TEST ON CEMENT Object: To determine % water content for cement paste of Normal Consistency.

Apparatus: Vicats apparatus with plunger (300 gm) !alance (" #g) Trowel $top %atch & Vicats mould. Theory: Cement 'aste of Normal Consistency is defined (y % water (y weight of cement which produces a consistency which penetrates a plunger of "0mm dia to penetrate upto a depth )mm to *mm a(o+e the (ottom of the Vicats mould. Procedure: ". %eigh 300 gms of cement and place it in the enamel tray. ,. To start with add a(out ,-% of water of mi. it (y means of a spatula. Care should (e ta#en that the time of gauging is not less than 3minutes and not more than ) minutes. The gauging time shall (e counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould. 3. /ill the Vicats mould with this paste the mould resting on non0porous plate. 1. 2a#e the surface of the cement paste in le+el with the top of the mould with a trowel. ). 'lace this mould together with the non0porous plate under the oil (earing the plunger. 3d4ust the indicator to show 000 when it touch the surface to the test (loc#. 5. 6elease the plunger 7uic#ly allowing it to sin# into the paste. *. 'repare trail paste with +arying % of water and test as descri(ed a(o+e until needle penetrates )0*mm a(o+e the (ottom of the mould. -. 8.press this amount of water as a % (y weight of the dry cement. Precautions: a. Clean appliances should (e used for gauging. (. The temperature of cement and water and that of room at the time of test should (e ,)9C : ,9C. c. ;n filling the mould the operators hand and the (lade of the gauging trowel alone (e used.

"

Observation Table: (i) 6oom temperature. (ii) $l. No. <uantity of cement used. 300 gm <ty. of water added % of dry weight Time of 'enetration from (weight in grams) of cement gauging(2inutes) !ottom of the mould (mm.)

Result: % of water re7uired to prepare a cement paste of standard consistency for gi+en cement found to (e. Discussion: This e.periment is intended to find out for a gi+en cement the 7uantity of water (') to (e mi.ed to gi+e a paste of standard consistency. The +alue of w=c (') is useful in following e.periments (ecause w=c ratio for those e.periments is standard. %ater=Cement ratio for cement paste (') of normal consistency as> $l. No. " , 3 Test $etting Time $oundness (y ?e0Chatelier 2ethod $oundness (y 3uto Cla+e 2ethod Compressi+e strength on ">3 cement & standard sand mortar e.pressed as % of dry weight of cement & sand. %ater=Cement 6atio 0.-) ' 0.*-' ' '=1@3.0

Questions: ". Aow do you define consistency of standard cement pasteB ,. %hy it is necessary to conduct the test for determining consistency of standard cement pasteB

DETERMINATION OF INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME FOR CEMENT Object: To determine the ;nitial and /inal $etting Time for cement. Apparatus: Vicats apparatus with needle and mould !alance (" #g) Trowel $top %atch Trough $patula and Thermometer. Theory: %hen water is mi.ed with cement to form a paste reaction starts out of three main compounds +iC. C33 C3$ and C,$ the C33 reacts 7uic#ly with water to produce 4elly li#e compound which starts solidifying. During the ne.t stage of hydration cement paste starts hardening due to reaction of C 3$ and C,$ and the paste gains strength. Thus initial and final setting times are defined as ar(itrarily +iC.> Initial Setting Time is defined as the period elapsing (etween the time when the water is added to the cement and the time at which needle of "mm s7uare section falls to pierce the test (loc# to a depth of a(out )mm from the (ottom of the mould. inal Setting Time is defined as the period elapsing (etween the time when the water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle of "mm diameter cross section with )mm dia attachment ma#es an impression on the test (loc# while the attachment falls to ma#e an impression on the test (loc#. /or Erdinary 'ortland Cement 3s per !;$ ;nitial $etting Time 2inimum F 302inutes /inal $etting Time 2a.imum0 500 2inutes

Procedure:
!a" Initial Setting Time: ". Ta#e 300 gm of cement and use water as per 0.-)' and prepare cement paste. ,. $tart $top %atch at the instant when water is added to the cement. 3. /ill the Vicats mould. The gauging time should (e (etween 30) minutes. 1. ?e+el the top surface and place the test (loc# confined in mould and resting on the non0porous plate under the rod. ). ?ower the rod after , minutes and note penetration 5. 6epeat this procedure till needle fails to pierce the test (loc# for a(out )mm. This time since the water added will (e initial setting time. 3

!b" inal Setting Time ". ;n this test replace the proper needle. ,. En releasing the needle impression will (e li#e circle 3. 6epeat the a(o+e procedure till getting the impression of needle only. 1. Note the time and this will represent final setting time since water is added to cement.

Precautions:
". Needle should (e cleaned e+ery time. ,. $hift the position of the mould after recording the penetration reading. 3. Clean appliances should (e used for gauging. 1. The temperature of room at the time of test should (e ,*9C : ,9C. ). ;n filling the mould the operators hand and the (lade of the gauging trowel alone (e used. Observation Table: (i) 6oom temperature. (ii) <uantity of cement used. $l. No. <ty. of water added % of dry weight of Time of 'enetration (weight in grams) cement gauging(2inutes) from !ottom of the mould

Result: % of water re7uired to prepare a cement paste of standard consistency for gi+en cement found to (e.

Discussion: This e.periment is intended to find out for a gi+en cement the 7uantity of water (') to (e mi.ed to gi+e a paste of standard consistency. The +alue of w=c (') is useful in following e.periments (ecause w=c ratio for those e.periments is standard. %ater cement ratio for cement paste (') of normal consistency as> $l. No. " , 3 Test $etting Time $oundness ?e0Chatelier 2ethod $oundness 3uto Cla+e 2ethod Compressi+e strength on ">3 cement & standard sand mortar e.pressed as % of dry weight of cement & sand. %ater=Cement 6atio 0.-) ' 0.*-' ' '=1@3.0

Questions: a. Aow do you define consistency of standard cement pasteB (. %hy it is necessary to conduct the test for determining consistency of standard cement pasteB

DETERMINATION OF SOUNDNESS TEST ON A GIVEN SAMPLE OF CEMENT BY LE-CHATELIER MOULD Object: To determine soundness test on a gi+en sample of cement. Apparatus: ?e0Chatelier apparatus , Glass $heets trowel 2easuring Cylinder Aeater 8namel Tray Thermometer $top %atch and !alance (" #g) Theory: ;t is essential that cement concrete does not undergo large change in +olume after it has hardened. The +olume change occurs mainly due to free lime and to some e.tent due to presence of magnesia. Thus cement is said to (e unsound when the e.pansion of specimen (y ?e0Chatelier method is more than "0%. . Procedure: ". 'lace the mould on a glass sheet and fill it with cement paste formed (y gauging cement with 0.*-'. Care should (e e.ercised to #eep the edges of the mould gently together while this operation is (eing performed. ,. Co+er the mould with another piece of glass sheet. 3. 'lace the small weight on this co+ering glass sheet and after H hour su(merge the whole assem(ly in water at the temperature of ,*9C to 3,9C and #eep there for ,1 hours. 1. 2easure the distance separating the indicating point to an accuracy of a mm. ). $u(merge the mould again in water at a temperature prescri(ed a(o+e. 5. !ring the water to (oiling with the mould #ept su(merged and #eep it (oiling for at least H hours. *. 6emo+e the mould from the water allow it cool and measure distance (etween the indicator points. -. The difference (etween these two measurements represents the e.pansion of the cement.

PrecautionsI ". 3ll the measurements of 7uantity of cement and the water should (e done accurately (y weight. ,. The edge of the split mould should (e #ept together gently while filling the mould with the paste. 8+en a fine thread can (e wound +ery gently so as to a+oid the splitting up of the (rass mould due to filling of the paste. 3. %ater should (e (rought to (oiling point gradually in the specified time. 1. ?e0Chatelier apparatus should (e handled (y pressing indicator arms. Observation Table: $l. No. " , 3 1 ) 5 * J Description %eight of cement sample (g) %ater re7uired for standard consistency (p) %ater added to the sample (0.*-%) Time at which the sample is put in water at ,*9C Time when the water is (rought to the (oiling point Distance (etween pointer ends (efore heating (D") Time for heating Distance (etween pointer ends after heating (D,) Difference (D,0D") !efore 3eration 3fter 3eration

Result: Discuss: %hich compounds cause soundness in concreteB %hat is effect if unsound cement is used in structuresB 6ef> (") ;$ ,5J (,) $'0,3 (3) Concrete Technology (y VN VaCirani and $.'. Chandola.
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3 ;ND;C3TE6$ $'?;T$ 3

0.)mm

?e0Chatelier 2ould
G?3$$ '?3T8$ 30

DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT Object: To determine the compressi+e strength of cement. Apparatus: *0mm siCe Cast ;ron Cu(e 2oulds 'an 2i.er Vi(rating Ta(le !alance Trowel $top %atch Trough $patula and Thermometer. Theory: The compressi+e strength test is final chec# on the 7uality of cement. %hen water is mi.ed in ">3 cement & standard sand mortar The fine aggregate used is the standard sand specified (y ;$ 5)0.The compression test ena(les also to distinguish rapid hardening cement from low heat and ordinary cement. The E'C is now (eing classified as 33 grade 13 grade and )3 grade E'C depending on the strength of cement. Compressi+e strength measured as 3 * ,- days.

Procedure:
a) The material for each cu(e shall (e mi.ed separately and 7uantities of cement standard sand and water are as follows> Cement ,00gmsK standard sand 500gms %ater '=1@3% of com(ined wt. of cement and sand. () 'lace on non porous plate a mi.er of cement and standard sand in the proportion of ">3 (y wt. as gi+en a(o+e. c) 2i. it dry with a trowel for one minute and then add water until the mi. is of uniform colour. d) Gauging time should not (e less than 3 minutes and should not e.ceed 1 minutes. ;f it e.ceeds mi.ture is re4ected and operation is repeated. e) Eil the interior face of the mould. f) 'lace the assem(led mould on the ta(le of +i(ration machine and firmly hold it in position (y means of suita(le clamps. g) ;mmediately after mi.ing the mortar as specified a(o+e place the entire 7uantity of the mortar in the hopper a(o+e the cu(e mould and compact the same (y +i(ration for a period of a(out , minutes at a speed of ",00@100 +i(ration per min. h) Leep the cu(e at a temperature of ,*0c@,0c in an atmosphere of at least J0% relati+e humidity for ,1 hrs after completion of +i(ration.

Precautions: a) 3ll appliances should (e clean. () The mi.ture which ta#es more than 1 minutes. of mi.ing should (e re4ected. Result: Discuss: ". Define compressi+e strength of cementB ,. %hat effect fineness of cement has on compressi+e strength of cementB Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

FINENESS MODULUS OF SAND AND BULKING OF SAND Object: To Determine (i) The /ineness 2odulus of sand and (ii) !ul#ing of sand. Apparatus: $et of ;$ $ie+es !alance Cylindrical Container Graduated Cylinder $teel 6ule $ie+e $ha#er. Theory: $and as a fine aggregate is used in mortars coarse aggregate is the (ro#en stone used in concrete where as the mi.ed aggregate is limited to ma.imum of 1.*)mm (eyond which it is #nown as coarse aggregate. ineness $odulus is only a numerical inde. of fineness gi+ing some idea of the mean siCe of particle in the entire (ody of aggregates. Determination of the fineness modulus may (e considered as a method of standardiCation (y sie+ing a #nown weight of gi+en aggregate in a set of standard sie+es and (y adding the % weight of material retained on all the sie+es (y di+iding the total % (y "00. The o(4ect of fineness modulus is to grade the gi+en aggregate for the most economical mi. and wor#a(ility with 7uantity of cement. %ul&ing o# SandI The difficulty with measurement of fine aggregates (y +olume is the tendency of sand to +ary in (ul# according to moisture contents. The e.tent of this +ariation is gi+en (y this test. The (ul#ing of sand occurs due to surface tension due to this particles are pulled apart. ;f sand is measured (y +olume (ul#ing should (e properly accounted for. Procedure: (a) Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate (i) (ii) (iii) (i+) Ta#e "#g of sand from a la(oratory sample of "0#g. 3rrange the sie+e in the order such that "0mm sie+e is at the top and ")0 Leep the sand in the top sie+e and carryout the sie+ing in set of sie+es for "0 /ind weight retained on each sie+e.

micron at the (ottom. /i. the (ottom and co+er at the top. minutes.

"0

%ul&ing o# Sand ". 'ut sufficient 7uantity of the o+en dried sand loosely in container until it is a(out ,=3 full. ?e+el the top of sand and weight the container calculate the weight of sand deducting the weight of container and also measure the height of sand (y steel rule. ,. 8mpty the sand into a clean metal tray without any loss add "% of water (y weight of sand mi. the sand and water thoroughly (y hand. 3. 'ut the wet sand loosely into the container without tamping. 1. $mooth and le+el the top surface of the sand and measure its depth (y steel rule. ). 6epeat the a(o+e procedure with % of water as , 3 1 & )

% !M?L;NG %3T86 CENT8NT

V36;3T;EN E/ !M?L;NG %;TA %3T86 CENT8NT

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$iCe of sie+es for /ine 3ggregates are "0mm 1.*)mm ,.35mm "."-mm 500 micron 300 micron and ")0 micron. Observation Table: $l. ;$ $ie+e No. " "0.0 mm , 1.*) mm 3 ,.35 mm 1 "."- mm ) 500 micron 5 300 micron * ")0 micron 'an %eight 6etained % %eight % 'assing 6etained 6emar#s

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%ul&ing o# Sand %eight of Dry $and Aeight of loose dry sand P (h) $l. No. %t. of water % of added added water Aeight of % !ul#ing 6emar#s sand in Ph."00 = h cylinder (h)

Results: ". Draw a graph (etween % water content & % (ul#ing ,. 2a.. (ul#ing occurs at water content 3. /ineness modulus of /.3. is P Discussion: ". %hat happens to concrete if allowance for (ul#age for moist sand is not made during +olume (atchingB Aow will it affect mi. proportionsB ,. ;s (ul#age allowance necessary if weight (atching is resortedB 3. Aow is (ul#ing of sand e.pressedB Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

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FINENESS MODULUS OF COARSE AGGREGATE Object: To Determine the /ineness 2odulus of coarse aggregate. Apparatus: $et of ;$ $ie+es !alance Cylindrical Container Graduated Cylinder $teel 6ule $ie+e $ha#er. Theory: $and as a fine aggregate is used in mortars coarse aggregate is the (ro#en stone used in concrete where as the mi.ed aggregate is limited to ma.imum of 1.*)mm (eyond which it is #nown as coarse aggregate. ineness $odulus is only a numerical inde. of fineness gi+ing some idea of the mean siCe of particle in the entire (ody of aggregates. Determination of the fineness modulus may (e considered as a method of standardiCation (y sie+ing a #nown weight of gi+en aggregate in a set of standard sie+es and (y adding the % weight of material retained on all the sie+es (y di+iding the total % (y "00. The o(4ect of fineness modulus is to grade the gi+en aggregate for the most economical mi. and wor#a(ility with 7uantity of cement. Procedure: Fineness Modulus of Coarse Aggregate ;n this case sie+es of siCe -0mm to ,.35mm are used. ". Ta#e ,#g of coarse aggregate from a la(oratory sample of "0#g. ,. 3rrange the sie+e in the order such that -0mm sie+e is at the top and ,.35mm at the (ottom. /i. the (ottom and co+er at the top. 3. Leep the sand in the top sie+e and carryout the sie+ing in set of sie+es for "0 minutes. 1. /ind weight retained on each sie+e.

% /;N86 '36T;C3? $;N8

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/or Coarse 3ggregates the siCes of sie+es are -0mm 10mm ,0mm "0mm 1.*)mm and ,.35mm. Observation Table: $l. ;$ $ie+e No. " -0 mm , 10 mm 3 ,0 mm 1 "0 mm ) 1.*) mm 5 ,.35 mm * 'an %eight 6etained % %eight % 'assing 6etained 6emar#s

Results: ". /ineness modulus of C.3. is P Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE Object: Determine specific gra+ity of coarse aggregate (y pycnometer. Apparatus: !alance E+en 'ycnometer 3ir dried 3 tray 3n air tight container /ilter paper and funnel. Theory: specific gra+ity is the ratio of the weight of aggregate maintained for ,1 @ "=, hours at temperature "000C to ""00C to the weight of e7ual +olume of water displaced (y saturated surface dry aggregate. 3pparent specific gra+ity is the ratio of the weight of aggregate dried maintained for ,1 @ "=, hours at temperature "000C to ""00C to the weight of e7ual +olume of water displaced (y dry aggregate. Procedure: ". 3 sample a(out "#g for "0mm to 1.*)mm or )00gm if finer then 1.*)mm is placed in the tray and co+ered with distilled water at temp. of ,,0C to 3,. 0C. ,. $oon after immersion air entrapped in or (u((les on the surface of the aggregate are remo+ed (y gentle agitation with rod. The sample shall remain immersed for ,1 @ "=,. 3. The water is carefully drained off from the sample (y decantation through a filter paper. . 1. The aggregate including any solid matter retained on the filter paper is e.posed to a gentel current of warm air to e+aporate surface moisture and is stirred at fre7uent inter+als to ensure uniform drying until no free surface moisture can (e seen. ). The saturated and surface dry sample is weighed (%eighed 3). 5. The aggregate is then placed in pycnometer and then it should (e filled with distilled water. *. 3ny air entrapped is eliminated (y rotating the pycnometer on it side the hole of ape. of the cone co+ered with finger. -. The pycnometer is then dried on the outside and weighed (!). The contents of the pycnometer are then transferred into a tray care (eing ta#en to ensure that all the aggregate is transferred.

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J. The pycnometer is then refilled with distilled water to the same le+el as (efore dried on the outside and weighed (C). "0. The water from the sample is remo+ed (y decantation and the sample is dried in the o+en at "000C to ""00C for ,1 @ "=, hours cooled and weighed (D).

Observation Table: Determination no. $ample " ". %eight of sample ta#en g ,. %eight of saturated and surface dry aggregate (C) g 3. %eight of pycnometer @ sample @ water (3) g 1. %eight of pycnometer @ water (!) g ). %eight of o+en dry sample (D) g 5. $pecific gra+ity D=C0(30!) *. 3pparent specific gra+ity D=D0(30!) Result: ". 3+erage +alue specific gra+ity P ,. 3+erage +alue 3pparent specific gra+ity P Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

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WORKABILITY BY SLUMP AND COMPACTING FACTOR TESTS Object: To Determine %or#a(ility (y $lump and Compacting /actor Tests. "5

Apparatus: 2ould in the from of a frustum of a cone tamping rod through trowel G.;. 'lain $heet 'latform and %eighing 2achine. Theory: %or#a(ility is the case with which concrete can (e mi.ed handled and

compacted. 3s per ;$; it is the property of concrete which determines the amount of useful internal wor# necessary to produce full compaction. /or full compaction concrete mi. possesses three properties. 2o(ility cohesi+eness during mo+ement of mi. and the a(sence of harshness in offering smooth surface finish to trowelling. ;n slump test the wor#a(ility is measured (y slump of concrete. This test is suita(le for lean concretes. ;n compacting factor test concrete is allowed to fall through a standard height. The degree ratio i.e. the ratio of density actually achie+ed in the test to density of concrete fully compacted. Thus it is rational method than slump test and suita(le for dry mi.es with low slump. Procedure: (i) ;nternal surface of mould is cleaned first. (ii) Ta#e ,#g Cement 1#g /ine 3ggregate -#g Coarse 3ggregate and mi. first C3@/3 and then cement with aggregates. (iii) Mse water cement ratio 0.50 and ma#e the mi.. (i+)/ill the mould in three layers each layer tamped ,) times (y tamping rod. (+) 6emo+e mould (y 6aising gently. (+i)2easure slump after mould is remo+ed (y scale.

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'ompacting actor Test The apparatus consists of two hopper +essels 3&! pro+ided with hinged (ottom and a cylinder. Aere use same concrete which was used for slump test. (i) (ii) (iii) (i+) (+) (+i) /irst three +essels are cleaned. The +essel 3 is filled with concrete sample. The hinged of +essel 3 is opened so that concrete falls into the +essel !. 3fter this +essel ! is also opened so that concrete fall to cylinder. The surplus concrete in +essel C is struc# off with steel float and weighted. ?et the weight (e %" The +essel is filled completely with +i(rating. $o as to ha+e full compaction. Now let weight of concrete (e %,. Compacting /actor P %"=%,

Observation ". ,. 3. 1. ). 5.

Aeight of frustum of cone P Aeight of concrete after slump P $lump of concrete P %eight of concrete in cylinder after falling through +essel 3 & !. %eight of fully compacted cone P (%,) Compaction factor P %" = %,

Result: ". $lump for mi. with w=c is found to (e ,. Compacting for a(o+e concrete found to (e. Discuss: ". ?imitation choice and use of slump and compaction factor test. 3lso discuss their relati+e suita(ility. ,. %or#a(ility of concrete mi. re7uired for +arious structures. 3. Variation of strength of concrete if it is compacted manually or (y +i(rator. 1. /actors on which wor#a(ility of concrete depends. Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

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TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY MODULUS OF RUPTURE Object: To Determine Tensile $trength of Concrete (y 2odulus of 6apture. 3nd to Determine Tensile $trength of Concrete (y $plit Cylinder Test. Apparatus: 2ould ("0."0.)0cm) Vi(rator Tamping !ar V. Testing 2achine Trowel etc. ")cm. dia and 30cm long. Theory: The #nowledge of tensile strength in concrete is of +alue in estimating the load under which crac# will de+elop. The a(sence of crac#ing is of considera(le importance in maintaining the continuity of a concrete structure and pre+enting corrosion of reinforcement. 2a.imum Tensile stress reached in the (ottom fi(re of the test (ean is #nown as 2odulus of rupture. Procedure: ". 'repare moulds (y applying oil to inside surfaces. ,. /or !ean Cylinder Cement (*#g) /3 C3 P ">,>1 w=c 0.5 3. /irst prepare dry mi. of C3 and /3 and then mi. cement and finally add water. 1. /ill the moulds in three layers each layer tamped (y tamping rod ,) times. ). Leep the moulds in moist air of relati+e humidity for ,1 hours. 3fter this period the specimens are remo+ed from the moulds and immediately immersed in clear fresh water and #ept prior to testing. Test #or Tensile Strength 5. 'lace the specimen in testing machine such that the load shall (e applied to the upper most surface as cast in mould along two lines spaced "3.33cm for )0cm long (ean. The a.is of load de+ice. *. 3pply load carefully without shoc# Q"-0#g=min. for "0cm specimen till specimen fails. The appearance of fractured faces of concrete and any usual features in the type of failure should (e noted.

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'=,

'=,

100

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Now modulus of rapture is gi+en (y f(P p" = (d, if aS ,0cm for ")cm specimen or aS"3.3 for "0cm specimen. f(P 3p" = (d, if aS ,0cm for ")cm specimen or aS"3.3 for "0cm specimen. %here a P distance in cm (etween the line of fracture and nearer support measured on concrete line of specimen. ( P width of specimen (cm) d P depth of specimen (cm) p P ma.imum load applied to the specimen (#g) l P length of specimen on which it is supported. -. 'lace the cylinder in such a way it is supported throughout its length at lower and upper places. Now apply load and note the load at which cylinder splits in two portions let it (e p Tensile $trength P ,p = D? Test two specimen are at 3 day and another after * days. 'repare concrete mi. ">,>1 (y weight using w=c ratio of 0.5 0.)) 0.)0 etc. Observation Table: $pecimen ;dentification mar# Concrete mi. w=c ratio 'roduced on Tested on 3ge of testing 6upture = split load 2odulus of rupture= split tensile strength 3+erage +alue ,0 !ean Cylinder

Result: Discussion: ". The results with +alues specified (y ;$;. ,. ;mportance of two tests i.e. tensile strength (y modulus of rupture and (y split cylinder test. Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

,"

EFFECT OF WATER CEMENT RATIO ON A CONCRETE MIX Object: To study the effect of water cement ratio on a concrete mi.. Apparatus: Cu(e 2oulds Vi(rator Temping 6od Trowel Concrete 2i.ture. Theory: %ater cement ratio is main controlling factor in the design of concrete mi.es. 3ccording to 3(rams ?aw for any gi+en conditions of test the strength of wor#a(le concrete mi. is dependent only on the water cement ratio. %ater Cement ratio affects dura(ility and wor#a(ility of concrete. 2ore the water cement ratio less dura(le and strong will (e concrete (ut wor#a(ility will increase with water cement ratio. Procedure: ". 'repare ")cm cu(e moulds (y cleaning and oiling the inner surfaces. ,. 'repare concrete mi. ">,>1 (y weight using w=c ratio of 0.) 0.1) 0.10 etc. 3. Cure the moulds for ,1 hours in an en+ironment of J0% relati+e humidity and then cure the cu(es in water for ,- days till they are tested. 1. During testing use rate of loading Q "10#g=cm ,=min. Note down the (rea#ing load and type of failure. ). Mse for Two Cu(es (")cm) 2i. ">,>1 (Cement ,.)#g /ine 3ggregate ).0#g and Coarse aggregate "0#g) Observation Table: $l. ;dentification %ater Cement 3ge of /ailure ?oad No. 2ar# 6atio Msed Testing Discussion: ". 8ffect of water cement ratio on strength wor#a(ility. ,. Aow water cement ratio can (e reduced without affecting wor#a(ility. Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

Compressi+e $trength

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CONCRETE MIX DESIGN USING FLYASH Object: To study the compressi+e strength of concrete mi. consisting of fly ash Apparatus: Cu(e 2oulds Cylindrical moulds Vi(rator Temping 6od Trowel Concrete 2i.ture. "00 ton compression testing machine. Theory: /ly ash can (e used to replace the cement. ;t has good (inding properties. The fly ash can (e mi.ed in different proportions. ;t can sol+e the en+ironmental pro(lem of disposing of fly ash. Procedure: ". 'repare ")cm cu(e moulds and Cylindrical mould ")cm dia.T30cm high as per ;$ >)"5 (y cleaning and oiling the inner surfaces. ,. 'repare concrete mi. ">,>1 (y weight using w=c ratio of 0.) 0.1) 0.10 etc. 6eplace cement (y flyash as )% "0% ,0% and 30% 3. Cure the moulds for ,1 hours in an en+ironment of J0% relati+e humidity and then cure the cu(es in water for * days and ,- days till they are tested. 1. During testing use rate of loading Q "10#g=cm ,=min. Note down the (rea#ing load and type of failure. ). Mse for Two Cu(es (")cm) and Two Cylindrical mould ")cm dia.T30cm high 2i. ">,>1 Observation Table: $l. ;dentification No. 2ar# Discussion: ". Aow is the cylinder strength related to the cu(e compressi+e strength. Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

% of /ly 3sh

3ge of Testing

Compressi+e $trength

6emar#

,3

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN USING ISF Slag Object: To study the compressi+e strength of concrete mi. consisting of ;$/ $lag Apparatus: Cu(e 2oulds Cylindrical moulds Vi(rator Temping 6od Trowel Concrete 2i.ture. "00 ton compression testing machine. Theory: ;$/ slag can (e used to replace the sand= fine aggregates. The ;$/ slag can (e mi.ed in different proportions. ;t can sol+e the en+ironmental pro(lem of disposing of ;$/ $lag. Procedure: ". 'repare ")cm cu(e moulds and Cylindrical mould ")cm dia.T30cm high as per ;$ >)"5 (y cleaning and oiling the inner surfaces. ,. 'repare concrete mi. ">,>1 (y weight using w=c ratio of 0.) 0.1) 0.10 etc. 6eplace fine aggregate (y ;$/ $lag as ,0% 10% and 50% 3. Cure the moulds for ,1 hours in an en+ironment of J0% relati+e humidity and then cure the cu(es in water for * days and ,- days till they are tested. 1. During testing use rate of loading Q "10#g=cm ,=min. Note down the (rea#ing load and type of failure. ). Mse for Two Cu(es (")cm) and Two Cylindrical mould ")cm dia.T30cm high 2i. ">,>1 Observation Table: $l. ;dentification No. 2ar# Discussion: ". Aow is the cylinder strength related to the cu(e compressi+e strength. Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

% of ;$/ $lag

3ge of Testing

Compressi+e $trength

6emar#

,1

TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE Object: To Determine Tensile $trength of /i(er Concrete Apparatus: 2ould ("0."0.)0cm) Vi(rator Tamping !ar V. Testing 2achine Trowel etc. ")cm. dia and 30cm long. Theory: The #nowledge of tensile strength in concrete is of +alue in estimating the load under which crac# will de+elop. The fi(ers in the concrete may enhance the tensile strength of the concrete. The a(sence of crac#ing is of considera(le importance in maintaining the continuity of a concrete structure and pre+enting corrosion of reinforcement. Procedure: ". 'repare moulds (y applying oil to inside surfaces. ,. /or !ean Cylinder Cement (*#g) /3 C3 P ">,>1 w=c 0.5. 3dd the steel fi(ers in the ratio of "% ,% and )%. 3. /irst prepare dry mi. of C3 and /3 and then mi. cement and finally add water. 1. /ill the moulds in three layers each layer tamped (y tamping rod ,) times. ). Leep the moulds in moist air of relati+e humidity for ,1 hours. 3fter this period the specimens are remo+ed from the moulds and immediately immersed in clear fresh water and #ept prior to testing. Test #or Tensile Strength 5. 'lace the specimen in testing machine such that the load shall (e applied to the upper most surface as cast in mould along two lines spaced "3.33cm for )0cm long (ean. The a.is of load de+ice. *. 3pply load carefully without shoc# Q"-0#g=min. for "0cm specimen till specimen fails. The appearance of fractured faces of concrete and any usual features in the type of failure should (e noted.

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100

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DP")C2

?P30C2

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Now modulus of rapture is gi+en (y f(P p" = (d, if aS ,0cm for ")cm specimen or aS"3.3 for "0cm specimen. f(P 3p" = (d, if aS ,0cm for ")cm specimen or aS"3.3 for "0cm specimen. %here a P distance in cm (etween the line of fracture and nearer support measured on concrete line of specimen. ( P width of specimen (cm) d P depth of specimen (cm) p P ma.imum load applied to the specimen (#g) l P length of specimen on which it is supported. -. 'lace the cylinder in such a way it is supported throughout its length at lower and upper places. Now apply load and note the load at which cylinder splits in two portions let it (e p Tensile $trength P ,p = D? Test two specimen are at 3 day and another after * days. 'repare concrete mi. ">,>1 (y weight using w=c ratio of 0.* 0.5) 0.50 etc.

,5

Observation Table: $pecimen ;dentification mar# Concrete mi. w=c ratio % of fi(ers 'roduced on Tested on 3ge of testing 6upture = split load 2odulus of rupture= split tensile strength 3+erage +alue Result: Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

!ean

Cylinder

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FFECT OF STEEL FIBERS ON COMPRESSIVE STRNGTH OF CONCRETE Object: To study the effect of steel fi(ers on a concrete mi.. Apparatus: Cu(e 2oulds Vi(rator Temping 6od Trowel Concrete 2i.ture. Theory: The steel fi(ers are used to increase the tensile strength of concrete and to reduce the shrin#age crac#s.. Their effect on compressi+e strength also need to (e studied. Procedure: ". 'repare ")cm cu(e moulds (y cleaning and oiling the inner surfaces. ,. 'repare concrete mi. ">,>1 (y weight using w=c ratio of 0.* 0.5) 0.50 etc. 3. Cure the moulds for ,1 hours in an en+ironment of J0% relati+e humidity and then cure the cu(es in water for ,- days till they are tested. 1. During testing use rate of loading Q "10#g=cm ,=min. Note down the (rea#ing load and type of failure. ). Mse for Two Cu(es (")cm) 2i. ">,>1 (Cement ,.)#g /ine 3ggregate ).0#g and Coarse aggregate "0#g) Observation Table: $l. ;dentification % of steel fi(er No. 2ar# Results Re#erences: ". $'0,3. ,. Concrete Technology (y ViCirani and $.'. Chandola. 3. Concrete Technology (y 3.2. Ne+ille.

3ge of /ailure ?oad Testing

Compressi+e $trength

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