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Team Rubblution
Annie Bartholomew Nathan Braun Curran Hamilton Chris Wells
Introduction to Design Engr. 215 Spring 2010
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................ii Table of Figures ................................................................................................................................v Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Problem Formulation .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1. 1.2. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.3. 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3. 2.3.4. 2.3.5. 2.3.6. 2.3.7. 2.3.8. 2.3.9. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2 Objective Statement................................................................................................. 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 Problem Analysis ...................................................................................................... 3 Specifications............................................................................................................ 3 Considerations .......................................................................................................... 3 Criteria & Constraints ............................................................................................... 3 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 4 Overview of Haiti ...................................................................................................... 4 Economic Demographics .......................................................................................... 4 Geography, Erosion, and Landslides ........................................................................ 4 Earthquake effects ................................................................................................... 5 Landslide/Erosion Prevention and Protection ......................................................... 5 Gabion Basket........................................................................................................... 5 Gravity Walls............................................................................................................. 6 Live, Mixed, and Inert Construction ......................................................................... 7 Gabion Mattress ....................................................................................................... 8
Table of Contents
2.3.10. Retaining walls.......................................................................................................... 8 2.3.11. Structures: Commercial/Non-Commercial ............................................................... 8 2.3.12. Green Gabion ........................................................................................................... 9 2.3.13. Recycled Rubble as a Coarse Aggregate................................................................... 9 3. Alternative Solutions............................................................................................................. 11 ii
3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.3. 3.3.4. 3.3.5. 3.3.6. 3.3.7. 3.3.8. 3.3.9.
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 11 Brainstorming ......................................................................................................... 11 Alternate Solutions: ................................................................................................ 11 Recycled Concrete as a Material to Rebuild Haiti .................................................. 11 Build Your House upon Rocks................................................................................. 12 Highway to Haiti ..................................................................................................... 13 Living Gabion River Bed .......................................................................................... 13 A Series of Tubes .................................................................................................... 14 Ditching Rain Water ............................................................................................... 15 Gravity Walls........................................................................................................... 15 Gabion Foundations ............................................................................................... 16 Rubble Sandwich .................................................................................................... 17
3.3.10. Water Walls ............................................................................................................ 17 4. Decision Section .................................................................................................................... 19 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 5. 5.1. 5.2. 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.3. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 19 Criteria .................................................................................................................... 19 Solutions ................................................................................................................. 19 Decision Process ..................................................................................................... 20 Final Decision.......................................................................................................... 22 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 22 Description of Solution ........................................................................................... 22 Trench Dimensions ................................................................................................. 23 Fill Layers and Pipe ................................................................................................. 24 Cost ......................................................................................................................... 25
5.3.1 Design Cost (hours) ...................................................................................................... 25 5.3.2 Implementation Cost ................................................................................................... 25 5.3.3 Maintenance Cost ........................................................................................................ 26 5.4. Instructions for Implementation ............................................................................ 26 iii | P a g e
5.4.1. 5.5.
Bag Weight Calculations .............................................................................................................. 31 245 Bags Total ............................................................................................................................... 31 Bag Dimensions ............................................................................................................................. 31 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................... 32
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Table of Figures
Figure 1.1 Black Box Diagram ......................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2.1 Map of Haiti ................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2.2 Picture of Effected Earthquake Area (U.S. CB 2009) ..................................................... 5 Figure 2.3 A gravity wall used to support a steep hill..................................................................... 6 Figure 2.4 Stacking types of gravity walls ....................................................................................... 7 Figure 2.5 A mixed gabion wall. (Qiaoshi Gabion Factory) ............................................................. 7 Figure 2.6 A Retaining Wall (Maccaferri 2009) ............................................................................... 8 Figure 2.7 Gabion Buildings (GabionBaskets.net 2009) ................................................................. 9 Figure 2.8 'Green Gabions' (Maccaferri 2009) ................................................................................ 9 Figure 2.9 Rough Aggregate in Concrete (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2007) ................ 10 Figure 3.1 Drawing of rubble trench foundation (Bartholomew 2010) ....................................... 13 Figure 3.2 Picture of Highway to Haiti (Bartholomew 2010)........................................................ 13 Figure 3.3 Drawing of Living Gabion River Bed (Braun 2010)....................................................... 14 3.4 Drawing of a Series of Tubes (Braun 2010) ............................................................................ 14 3.5 Ditching Rain Water (Bartholomew 2010).............................................................................. 15 Figure 3.6 Drawing of rubble gravity wall (Braun 2010) ............................................................... 16 Figure 3.7 Gabion Foundations (Wells 2010) ............................................................................... 16 Figure 3.8 Rubble Sandwich (Wells 2010) .................................................................................... 17 Figure 3.9 Water Walls (Wells 2010) ............................................................................................ 18 Figure 5.1 Rubble Trench Foundtion ............................................................................................ 23 Figure 5.2 CAD drawing of solution and placement of PVC pipe ................................................. 24 Figure 5.3 Cross Section of Rubble Trench Foundation................................................................ 24 Figure 5.4: Design Hours ............................................................................................................... 25 Figure 5.5 Compaction Method .................................................................................................... 26 Figure 5.6 Water Drainage ............................................................................................................ 27 v
Figure 5.7 Cross Section of tested trench ..................................................................................... 27 Figure 5.8 Humangineers soil-bag relief structure with two different size heights ..................... 28
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Tables
Table 4.1 Completed Delphi Method Table .................................................................................. 21 Table 4.2 Pugh Method Decision Table ........................................................................................ 22 Table 5.1 Materials and Costs ....................................................................................................... 25 Table 5.2 Measurements and Settling Calculations ..................................................................... 28
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1. Problem Formulation
1.1. Introduction
The purpose of Section One of the design process is to create an objective statement, which will provide definition to the project and allow the design team to come to a design solution. The Black Box Model in Figure 1.1 will help define the problem and the world before the design solution, as well as the world after the design solution.
1.2.
Objective Statement
The objective of this project is to design a solution for the massive rubble problem created by the January earthquake in Haiti, and to turn that rubble into a resource that can be used to aid Haiti. Input: Haiti devastated with huge amounts of unused rubble in the streets that blocks the progress of humanitarian workers and rescue personal.
Black Box
Output: Haiti has a definitive solution that uses the rubble and local labor to create secure foundation systems that can be used to rebuild Haiti.
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2.2.
Problem Analysis
2.2.1. Specifications
The design must incorporate rubble from Haiti as a main building material, by clearing and using as much rubble as possible from the streets of Haiti. The design must also be durable.
2.2.2. Considerations
Supply and location of the rubble is pertinent to the transport of the design. Interaction between soil conditions and weight distribution is essential in determining design choices.
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2.3.
Literature Review
fewer nutrients for crops and reduced yield of the harvest (CIA 2009). Haitis transportation network is predominantly unpaved, making roads susceptible to erosion and contributing to the danger of roadway travel in Haiti (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010). Landslides from erosion were common before the earthquake in January, but more landslides and increased loosening of soil may have been caused by the earthquake (CDCP 2010).
Three cities, including Port-au-Prince, were affected by the earthquake (U.S. Census Bureau 2009). The U.S. Department of Civil Protection estimates that approximately 115,000 people were killed and 200,000 injured during the earthquake. (U.S. Agency for International Development 2010) Most buildings in the affected areas of Haiti were destroyed, as well as the local economies. After the earthquake, many businesses were destroyed, or damaged leaving much of the population without a stable income. Many family providers died in collapsing buildings, leaving families without any source of income (U.S. AID 2010).
in the shapes of rectangles or hexagons and may come in varying thicknesses (EngNet 2009). Gabion Baskets can be used as retaining walls, structural support for small, or weakened structures, or as buildings walls (Maccaferri 2009). Gabion Baskets are also used to protect earth embankments, line rivers, and manage or divert stream flow (Coche 1995). Gabion Baskets can also be used in the protection of coastlines with the use of
timber (Matthews 1913).
When stacking gravity walls, three different forms of stacking are used. These different types are bulkhead, stepped, and laid strait. Figure 2.4 shows these stacking types from a side view. (Zelo, 2000)
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2.3.10.
Retaining walls
Flooding and landslides may cause loose soil, endangering possible sites of earthquake relief. Gabion baskets could be applied as retaining walls and flood canals, as seen in Figure 2.6, protecting the perimeter of Haitian communities and diverting water from flowing into inhabited areas. By manipulating water flow, gabion baskets could be used as an irrigation canal that could channel runoff into farmlands, or areas of relief, providing a source of flowing water (Maccaferri 2009).
2.3.11.
Structures: Commercial/Non-Commercial
A primary goal of World Shelters is providing shelter to displaced Haitians. Gabion baskets may be stacked multiple times, as seen in Figure 2.7, to create a reinforced wall with a lifespan of three to five years. These walls can be solidified by adding a concrete layer to the outside of the gabion baskets to support the walls, making them a more permanent structure (EngNet 2009). Because of the wired frame of the baskets, metal sheets may be applied as roof tops.
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2.3.12.
Green Gabion
Green gabions are similar to wire gabions, but also contain PVC piping allowing water drainage and a supplementary coconut mat. Figure 2.8 shows how a coconut mat covers the outward-facing side of a gabion. The coconut mat contains nutrients for plants to grow on after soil washes over the gabion. Plants may grow into the mat and enhance structural stability and giving the retaining structure a natural aesthetic quality (Maccaferri 2009).
2.3.13.
Rubble may be recycled and used as a coarse aggregate in new concrete. An aggregate in concrete, is the different sizes and compositions of rock that make up a concrete mixture as shown in Figure 2.9. Some properties that limit the use of rubble as a coarse aggregate include the composition, strength, and presence of organic material in the rubble. (Fouad, 2007) For rubble to be reused as a coarse aggregate, it is important that the rubble contains a consistent strength and composition ratio. According to World Shelters, Haitian Rubble is mostly comprised of sand, with little cement reinforcing the mixture.
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For rubble to be used as a coarse aggregate, it would need to be crushed into smaller select pieces. This may be accomplished by purchasing a mechanical rock crushing device, or by using local labor to sort and crush rubble into usable pieces. For rubble to be used as a coarse aggregate in Haiti, cement would be imported from an outside supplier.
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3. Alternative Solutions
3.1. Introduction
Section three, alternative solutions, consists of solutions for our objective statement. Multiple different criteria were in mind when considering the solutions. The solutions are compiled here and will be given further consideration during the selection process.
3.2.
Brainstorming
Brainstorming is the process by which we found what ideas we were going to pursue in our project. The brainstorming sessions are documented in Appendix A. Before we started the Literature Review we had an unorganized brainstorming session with a web chart. This first session stimulated our ideas and allowed us to progress further in our project. Later on, before we started the Alternative Solutions section, we had a more organized brainstorming session in which we came up with specific ideas that we researched further. The solutions were fine tuned with the criteria and constraints in mind but by not limiting the creativity. We were all together in a new place hoping for new ideas, when brainstorming began; multiple ideas were being recorded on a white board. We took a small break then continued with the brainstorming allowing for more solutions to be considered. We came up with twelve specific ideas which were split between the four people in our group. We further developed these ideas and met again to share them, and then we complete our research and put this list of solutions together.
3.3.
Alternate Solutions:
Recycled Concrete Material to Rebuild Haiti Build Your House Upon Rocks Highway to Haiti Living Gabion River Bed A Series of Tubes Ditching Rain Water Gravity Walls Gabion Foundations Rubble Sandwich Water Walls
imported or taken from surrounding environments and consists of crushed stone for coarse aggregate and sand for fine aggregates. Both the recycled and virgin aggregates have the same physical characteristics. Coarse aggregates are 3/8 to 3/2 in diameter and fine aggregates pass through a 3/8 sieve. The water is readily available in Haiti, because while Haitis water is unclean in many parts this is due to microbes and not corrosive chemicals or solids in the water. The Portland cement will need to be imported. The benefit of using concrete with recycled rubble to build future buildings in Haiti is that this will reduce that amount of concrete rubble currently resting in the streets of Haiti and this idea is less expensive than importing completely new concrete for new buildings. This project will also provide employment to locals in the jobs of washing and crushing the concrete, and mixing and laying the new concrete.
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implemented form with the optional geotextile. The main use of gabion mattresses is for protection against erosion against riverbeds, riverbanks, and coastal areas. Haiti gabion mattresses use rubble transported from disaster areas. Wire, 3mm in diameter, imported from World Shelters is used for gabion mattresses in riverbeds for more flexibility when trying to shape the mattress to Haitis existing rivers banks. The gabion mattresses are 2 m by 1 m sub parts with a depth depending on the conditions of the surrounding area. An optional geotextile fabric can be placed under the mattresses on the banks of the river to prevent the leaching (the drain of a substance from its contained area) of soil particles. Living plants are also incorporated into the mattress after it is filled with the Haitian rubble. The growing roots of these plants will give more stability to the gabion mattresses and to the riverbank.
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3.3.10.
Water Walls
Because of Haitis tropical location and extreme rainfall, Water Walls, as seen in Figure 3.9, works to reuse as much water as possible. Within a basic gabion basket, a PVC pipe is placed inside during the filling stage, along with a small funnel to catch and redirect water to the ultimate destination. The system of pipes meet at one end of the structure at a spout, where this water collects and can be used. To avoid water back up, a small well, or reservoir is set by the exit, to create a continual water supply. This type of water catchment system could be put inside of any gabion structures including retaining walls, building walls, or foundations. The main purpose behind the water walls is to keep moisture out of the gabions avoiding corrosion and providing a water source for Haiti.
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4. Decision Section
4.1. Introduction
The purpose of the Decision Section is to collectively decide on one solution for further production. Using the Delphi and Pugh methods, the ten solutions discussed in Section 3 were given a score based on weighted criteria. The solutions with the highest score advanced in the design process.
4.2.
Criteria
In the Literature Review, criterion was selected and assigned a score based on importance to the client, World Shelters. The criteria will be used to score and determine a chosen design solution. Safety: Due to the geographic location and meteorological activity of Haiti, the final solution must take into consideration hurricanes, earthquakes, and landslides as potential safety hazards. Cost: The solution must be inexpensive in design, production, and development. There is a maximum team cost of $350 for design, testing, and implementation of the final solution. The cost of reproducing the final solution in Haiti may amount to more than $350. Level of Labor Creation: the final design should stimulate economic growth in Haiti. The solution should optimize the use of local labor in order to fulfill this criterion. Ease of Assembly: The solution needs to be easily produced by unskilled laborers in Haiti. Ease of assembly is important for employing as many Haitians as possible. Ease of Mass Production: The solution must be reproduced in different locations across Haiti. The solution must be easy to assemble by unskilled laborers, employing as many Haitians as possible. Use of Local Materials: Because of shipment costs from outside locations, the solution must incorporate as much local material as possible.
4.3.
Solutions
There are ten possible alternative solutions under consideration for the final design. Detailed information and diagrams of these alternative solutions are located in Section 3. Gabion Foundations Rubble Sandwich Water Walls 19 | P a g e
Recycled Concrete Rubble Foundation Highway to Haiti Gabion River Beds Pitching Loose Water Gravity Walls Geo Tubes
4.4.
Decision Process
To decide on the final solution, the Delphi Method was used to aid in decision making. As a group, different criteria were unanimously assigned a number weight on a scale from one to ten. A Criterion with a weight of one indicated a criterion with the least importance, and a criterion with a weight of ten indicated the criterion with the most importance. Once weight was decided upon, the number was hidden to not influence group members during the decision making process. For each individual solution, a number from one to ten was assigned for how well the solution fulfilled each criterion, a score of ten indicating a solution that fulfilled the criteria the most. Each solutions individual score was multiplied by the assigned weight of the criteria to give the overall score. Each solution score was given a cumulative total. The three highest scores were Geo Tubes, Rubble Foundation, and Gravity Walls. This can be seen in Table 4.1.
To decide upon the final solution, the Pugh Method was utilized. Using the Pugh Method, all criteria were weighted equally and were compared to a single solution, the datum. During the Delphi Method, Geo Tubes received the highest score and was used as the datum in the Pugh Method. Each solution received a plus, minus, or similar system score. A plus denoted a higher score than the datum, a minus denoted a score lower than the datum, and an S denoted a score with a similar score to the datum solution. After the Pugh Method, the Rubble Trench Foundation received a score greater than the datum, Geo Tubes, and was selected as the final solution. The results of Pugh Method are shown in Table 4.2.
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Criteria
List
Safety
Weight 10
50 500 50
90 900 40 300 240 50 560 400 80 250 400 70 480 560 40 240 240
Cost
6
70
Level of Labor Creation Ease of assembly Ease of Mass Production Use of local materials
50
60
40
Total
2330
2740
2770
2580
3030
2790
2810
2890
2960
3050
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Fo un da tio
Tu be s
Ru bb le
Safety Cost Level Of Labor Creation Ease of Assembly Ease of Mass Production Use of Local Material
S + S + S +
4.5.
Final Decision
To determine the final solution, the Delphi Method was used to obtain the top three solutions, Geo Tubes, Rubble Foundations, and Gravity Walls. After discussing the criteria rankings and final solutions with a World Shelters representative, the Pugh Method was used to compare our top three alternative solutions to the highest ranking alternative solution, Geo Tubes. After completing the Pugh Method chart, Rubble Foundations received the highest score. Rubble Foundations received the highest score because it met the client criteria the best.
5. Specification of Solution
5.1. Introduction
Section 5 of the document is the final step in the project. This section includes a detailed description of the Rubble Trench Foundation in its final form, a report of costs incurred and cost of production, implementation and maintenance, instructions for implementation and use, description of testing and the final results of testing.
5.2.
Description of Solution
The Rubble Trench Foundation uses recycled concrete rubble created during the earthquake in Haiti, in January, 2010. The Rubble Trench Foundation can be used to support various new building structures in Haiti built by World Shelters and other organizations, and could be used in other locations. This design will provide more support during earthquakes and hurricane season than previous foundation systems used in Haiti. The Rubble Trench Foundation can provide work for unskilled laborers in Haiti and other areas of disaster relief. 22 | P a g e
Gr av it
Ge o
yW
S S S
all s
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5.3.
Cost
Materials Rubble 3" x 10' PVC Pipe Total Full Scale Structure
Quantity 12 ft3 2
5.4.
The Rubble Trench Foundation is designed to be implemented by unskilled Haitian workers in Haiti. The Trench should be dug with shovels, pickaxes, and digging bars. The trench should be dug 18 wide and 1 deep. The sides of the trench should be squared using a square shovel or a digging bar. The soil at the bottom of the trench should be tamped or compacted with sledge hammers or logs, to the point that no more compaction can be produced with simple tools. Figure 5.5 demonstrates compaction method for the Rubble Trench Foundation. Once the ground has been tamped, a 4 layer of concrete rubble at an average size of 1 in diameter should be placed at the bottom of the trench. The rubble should be tamped down in the same manner as the soil earlier. A single inch of rubble should be placed at one corner of the structure, 3/4 of an inch on the two adjacent sides, a half inch on the nonadjacent sides, and none in the opposite corner. This will provide a slope for water in the drain pipe to flow out of the foundation as shown in Figure 5.6 The drain pipe should be placed at the center of the trench on-top of the newly placed rubble. The pipe should have a drain to outside the foundation at the lowest end of the foundation. On-top of the pipe should be placed enough rubble to fill the trench to the top of the foundation. This rubble should be tamped down in the same style as the first and second steps.
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5.5.
Results
The Rubble Trench Foundation that was tested by Team Rubblution in cooperation with Team Humangineers. Team Humangineers used dirt as a resource to build relief structures out of soil-filled bags. These bags were placed directly on top of the trench and provided direct weight on top of the Rubble Trench Foundation. The trench was built to a half scale model for an 8 x 6 structure. A cross section view is show in Figure 5.7
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Walls of two different heights and weights were placed on top of the Rubble Trench Foundation as shown in Figure 5.8 These
Figure 5.8 Humangineers soil-bag relief structure with two different size heights
To recreate the rubble in Haiti, a mixture of rubble concrete and rock, donated by Kernan Construction, was used in the Rubble Trench Foundation. To determine how hurricanes would affect the Rubble Trench Foundation, the settling of the soil-bag structure was calculated after exposure to three days of rainfall. Heights of the North and South Side Walls were recorded before and after rainfall. The difference in these heights was divided by the number of pounds placed on top of the Rubble Trench Foundation. These measurements are recorded in Table 5.2. The calculations used to determine weight placed upon the structure is located in appendix 5. From the settling values located in Table 4, it is recommended to place weight greater than 2,000 pounds directly on top of the Rubble Trench Foundation. It is also recommended to first build a test rubble trench in new locations to test the settling for different variables including soil composition, precipitation, and distance from the water table.
Table 5.2 Measurements and Settling Calculations
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Appendix
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Bag Weight Calculations 3.8 tons (sand) +0.97 tons (clay) 4.77 tons = 4.7 tons 245 Bags Total 4.7 tons x 2000 lbs x 1 1 ton 245 bags North Side Wall Dimensions: 52 x 96 x 15 = 74880 in3 South Side Wall Dimensions: 28 x 96 x 15 = 40320 in3 Bag Dimensions 2 x 27 x 15 = 830 in3 North Side Wall Weight: 74880 in3 x 1 bag x 38 lbs = 3512.88 lbs = 3500 lbs 830 in3 bag South Side Wall Weight: 40320 in3 x 1 bag x 38 lbs = 1891.55 lbs = 1900 lbs 830 in3 bag = 38.36 lbs = 38 lbs bag bag
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Works Cited
AASHTO, (2009). Chapter 4 Construction Practices for Environmental Stewardship. Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO, <http://environment.transportation.org/environmental_issues/construct_maint_prac/compen dium/manual/1_1.aspx> (April 4, 2010). Carter, T. (1993-2010). Build A Gravel Driveway. Ask The Builder, <http://www.askthebuilder.com/698_Build_A_Gravel_Driveway.shtml> (March 20, 2010). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) Guidance for Relief Workers and Others Traveling to Haiti for Earthquake Response Announcement. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/content/news-announcements/relief-workers-haiti.aspx Central Intelligence Agency (2009). Central America and Caribbean :: Haiti. The World Factbook.< https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html> Coche, A. G., Muir, James F., Laughlin, Thomas L. (1995). Pond Construction for Freshwater Fish Culture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Dai F.C., Lee C.F., Ngai Y.Y. Landslide risk assessment and management: An overview (2002) Engineering Geology, 64 (1), pp. 65-87. DAI. Local Government Disaster Preparedness Assessment Limb and Montrouis Watersheds. United States Agency for International Development. Environmental Issue Construction and Maintenance Practices Compendium." Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO, "EngNet - Gabion Baskets Retaining Gravity Wall Design Engineering Directory. EngNet. Web. (February 22, 2010). Fouad, M. Khalaf, DeVenny, Alan S. (2004). Recycling of Demolished Masonry Rubble as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete: Review. J. Mat. in Civ. Engrg. Volume 16, Issue 4, pp. 331-340. (July/August 2004). Gabions. Massachusetts Erosion and Sediment Control,1-3. "Green Gabions." Maccaferri. <http://www.maccaferri-northamerica.com/gabion.aspx / >.Koko, Sigi. (2003). "Rubble Trench Foundations - A Brief Overview." Building Safety Journal, 3(1) Gray, D.H. and Sotir, R.B. Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization A 32 | P a g e
Practical Guide for Erosion Control, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996, 378 pp. Marui, H. (1988). Landslide Prevention Measures. FAO Watershed Management Field Manual Volume 4, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, page 1. Matthews, Ernest Romney. (1913). Coast Erosion and Protection. Chaeles Griffin & Company, LIMITED, England. "Navy News Service - Eye on the Fleet." The U.S. Navy. Web. 21 Feb. 2010. <http://www.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=82203>. Paaswell, George, (1920). McGRAW-HILL Book Company, Inc., Chapter 2 pg. 42, New York. Schuster, Robert L., Highland ,Lynn M. Impact of Landslides and Innovative LandslideMitigation Measures on the Natural Environment. Geologic Hazards Team, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado "Seattle Landslide Study." Seattle Department of Planning and Development, <http://www.seattle.gov/DPD/Landslide/Study/part2.asp> (Feb. 28, 2010). "Rebuilding Haiti." AlJazeera. Youtube, 9 Feb. 2010. Web. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIR8Ibvkcik>. U.S. Agency for International Development (2010). Implications of the earthquake on food security in Haiti. EXECUTIVE BRIEF: HAITI. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADR321.pdf U.S. Census Bureau (2009). Earthquake in Haiti. Census Data and Emergency Preparedness. U.S. Department of State (2009). International Religious Freedom Report 2009. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. Department of Transportation (2007). Petrographic Methods of Examining Hardened Concrete: A Petrographic Manual. Federal Highway Administration, http://www.fhwa.dot.gov Various Authors (1999-2010). What is Concrete: Concrete & Cement Defined. Concrete Network, < http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete.html> (Mar. 20, 2010). Zelo, Ian, Shipman, Hugh, Brennan, Jim (2000). Alternative Bank Protection Methods for Puget Sound Shorelines. Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, Washington, 104-105.
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