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Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Electrical Engineering Power Laboratory Experiment No.

: Title : PT20 KKL/02

Current Transformer Saturation

Objective : Study the performance of a protective C.T. under various types of burden. Investigate its performance during saturation and explore the relationship between primary current, burden, and saturation. Equipment : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3 kVA auto-transformer x 1. 300 A primary injection step down transformer. 500/5 measurement C.T. x 1. 200/5 class 10P10 protection C.T. x 1. 3.3 12 A variable resistor x 1. Oscilloscope. Ammeters and voltmeters.

Introduction The primary current flow through the current transformer (C.T.) will induced a flux change in the iron core of the C.T. The flux change will then induce an e.m.f. in the C.T. secondary which in turn produce the current output. If the core flux variation of a C.T. is within its saturation level, the output will be sinusoidal and will not be distorted under various types of burden. However, if the core flux variation exceeds the saturation limit due to excessive primary current or burden impedance, saturation will occur which in turn cause a distorted output. Assuming an ideal B-H characteristic, (i.e., before saturation no magnetising m.m.f. is required, and after saturation a small magnetising m.m.f. is sufficient to hold the iron core in saturation) the core flux density will become constant when saturation has reached. No e.m.f. will be induced. The instantaneous secondary current will collapse to zero. Whether this may occur depends on: (i) current magnitude, and (ii) nature of burden and its impedance; provided that the C.T. ratio and frequency is constant. The waveshapes of the secondary currents which flow in actual current transformers are slightly different to those described above because of the presence of finite exciting current. During the portion of the cycle when the core is saturated, the magnetizing inductance reduces from a high value to a very small value, while the core-loss resistance rises as both the hysteresis and eddy-current losses become low. A very small e.m.f. and secondary current is produced as the core goes more deeply into saturation because of the slight flux increase which is possible. The magnetude of the differences between the actual wave for any transformer and the idealised wave is dependent on the magnetic characteristics of the core. Only small changes occur when high permeability, low loss materials such as nickel-iron are used, but more significant effects being present when hot-rolled silicon-iron alloys are employed.

Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Electrical Engineering Test to be done 1. Connect the primary of the injection transformer to the voltage output of the autotransformer. Make sure that the injection current output is connected at 300 A position. Insert the primary injection cable through the measurement C.T. once and protection C.T. twice. (The purpose is to double the current effect on the protection C.T. without increasing the current to a large magnitude.) Connect an ammeter to the measurement C.T. used for reference reading. Connect the burden and an ammeter in the protection C.T. to be tested. (Meters which give true r.m.s. value should be used here.) Resistive burden 2. Take measurements for various primary current up to 200 A for various burden resistance. Observe the secondary waveforms by using a suitable current probe or simply measuring the voltage across the burden or across a small resistance. Measure the C.T. secondary winding d.c. resistance. Reactive burden 3. Repeat test 2 with various reactive burden.

C.T. magnetization characteristic 4. After the above tests, connect the auto-transformer to a voltage injection circuit to find out the magnetising characteristic of the C.T. Comments From the results obtained, explain the change in secondary voltage and current magnitude and waveform for different magnitudes of primary current. Can you estimate the core flux saturation level ? Comment on the performance of the protection C.T. Does it meet the specified specification? Try to estimate the composite error of C.T. under certain typical conditions. Estimate the performance of the protection C.T. when it is used in : i) Overcurrent protection feeding a 1 A IDMTL overcurrent relay set at 1 A. ii) High impedance differential protection with four such C.T.s in parallel feeding a voltage operated relay consuming 20 mA. What is the optimum setting and the primary fault setting. ? Reference A. Wright, "Current Transformers" - book.

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