lugs are used for vertical vessels and for hori"ontal vessels saddles are used. $Dirts supports are recommended for tall columns sub=ected to wind loading and therefore for this design sDirt support is selected. 4.4.1.1 S.i!t thi-.ne $Dirt Feight 4 ).( m 4 @bs - @ws 4 @bs : @ws

@s -tensile. @s -compressive.
%here9

@bs J !ending stress in the sDirt @bs @ws

4 /MsAI-?s:ts.ts?s

@ws J ?ead weight stress in the sDirt

4 %AI-?s:ts.ts

%here9

Ms % ?s ts

- Ma3imum bending moment evaluated at the base of the sDirt -due to wind seismic and eccentric loads. - Total weight of the vessel and contents - +nside diameter of the sDirt at the base - $Dirt thicDness.

Vnder the worst combination of wind and dead weight loading following design criteria should be satisfied.

@s -tensile. 8 fs Z sinYs @s -compressive. 8 *.),(2 -tsA?s. sinYs

59

Distillation Column Design %here9 fs Z Ys 2 - Ma3imum allowable design stress for the sDirt material normally taDen at ambient temperature ,*oC - %eld =oint factor if applicable - !ase angle of a conical sDirt normally B*o to 7*o - 2lastic modulus of sDirt material

Minimum thicDness should be not less than 0 mm. %hen the vessel wall will be at a significantly higher temperature than the sDirt discontinuity stresses should be set up due to differences in thermal e3pansion. Ma3imum dead weight load on the sDirt occurs when the vessel is full of water. Appro3imate weight due to water ?ead weight Total weight 4 I < -*.'(A,.,<7<)***<7.B) 4 &B.77 DN 4 )7.,7 DN -1reviously calculated. 4 &B.77:)7.,7 4 (B.,B DN %ind loading !ending moment at the sDirt 4 ).*7B DNAm -1reviously calculated. 4 ).*7B<-7:).(.,A, 4 0*.(/ DNm As the first trial let the sDirt thicDness 4 0 mm

@bs

4 /<0*.(/<)*0A-&.)/<-'(*:0.<0<'(*. 4 ,,.0' NAmm,

@ws Test 4 (B.,B<)*&A-&.)/<-'(*:0.<0.

4 /.*7 NAmm,

@ws 5p 4 )7.,7<)*&A-&.)/<-'(*:0.<0.
4 ).&( NAmm,

@s -tensile. Ma3 @s -Compressive. Ma3

4 ,,.0' J ).&( 4 ,).&) NAmm, 4 ,,.0' :/.*7

60

Distillation Column Design 4 ,0.'0 NAmm,

Get weld =oint factor 4 *.' fs Z sinYs 4 )&(<*.' <sin7* 4 7/.( NAmm,

@s -tensile. M fs Z sinYs
*.),(2 -tsA?s. sinYs 4 *.),(< ,*****<-0A'(*.<sin7* 4 ,** NAmm,

@s -Compressive. M *.),(2 -tsA?s. sinYs

Therefore assumed thicDness is correct $Dirt thicDness 4 0 mm Corrosion allowance 4 , mm Final sDirt thicDness $ ( mm

61

Distillation Column Design

4.4.2 C, e !ing ,n# An-h7! C7lt #e ign

Goad carried by the support of a vessel is transmitted to the foundation through the sDirt base ring. Moment due to wind and other loads which tend to overturn the vessel will be opposed by the couple set up by the weight of the vessel and the tensile load of the anchor bolts. 4.4.2.1 C7lt De ign Kequired bolt area is given by9

%here9

Ab Nb fb Ms % ?b

- Area of one bolt at the root of the thread mm, - Number of bolts - Ma3imum allowable bolt stress NAmm, typical design value ),( NAmm, -)B *** psi. - !ending -overturning. moment at the base Nm - %eight of the vessel N - !olt circle diameter m. 4 *.7( m 4 7(*<I mm 4 0** mm 4 7(*<IA0** 4( 4 B bolts 4 ),( NAmm, 4 0*.(/ DNm -1reviously calculated. 4 )7.,7 DN -1reviously calculated.

Appro3imate pitch circle diameter Circumference of bolt circle Minimum recommended bolt spacing Number of bolts at minimum spacing Closest multiple of / !olt design stress !ending moment at the sDirt -Ms. %eight of the vessel -%.

62

Distillation Column Design Ab 4 -)A-B<),(..<-/<0*.(/<)***A*.7(-)7.,7<)***. 4 ,&(.0) mm, From Anne3 A.7 $elect M24 Then Ab 4 &(& mm, !olt root diameter 4 -&(&</AI.*.( $ 21.21 mm 4.4.2.2 C, e Ring #e ign

Compressive load on the base ring is given by9

%here9 Fb

Fb ?s

- The compressive load on the base ring Newtons per linear metre - $Dirt diameter m

4 /<0*.(/<)***A&.)/A*.'(, : )7.,7<)***A&.)/A*.'( 4 )/(.& DNAm

Minimum base ring width is given by

%here9

Gb fc

- !ase ring width mm - The ma3imum allowable bearing pressure on the concrete foundation pad which will depend on the mi3 used and will typically range from &.( to ' NAmm,

Get

fc 4 ( NAmm, Gb 4 )/(.&<)***A(A)*** 4 ,7.*0 mm

From ANN2U A.))

63

Distillation Column Design

Actual bearing width 4 Gr : ts :(* mm 4 '0: B :(* $ 1&4 mm Actual bearing pressure -f[c. 4 FbAwidth 4 -)/(.&<)***A)***.A)&/ 4 ).*B NAmm, Minimum bearing thicDness is given by9

%here

Gr

-The distance from the edge of the sDirt to the outer edge of the ring mm
64

Distillation Column Design tb f[c fr tb - !ase ring thicDness mm - Actual bearing pressure on base NAmm, - Allowable design stress in the ring material typically )/* NAmm,.

4 '0<-&<).*BA)/*.*.( 4 )).(B mm

Kequired actual bearing thicDness $ 12 mm

4.4.& O+ening
For this design openings should be dsigned for followings ). Kemoval of overhead vapour stream ,. +ntroduce Keflu3 stream &. +ntroduce feed stream ) /. +ntroduce feed stream , (. Kemoval of bottom liquid stream 0. +ntroduce bottom reboiler vapour stream '. 5pening in the support -$Dirt. 4.4.&.1 Dimen i7n 7; 7+ening Flow rates and relative densities for above streams are Dnown from previous calculations. Den it8 Dl7/ R,te Eel7-it8 & 3.g:m 5 3.g: 5 3m: 5 )B.0B ,.B( 7.&, ))/*.'* ).&( ,.'/ ),,/.)B ,.(* ,.0B ))B/.B& ).0& ,.') ),&'.(' (./7 ,.0' )'.(B ,.B( 7.&( Table 4.1 Stream data

St!e,m 5verhead Lapour Keflu3 stream Feed stream ) Feed stream , !ottom Giquid !ottom vapour

For 5verhead Lapour 7.&, < I <d, < )B.0BA/ ? 4 ,.B( 4 )/* mm 4 (.() in
65

Distillation Column Design For Keflu3 stream ,.'/ < I <d, < ))/*.'*A/ ? For Feed stream ) ,.0B < I <d, < ),,/.)BA/ ? 4 ,.B( 4 &* mm 4 ).)B in 4 ).&( 4 ,* mm 4 *.'B'/ in

For Feed stream , ,.')< I <d, < ))B/.B&A/ ? For !ottom Giquid ,.0' < I <d, < ),&'.('A/ ? For !ottom vapour 7.&( < I <d, < )'.(BA/ ? 4 ,.B( 4 )(* mm 4 (.7 in 4 ,.B( 4 (* mm 4 ).707 in 4 ,.B( 4 &* mm 4 ).)B in

Assume required ?iameter of the opening in the sDirt 4 ,** mm St!e,m 5verhead Lapour Keflu3 stream Feed stream ) Feed stream , !ottom Giquid !ottom vapour 5pening in the $Dirt O+ening P7 iti7n Fead $hell $hell $hell 2nd $hell $Dirt Di,mete! 3mm5 )/* ,* &* &* (* )(* ,**

4.4.&.2 C7m+en ,ti7n ;7! 7+ening No compensation is required for openings in spherical sections of head and end. douter no""el
66

Distillation Column Design ts theatrical Fe3t c

Fint

tpad dinner no""el Figure /.& c

c No""le

ts e3cess

From previous calculations ts theatrical 4 ).7' mm ts actual C ts e3cess 4 / mm 4 , mm 4 *.*& mm

ThicDness of the no""le is given by t n 41<diA -,<@<C-1. %here9 1 J ?esign pressure di J diameter of the opening @ - tensile strength at design temperature C- weld =oint efficiency

C7m+en ,ti7n ;7! Re;l"9 t!e,m +nner no""le diameter -di.n. t n theoritical 6et as , mm ThicDness after Corrosion allowance 4 ,:, tn actual 4 / mm
67

4 ,* mm

4 *.&7B7'<*.*,A-,<*.'<)*B.'( - *.&7B7'. m 4 *.*(& mm

Distillation Column Design Kemoved area -A). 4 -di.n : ,C.-ts theatrical : C. 4 -,*:,<,.<-).7':,. 4 7(.&* mm, Available area in the shell -A,. 4 -di.n : ,C.-ts actual - ts theatrical - C. 4 -,*:,<,.<-/-).7'-,. 4 *.') mm, !oundary limit -F. 4 --di.n : ,C.-tn actual : C..*.( 4 --,*:,<,.<-/:,.. *.( 4 ), mm 23cess area in the no""le Available for reinforcement -A&. 4 ,F-tn actual J tn theatrical - C. 4 ,<),<-/-*.*(&-,. 4 /0.'/ mm, Total e3cess area for reinforcement 4 A, : A& -A/. $ *.') 4 /0.'/ 4 /'./( mm, Kequired reinforcement area -A(. 4 A) J A/ 4 7(.&* J /'./( $ 4).(< mm2 C7m+en ,ti7n ;7! Dee# t!e,m 1 F 2 3S,me #i,mete!5 +nner no""le diameter -di.n. t n theoritical 6et as , mm ThicDness after Corrosion allowance 4 ,:, tn actual 4 / mm Kemoved area -A). 4 -di.n : ,C.-ts theatrical : C.
68

4 &* mm

4 *.&7B7'<*.*&A-,<*.'<)*B.'( - *.&7B7'. m 4 *.*'7 mm

Distillation Column Design 4 -&*:,<,.<-).7':,. 4 )&(.** mm, Available area in the shell -A,. 4 -di.n : ,C.-ts actual - ts theatrical - C. 4 -&*:,<,.<-/-).7'-,. 4 ).** mm, !oundary limit -F. 4 --di.n : ,C.-tn actual : C..*.( 4 --&*:,<,.<-/:,.. *.( 4 )/.,B mm 23cess area in the no""le Available for reinforcement -A&. 4 ,F-tn actual J tn theatrical - C. 4 ,<)/.,B<-/ - *.*'7 -,. 4 (/.BB mm, Total e3cess area for reinforcement 4 A, : A& -A/. $ ).** 4 (/.BB 4 ((.BB mm, Kequired reinforcement area -A(. 4 A) J A/ 4 )&(.** J ((.BB $ )'.11 mm2 C7m+en ,ti7n ;7! C7tt7m 0,+7"! t!e,m +nner no""le diameter -di.n. t n theoritical 6et as , mm ThicDness after Corrosion allowance 4 ,:, tn actual 4 / mm Kemoved area -A). 4 -di.n : ,C.-ts theatrical : C. 4 -)(*:,<,.<-).7':,.
69

4 )(* mm

4 *.&7B7'<*.)(A-,<*.'<)*B.'( - *.&7B7'. m 4 *.&7 mm

Distillation Column Design 4 0))./0 mm, Available area in the shell -A,. 4 -di.n : ,C.-ts actual - ts theatrical - C. 4 -)(*:,<,.<-/-).7'-,. 4 /.(/ mm, !oundary limit -F. 4 --di.n : ,C.-tn actual : C..*.( 4 --)(*:,<,.<-/:,.. *.( 4 &*./* mm

23cess area in the no""le Available for reinforcement -A&.

4 ,F-tn actual J tn theatrical - C. 4 ,<&*./*<-/ - *.&7 -,. 4 7'.0& mm,

Total e3cess area for reinforcement 4 A, : A& -A/. $ /.(/ 4 7'.0& 4 )*,.)' mm, Kequired reinforcement area -A(. 4 A) J A/ 4 0))./0 J )*,.)' $ <%'.2' mm2

70

Distillation Column Design

4.4.> Dl,nge ;7! En-l7 "!e

Nominal diameter of bolts -d. Number of bolts -n. ThicDness of flanges -tf. %idth of flange -!. 5utside diameter of flange 1itch circle diameter of bolts -?p. 4 *.'(t:)* mm 4 *.*,'(? : ).0 4 ).(t : , mm 4 ,.&d 4 ? : ,t :,! 4 ? : ,t : ,d :), mm

Circumference pitch of the bolt -1c. 4 I -?pAn. %here9 t ? - %all thicDness of the vessel - ?iameter of the vessel 4 *.'(</:)* 4 )& mm Number of bolts to the closest multiple of / -n. ThicDness of flanges -tf. 4 *.*,'( <'(*:).0 4 ,/ 4 ).(< / :,
71

Nominal diameter of bolts -d.

Distillation Column Design 4 B mm

%idth of flange -!.

4 ,.&<)& 4 ,7.7 mm

5utside diameter of flange

4 '(*:,</:,<,7.7 4 B)'.B mm

1itch circle diameter of bolts -?p.

4 '(*:,</:,<)& :), 4 '70 mm

Circumference pitch of the bolt -1c. 4 I<'70A,/ 4 )*/.)/ mm For the =oint leaD proof the value 1c should lie between9 ,*d))A, to &*d))A, Get d) 4 d:, mm 4 )& : , 4 )( mm ,*d))A, &*d))A, 4 ,*< )(*.( 4 ''.( 4 &*< )(*.( 4 ))0. , ,*d))A, M 1c M &*d))A, Therefore the ?esign is correct

72

Distillation Column Design

4.< DACRICATION PROCEDBRE

$tep). Cutting the steel plate $tainless steel plates can be cut by gas flame technique. $tep,. !evel edges +n this step cur edges are converted into bevel edges

$tep&. Crimpling 2dges maDe curved

$tep/. Kolling
73

Distillation Column Design

$tep(. Clamping the shell

$tep0. %elding For longitudinal welds double groove welding is suitable. For this design for shell welding ?ouble Lgroove but =oint is selected

74

Distillation Column Design

75