BIOLOGY 2A UCD FALL 2008

EXAM 1A GERHART

STUDENT NAME ___________KEY___________________________________________ ID _____________________________________________________________________

Instructions (4 points): Fill in your name and student ID number on the scantron and the first and last pages of your exam booklet. Be certain that the bubbles of the scantron are filled in with your ID number and the correct version of your exam (found at the end of the Multiple Choice questions). Mark your scantron! Mark the last page (multiformat page) in PEN (answers recorded in pencil can not be resubmitted for re-grading). Tear off the last page and turn it in separately from the scantron. BEST OF LUCK ON THE EXAM!

Scoring: Multiple choice (37 questions @ 2 points each) = 74 points + Multi-format page (22 points) + following directions (4 pts) __________________________________________________ = 100 points possible

Choose the best answer for each question. Mark more than one answer ONLY when SPECIFICALLY told to do so in the question. 1. Emergent properties at one level of a biological hierarchy are difficult or impossible to predict using information available in the level below. Which of the following is NOT an example of this principle: A. Interactions between brain cells can result in consciousness of self as a distinct entity. B. Interactions between water molecules can result in surface tension and temperature-stabilization. C. Interactions between cars on a freeway cause areas of congestion and slowing. D. Interactions between molecules cause capture and release of energy. E. All are examples of emergent properties. 2. Fossil and chemical evidence suggest that life formed within __________ years of the formation of the Earth; in contrast, the dinosaurs have been extinct for _____ years. A. 4 billion; 10 million B. 7 million; 100 thousand C. 750 million; 65 million D. 6 thousand; 4 thousand E. 50 million; 300 million 3. In the last redox reaction of the electron transport chain, there is a large energy drop as the electrons are transferred to oxygen. This step is not coupled to any sort of work. Why might wasting energy in this large exergonic step be favorable for the cell? A. It cant be favorable its just that no cell has yet found a way to capture this lost energy. B. The large exergonic step can pull electrons down the electron transport chain. C. The large exergonic step can push the synthesis of sugars. D. The large exergonic step can push the synthesis of ATP. E. Both C and D are correct. 4. If a reaction is spontaneous, which of the following statements is true? A. The products have lower entropy (more order). B. The products have lower potential energy. C. Energy must be added constantly for the reaction to proceed. D. The reaction proceeds quickly. E. At equilibrium, the concentration of reactants is higher than of products. 5. The term Theory in science means (choose the best TWO answers): A. A fact B. An idea that has been thoroughly tested and is conditionally accepted as true C. A testable idea D. An idea that makes predictions about the natural world E. An answer that it internally consistent and cannot be disproven using logic.

6. During which stage of aerobic respiration is carbon dioxide produced? A. During glycolysis. B. During fermentation. C. During the TCA (Krebs) cycle. D. In the electron-transport chain. E. During the production of ATP from ADP and Pi. 7. What is a transition state? A. The complex formed as covalent bonds are being broken and reformed during a reaction. B. The location on an enzyme where a reaction is catalyzed. C. An interaction between reactants that occurs at high temperatures. D. The shape taken by an enzyme when interacting with its substrate. E. The shape that a folding protein takes on before reaching its final, stable shape. 8. What is the significance of the Miller-Urey experiment? A. Evolution occurs in spurts of activity, followed by long periods during which relatively little activity occurs B. Under the reducing conditions that may have existed on early Earth, organic molecules form spontaneously C. Life requires carbon, water and an energy source D. All reactions run both forward and reverse E. None of the above explains the significance of the Miller-Urey experiment 9. A researcher observes that enzymes from 2 different species perform similar reactions even though they do not share the same amino acid sequence. This could be true for all but ONE of the following reasons: A. The amino acid sequence of the active site is identical between the species, even though other parts of the polypeptides differ. B. The amino acid sequence of the active site is somewhat different between the species, but the amino acids that are different have similar chemistries to each other. C. The shape of the active site is the same in the two species as a consequence of folding, even though the amino acid sequence is different. D. The amino acid sequence of a protein is not very important in determining its shape and function. E. The differences in amino acid sequence allow the enzyme to maintain its shape under two different sets of environmental conditions. 10. Why is NADH said to have reducing power? A. Its reduced form is NAD+. B. It donates electrons to the electron transport chain, reducing those proteins. C. It travels between redox reactions. D. It is one reason that cells can be so small. E. It must be present to reduce glucose during glycolysis.

11. How does one amino acid differ from another? A. the location of the carboxyl group (-COOH) B. the location of the amino group (-NH2) C. the composition of its side chain, or R-group D. in ability to form peptide bonds E. Both A and B are correct 12. What does it mean when biologists say carbon dioxide is fixed? A. It acts as an electron donor. B. Free radicals of oxygen in the carbon dioxide are stabilized. C. It is released from the cell. D. It is bonded to an organic molecule. E. It accepts electrons at the end of the ETC. 13. Under what conditions can ATPase run backwards, forming a proton gradient using energy from ATP? (mark TWO answers for credit on this question) A. When ATP is in short supply in the cell B. When the proton gradient is weak C. When ATP concentration is high in the cell D. When the proton gradient is large E. When pyruvate accumulates in the cell. A series of Eo values are presented below. Refer to this table to answer the next two questions. Half reaction CO2/glucose NAD+/NADH pyruvate/lactate Fe3+ / Fe2+ Eo (V) -0.43 -0.32 -0.19 +0.76

14. Which chemical is the strongest oxidizing agent? A. Fe3+ B. pyruvate C. NAD+ D. lactate E. CO2 15. Which half reaction could drive the reduction of pyruvate? A. glucose 6CO2 + 24 H+ + 24 eB. NADH NAD+ + H+ 2eC. Fe2+ Fe3+ + eD. All of the above E. A and B only

16. Glycolysis followed by fermentation produces which of the following products? A. 2 NADH B. 2 ATP C. 2 Lactate D. All of the above E. B and C only 17. Which is NOT a reason that hydrolysis of ATP releases energy? A. High-energy electrons are transferred to another molecule. B. Negatively charged phosphates move away from each other. C. Water surrounds and stabilizes a phosphate. D. Water is used up during hydrolysis. E. Both C and D are not reasons that hydrolysis of ATP releases energy. 18. When do human muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to fermentation? A. When the electron acceptor required by the ETC is not available. B. When the proton-motive force has dissipated. C. When NADH supplies are low. D. When pyruvate is not available. E. When additional ATP is needed, beyond that normally produced. 19. Metabolism is managed by an array of catalytic enzymes working with co-factors. Some cofactors are bound to the enzymes and some move from one enzyme to another carrying some commodity. Which TWO of the following serve the former role (are bound to the enzyme)? (Fill TWO bubbles) A. iron/sulfur clusters B. ATP C. NADP D. heme E. NAD 20. Some biologists have proposed that early earth was purple. What do they mean? A. The atmosphere had a purple tinge because of organic pollutants. B. Purple photosynthetic organisms dominated, as green plants do today. C. The volcanic activity on early earth produced a purplish-red glow. D. Purple is an acronym describing the behavior of protons in hydrothermal vents E. None of the choices are correct. (photoheterotrophs?) 21. When electrons follow a noncyclic pathway during nonoxygenic photosynthesis, which of the following are produced? A. ATP B. NAD(P)H C. An oxidized donor molecule, such as S D. B and C only E. All of the choices are correct

Answer the questions below using letters from the diagram which describes a reaction A + B C+ D. Some letters may not be required.

Energy of input compounds (A and B)

(a) (b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Progress of a reaction 22. This value, together with the concentrations of the C and D dictate the rate of the backward reaction (choose one from A, B, C, D, or E above).

23. This value is reduced by a catalyst but unaffected by heat. (choose one from A, B, C, D, or E above) 24. This value is unaffected by heat or the presence of a catalyst (choose one from A, B, C, D, or E above). 25. At equilibrium this value dictates the value of the ratio ([A] x [B]) / ([C] x [D]) (choose one from A, B, C, D, or E above) 26. Which new idea earned Peter Mitchell the Nobel Prize for his chemiosmotic hypothesis? A. Substrate-linked phosphorylation occurs in the electron-transport chain. B. The electron transport chain is located in a membrane. C. ATP production is powered by a proton-motive force. D. Electrons can provide energy. E. An external acceptor is necessary to operate an electron-transport chain. 27. Which pathway(s) produce(s) ATP in a fermentative organism? A. Oxidative phosphorylation B. Photo-phosphorylation C. Substrate-linked phosphorylation. D. Both A and C E. Both B and C 28. In a redox reaction, one reactant gives up electrons and another reactant accepts the electrons. Which is NOT true of the associated protons? A. They may go along with the electron. B. They may be picked up from solution. C. Sometimes no protons are involved. D. They may evaporate and be lost from the system. E. They may be dropped off in solution.

29. What advantage did oxygenic photosynthesis (PS) immediately provide over nonoxygenic photosynthesis? A. The electron donor in oxygenic PS supplies higher energy electrons. B. The electron donor in oxygenic PS is more common. C. The pigment used in oxygenic PS is less likely to damage molecules in a cell. D. The waste product produced in oxygenic PS is more useful. E. Both C and D are correct. 30. A reaction XA + Y XY + A has a G of +7.3 kcal/mol, and ATP has a G of -7.3 kcal/mol. Can addition of one ATP drive this reaction? A. Yes, and the overall G will be zero. B. Yes, but only if a group transfer is used. C. No, because some of the energy in ATP will be lost as heat. D. No, unless the ATP was formed by oxidative phosphorylation. E. It depends entirely on the concentration of ATP, X, and Y. 31. Purple non-sulfur bacteria are light-harvesting prokaryotes that use organic molecules as carbon sources. Which nutritional mode would best describe these organisms? A. Chemoheterotrophs B. Chemoautotrophs C. Photohetertrophs D. Photoautotrophs E. Heterotrophs 32. A membrane that was leaky to protons would have what affect? A. The production of heat would increase. B. The production of ATP would decrease. C. The affinity of enzymes for substrates would increase. D. Both A and B are correct E. All of the choices are correct. 33. The Calvin cycle is often summarized as three stages: (1) fixation, (2) reduction, and (3) regeneration. During which stage(s) must energy be added? (Choose 1 answer) A. fixation only B. reduction only C. regeneration only D. fixation and reduction E. reduction and regeneration

34. Which statement does NOT characterize an enzyme? A. Acts as catalyst to speed up the rate of reactions B. Lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed C. Associates closely with substrates and becomes integrated into the reaction products D. Has unique characteristics such as shape, specificity, and function E. Is limited by particular conditions such as temperature and pH 35. Why can cells that use aerobic respiration make more ATP per glucose than cells using anaerobic respiration? A. Aerobic respiration makes more ATP in glycolysis and the TCA (Krebs) cycle. B. Aerobic respiration makes more ATP per NADH. C. Aerobic respiration makes more NADH per glucose in glycolysis and the TCA (Krebs) cycle. D. The ATPase is more efficient in cells using aerobic respiration. E. None of the choices are correct. 36. Metabolism can be subdivided into two types of pathway. Complex molecules are built from simpler precursors through ______, while complex molecules are torn apart through ______ . A. Oxidation; reduction B. Anabolism; catabolism C. Oxygenic; nonoxygenic D. Cyclic; noncyclic E. Catabolism; anabolism 37. In chemiosmosis, what is the immediate (proximate) energy source for ATP formation? A. The proton-motive force B. The electron-transport chain C. Photons from light D. High-energy carbon-hydrogen bonds E. A high-energy, phosphorylated organic molecule

Mark the TEST FORM bubble with A Turn the next page in separately from your exam booklet!

Name ________________________________

ID ____________________________

Exam 1, Fall 2008 / Gerhart. Multi-format page (22 points) 1. Organisms use various pathways and molecules in metabolism. Below is a partial list of some of the pathways and molecular tools discussed in this course. (10 points) A. Glycolysis (forward only) B. Krebs cycle/TCA cycle (forward or reverse) C. Electron transport chain D. NADH and / or NADPH E. Photo-sensitive pigments, such as chlorophyll F. Proton-motive force G. ATPase H. Substrate-linked phosphorylation (producing ATP) i. Which (is) are used during fermentation? A, D, H ii. Which is (are) NOT used in respiration? E iii. Which is (are) NOT used in nonoxygenic photosynthesis? A, H iv. Which (is) are used in cyclic photosynthesis? C, E, F, G 2. What are two ways that aerobic respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis? (4 pts) Any two of the below: Aerobic respiration burns fuel (glucose), while photosynthesis makes fuel (glucose). Aerobic respiration releases energy from glucose to form ATP and NADH, while photosynthesis uses energy from ATP and NADPH to make glucose. Photosynthesis takes electrons off of water, forming oxygen, while aerobic respiration adds electrons to oxygen, forming water. Aerobic respiration runs the TCA cycle forward, while (nonoxygenic) photosynthesis drives it backwards. Aerobic respiration releases carbon dioxide from sugars, while photosynthesis fixes carbon dioxide into sugars. 3. Choose the energy diagram (I or II) that best fits the information (4 pts). ___I___Conversion of glucose to pyruvate ___II___A turn of the Calvin cycle ___II___The formation of NADH from NAD+ ___I___ A proton re-enters the cell
I II

A B A

4. Cyanide is a poison that interferes with the transfer of electrons from the cytochrome proteins of the ETC to oxygen. Why (specifically) does this make cyanide deadly? (4 pts) If oxygen cant accept the electrons at the end of the ETC, then NADH will not be able to add electrons to the ETC, proton-pumping will stop, the proton-motive force will dissipate,

Name ________________________________

ID ____________________________

and ATP production will slow nearly 20-fold. (how 2 pts) The cell dies because it doesnt have sufficient ATP (energy) to meet its needs. (consequence, 2 pts)