Home Security

SYNOPSIS
Taking in consideration the need of security, it has become very essential to design security systems which should be reliable effective and economical. The home security system is act for same purpose to guide and economical and a convenient security. This project involves a laser torch which is easily available and it is used for operation of these device. The project has a combination of plane mirrors which are arranged around the house to form a net. The laser beam is directed on mirrors firstly. After proper reflection on mirrors it finally fall on LDR. The laser beam should be continuously aimed on LDR. Any interruption of the laser beam will result into energi ation of the alarm and give the signal of security disturbance. This is the ideal and short working of the house security system. This simple arrangement indicates in a security disturbance in the laser net.

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Home Security

INTRODUCTION
"n designing some precious things security is of prime importance. #ecurity is becoming essential day$to$day due to increasing theft. #ecurity should not be e%pensive then the think to be secured. This project guides us with a low cost security. To protect our house or any precious things from thieves or trespassers for designing any thing new security should be viewed first. This project gives us a security system, which insures safety and security very conveniently. "t is simple as it wcrks on a simple laser beam and a proper mirror arrangement around the thing to be secured. &y networking the laser beams through reflections of mirror and by blowing the alarm if any one crosses the beam and indicating 'security in danger(. The system convenience comfort of the user it uses the most advance technology. "nnovation )uality assurance and reliability are silent features of system.

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Home Security

METHODS OF HOME SECURITY

The past method of security included of &urglar Alarm The details of these system are as follows BURGLAR ALARM "n this system invisible radiation like ultra violet rays or infrared rays fall continuously on photodetector. +hen burglar crosses the path of beam, the current in photodetector is cut off. The relay in the circuit is set in such manner as to be operated due to this break in current and it starts the ringing of an alarm bell. 1) Burglar Alarm using Photo conducting cell :,ere is simple circuit, which uses photoconductive cell LDR -light dependant resistor.. The LDR is made up of cadmium selenide or cadmium sulphide. "ts resistance is very high when it is dark and its resistance falls

considerably when it is illuminated. This light dependent properly of LDR is used in construction of &urglar alarm system. +hen LDR is illuminated by light from the resistance of LDR drops to few ohms and transistor emmiter base junction in forward biased. This make the transistor to go in saturation and sufficient current flow through the relay coil this current is sufficient to actuate the relay. The between in relay ckt will not work .

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Home Security
12cc &ulb
A3

LDR Relay
R* R!

&ell

Circuit Diagram of a Burglar Alarm

A3 #upply

&ut when light from bulb is interrupted by burglar the LDR resistance become very high. The base emitter voltage is very small. This small voltage is insufficient to forward bias the base emitter junction of transistor. The transistor is in cut off state. The current through relay coil is not sufficient and relay current operate the bell and hence an indication of alarm. #tating that there is some one to interrupt the light. 2. Burglar Alarm U i!g P"oto #mi i$# C#ll. +e shall consider here the automatic burglar alarm. The photo electric or photo emmisive cell forms part of grid circuit of triode, in plate circuit of which there is relay which works burglar alarm. As long as light in incident on
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Home Security
cell the electrons keep the grid of triode more negative and hence, the relay is not operated. ,ence bell & does not ring. &ut as soon as some intruder or burglar breaks into house and on entering comes in way of invisible beam, the grid becomes less negative. The plate current increases and sets the relay. The bell starts ringing and will continue ringing till the relay is reset. &urglar alarm can be also be built with the help of LDR in conjunction with 444 timer. Disad antage o! securit" :!. This security system is 3ostly. *. This security system cannot cover a large area under security. /. 3ircuit Design is typical. 0. #ecurity system is applicable for limited purpose only. 4. 5umbers of &atteries Re)uired to run the system is more.

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Home Security

SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1) I.C.555 2) LDR 3) N.P.N. TR N!I!T"R #) C P CIT"R 5) L !$R T"RC% &) R$!I!T NC$ ') D PT$R

() !P$ )$R *) +IRR"R! 1,) -L$.I/L$ WIR$!

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Home Security

DECRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
1# $% &&& :"3 444 is a timer "3. "t is important in consumer and industrial applications. The internal block diagram of "3 444 as shown below.
2R #k Threshold -6.
*8/2cc 3!

R 7* Reset -0. &uffer 9L": 9L<: 1 = 3* R !>> # 7 <ut put -/.

3ontrol 2oltage -4. 4; !8/2cc trigger -*. 4k R

Discharge -?. 7! -!. @5D

The internal block diagram consist of 6 main parts. !. Resistor divider network. *. 3omparator 3! and 3* /. 9lip A flop - Rs A 99 . 0. Reset circuitry 4. Discharge circuitry 6. <utput buffer

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Home Security
The block diagram consist of two comparators that drives the set -#. and reset B terminal of a flip flop which is in turns controls the <5 and <99 3C3LD of the discharge transistor 7!. The comparator reference voltages are fi%ed at *8/ 2cc for 3! and !8/ 2cc for 3* by means of voltage divider made of / resistors. The reference voltage is applied to control the timing. The timing can be e%ternally controlled by applying voltage to terminal 4. "f no such control is re)uired then it is bypassed by a capacitor to ground. The capacitor value is about >.>! uf. <n the negative transition of the pulse applied to the trigger terminal and when the voltage of the trigger terminal pass through 2cc8/
The <8p of 3* comparator changes. This changes the state of the flip$flop

and the <8p of flip$flop is low.

<n the other hand, when the voltage applied at the threshold terminal of the

comparator 3! goes positive and passes through the reference *8/ 2cc, the output of 3! changes and this in turn changes the state of flip$flop and <8p goes high. A separate reset terminal is provided for the timer, which reset the flip$flop e%ternally.

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Home Security
This reset voltage applied e%ternally over ride the effect of the <8p of lower comparator, which sets the 99. The over rinding effect when terminal is less than !>.0 2. +hen reset terminal is not in use, connected to 2cc.
Transistor 7* acts as a buffer, isolating the reset terminal from the flip$flop

and transistor 7!.

The output of flip$flop is 7!F which is the <8p stage.

+hen the flip$flop is reset, the output stage is low and when set, the output is high. A capacitor is connected between discharge and ground.
+hen 7! is off, the capacitor charges and when 7! is on, capacitor

discharges through it.

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Home Security

PIN DIA%RAM OF IC &&&

"3 444 is a E pin timer ".3. The pin diag. is as shown below. @5D Trigger <8p Reset "3 444 12cc Discharge Threshold 3ontrol volt

The function of various pins is as following Pin 1 Ground :- All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal. Pin '( )rigger :- The <8p of timer depends on amplitude of e%ternal trigger pulse applied to pin Pin *( +,- :- There are two ways load can be connected to <8p terminal either between pin / and ground -pins. or between pins/ and supply voltage and 2cc -pins. Pin . Reset : The device 444 is reset - disabled by applying is negative pulse to this pin when the reset function is not in use, the reset terminal should be connected to 12cc to avoid any possibility of flash trigerring. Pin & :- %ontrol oltage :- An e%ternal voltage applied to this terminal changes the threshold as well as trigger voltage. "n other words, by imposing a voltage on
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Home Security
this pin or by connecting a potentiometer between this pin and ground, the pulse width the output waveform can be varied. +hen not used, the control pin should be bypassed to ground with a >.>! uf capacitor to prevent any noise disturbances. Pin / : )hreshold :- This is the non$inverting terminal of capacitor 3! which monitors the voltage across the e%ternal capacitor. +hen the voltage at this pin is greater than or e)ual to *8/ vcc, the <8p of comparator 3 ! goes high, which in turn switches. The output of the timer low. Pin 0 : Discharge : The pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor 7!. +hen the <8p is high, 7! is <ff and acts as an open circuit to the e%ternal capacitor connected between pin ? and ground. <n the other hand, when the <8p is low, 7! is saturated and acts as a short circuit, shorting out the e%ternal capacitor > to ground. Pin 1 : 2cc :- The supply voltage of 14v to !Ev is applied to this pin with respect to ground -pin !.

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Home Security

A--lication o! $% &&&
!. A stable, Honostable, &istable Hultivibrator. *. D3 A to D3 converter - 3hopper circuit . /. +ave form generator. 0. Techometer A - for speed measurement . 4. Temperature measurement. 6. Analog fre)uency meter. ?. 2oltage regulator. E. 2oltage 3ontrol <scillator -23<. G. #chmitt trigger - sine to s)uare wave generator . !>. Ramp +ave generator. 2' (DR )* LDR is a semiconductor resistor whose resistance decreases - conductance increases. when irradiated it is also known as photo resistors, or photo sensitive device and LDR has high resistance under dark condition and low resistance when irrediated by light. A--lication o! LDR :!. Ised as photo electric counter like meters, <5$<99 switch etc. S-eci!ication :!. Dark resistance J !> mr,

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Home Security
*. Resistance under light of intensity !>>>LIK L !>> to />> r , /. :ermissible voltage !>>2 peak. 0. 3apacitance M !> p9. *# )RA3S$S)+R Transistor is developed in N:O and N5O type semiconducting materials from the same crystal by adding corresponding impurities. Transistor consist of two : A 5 Punction formed by sandwitch pattern of either : type or 5 A type material between a pair of opposite type semiconductor materials. "t means if two outermost layers are of :$type material present then in between this two, 5$type material is sandwitched and if two outermost layer are of 5$type material then in between these two :$type material is sandwitched. According to this theory of sandwitching the layer there are two basic types of transistors. -i. 5 A : A 5 type transistor -ii. : A 5 A : type transistor. +e have used the NO5 A : A 5 type transistorOO details are as follows 5 : 5

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Home Security

The symbolic representation of 5.:.5. D

&

3 &lock diagram of 5 A : A 5 type trans. n "! : "* n

"D

"3

"3

2D& 2 D & A The bias applied is between base A Dmmiter 2 3 & A The bias applied is between base collector. "D $ Dmitter current

23&

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Home Security
"c "& $ 3ollector 385 $ &ase 385

%ircuit details :The forward bias 2D& is applied to &ase A Dmitter Punction of the transistor and reverse bias 23& is applied to &ase A 3ollector A Punction. +-eration :Transistor consist of / layer of semi conducting material i.e. 5 A : A 5 forward bias -2&D. is applied in between the emitter and base of the transistor. The electrons of 5 A type region are energi ed and starts to move towards the opposite charged particles, - i.e. holes . present in middle. : A type region forward bias is given to 5 A type material, more and more no. of electrons are injected from emitter and starts to flow towards the base is lightly doped hence it is having minimum no. of holes. The electrons cross over Punction P! then start to combine with the hole present in :$region the no. of holes are comparatively low hence minimum no. of electrons combine with this holes and rest of electrons cross over the Punction P* and collected at the terminal collector - i.e. ne%t 5 A type section . reversed bias 2&3 is applied to 5 A type region it e%ert attraction power of electron and so more no. of electrons come in collector region. The movement of electrons in emitter constituted the emitter. 3u.-"D. combination of holes and electrons take place at base this electron go

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Home Security
through the holes towards base terminal they constituted small value of base 385 "&, rest of ma%imum no of electrons comes to collector 385 "c. this "c then flows through the e%ternal circuit towards emitter the base 385 "& flowes through e%ternal circuit. The direction of flow of "c and "& are same - flow of "c and "& are same - i.e. towards terminal emitter . so the resultant emitter 385 is the combination of collector 385 N"&O ,ence, "D Q "& 1 "3 The unit of resistance is ohm the resistance can be also e%press as R Q 8A +here $ specific resistances in m

$ length in m $ cross sectional Area in m*

Cla ificatio! of r# i tor )* Resistor are made in many shapes and si e, wire wound resistor have different values depending upon this specific resistively of the wires. The cross sectional area and length of the wire i.e. use for making heat. &ecause 385 carrying capability of wires the si e of resistor changes depending upon the wattage

R# i t#r
Fi+#, !. +ire wound *. 3arbon /. 9ilm A,-u ta.l# !. +ire wound *. Trapped wire wound Pot#!tiom#t#r !. +ire wound *. 3arbon

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Home Security
.# %APA%$)+R 3apacitor can be define as a property of electrical circuit that can apposes the change in voltage. 3apacitor storage the energy in the form of

electricity and releases it. +hen used in the circuit current. Any two metal conductor when separated from each other by a dielectric constitute. 3apacitance an electric field is developed between two

charged plates within the space between plates energy stored in the capacitor is in this electric field. The unit of capacitance is farad named after the Hichael farads. 3 Q ) 82 Q +here ) Q charge v Q voltage or +here cQ
D>A d 3oloumb 2oltage

A Q Area in cm* Q Dielectric constant. d Q Distance in cm. Dielectric constant in medium while permits the establishment of

lines of forces between oppositely charged plates.

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Home Security
There are two types of capacitor used !R :<L"#TDR *R DLD3TR<LCT"3 &# LAS4R )+R%H4 :Laser torch is used for radiations of laser beam which is imposed on mirrors arrange systematically whose reflection surrounds the house and then reflected towards LDR. The laser torch used for these security purpose is /v.

/# R4S$S)A3%4 :Different resistance of 1 0.? ;r, **> r, ! ;r, 0? ;r and /./ kr are used in circuit as per the re)uirement in opposition to flow of current. They are mounted properly ! :3&, wherever necessary. The direct 385 resistance has a controlling effect in amount of 385 that flows when a certain voltage is applied according to ohmslow " Q 28R 0# ADAP)4R :As direct supply from switch board cannot be given to circuit, adapter is used to step down supply voltage and bring it to desired volt i.e. !* 2 essential for circuit to run. Adapter is close circuit which consist of step down transformer, rectifier etc.

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Home Security
1# SP4A54R :#peaker is used for siren purpose. which provides a noise whenever security is danger. #peaker is a device which converts varying electrical signal into a proportional sound signal. 6# M$RR+RS :9or reflecting laser beam combination of plain mirrors H! through H0 is used to direct the laser beam around the house to form a net. 17# 8L49$BL4 :$R4S :9le%ible wires are most important as a complete circuit. <n a :3& can only be obtained from wires. 9le%ible wires are used for connection purpose. The most important purpose is conduction. 9le%ible wires may have single or multi$strength of metal. They are used as per current capacity. These are insulated wires and has a low current carrying capacity and soldering metal is used to solder electronic components on :3& with the help of soldering.

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Home Security

/OR0IN% OPERATION OF SYSTEM

Recei er Unit and its ;or<ing
D# cri1tio! L$ "n receiver unit we have used "3 444 in A stable multi vibrator there is continuous <58<99 of pulses. :"5 5o.0 of "3 444 is RD#DT. <5 this pin we have given <8: of transistor 40?. The transistor acts as a switch to RD#DT. The LDR voltage is given to base of transistor. According to which
#peaker

the RD#DT period is varied.

LDR CIRCUIT DESI%N OF RECEI2ER UNIT

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Home Security
/or3i!g L$ +hen LA#DR beam falls on LDR through mirrors, the resistance of LDR is negligible. This makes N<99 #TATDO. Thus the <8p of "3 444 gives Low or ero voltage and speaker remains open. As any thief crosses the LA#DR beam is interrupted. The resistance of LDR become large. This gives base pulse to transistor. Thus "3 444 gets RD#DT pulse. The <8: goes ,"@, or ma%imum. The speaker gets close and sound is produced. "t is reseted by switch. /or3i!g +orking of "3 444 when used on Astablemode Asta=le Multi i=rator The 9igure shows the astable mode of "3 444 with the wave forms. "n this mode, capacitor charges towards 2cc through RA S R& Intill 2c Q !8/ 2cc At this point comparator 3! changes the state and capacitor starts discharging through R& This continues until the 2c Q !8/ 2cc At this stage comparator 3* changes the state and the capacitor again starts charging and so on.

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!;

0.?;

!;

LDR 5:5 40? !?; >.>!9

!>>9

/./ ;

#peaker

>.>!9

Home Security

**

CIRCUIT DESI%N /ITH RESPECTI2E 2A(UES

Home Security
3onsider that the capacitor is periodically discharged and charged between *8/ 2cc and 2cc8/. During the 3harging time > t Tc, the voltage across capacitor 2c e)uals,
0c = * 8 /0cc l e !8- R

+ R! + .C

] + 0cc 8 / TTTTTT..
c

-!.

at t Q Tc,, 2c Q*8/ 2cc *8/ 2cc Q *8/ 2cc l e ! 8- R Tc Q -RA 1 R&.3.8n-*. Tc Q >.6G/ -RA1R&..3 TTTTT. -*.

+ R/ . C

] + 0cc 8 /

During the discharging time > t TD, +e have 2cQ*8/ 2cc.e$t8R&3 At t Q TD, 2c Q !8/ 2cc !8/ 2cc Q *8/ 2cc e$TD8R&3 TD Q R&38n-*. TD Q >.6G/ R&3 Total Time. TQT3 1 TD TTTT -4. -6. -0. TTTTT -/.

T Q >.6G/ -RA 1 * R&. 3TTTT. Duty 3ycle. D =

TC !>> T

TTTT..

D=

R + R/ !>> TT. R + * R/

TT -?.

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Home Security
Ste-s :!. Assume value of capacitor 3 for Astable Hultivibrator lies between 4>> p9 M 3 M !>>9 *. 3alculation of R& L$
R/ = !.0-! 2 . 1 o .C

R& must lie between ! ; M R& M /.4 H +here, d Q duty cycle fo Q fre)uency of astable m.v. /. 3alculation of RA L RA Q
R/ -*2 !. RA must lie between ! ; M RA M /./ H. -! 2 .

0. To prevent noise disturbances, bypass capacitor 3! is connected between pin 4 and ground -:in !.. 3!Q >.>! 9 4. To eliminate unwanted voltage spike in the output waveform a bypass capacitor 3* of the value !>9 is connected between -:in E and :in !.. 3* Q !>9 6. 3harging :eriod. Tc Q >.6G/ -RA 1 R&..3 sec

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Home Security

?. Discharging :eriod. TD Q >.6G/ -R&.3. sec E. Total time period. TQ>.6G/ -RA 1 *R&..3 sec G. Duty 3ycle. UD Q !>. 9re)uency
1o = !.00 , - R + * R/ . C V - R + R/ . !>> sec R + * R/

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Home Security

TESTIN%
)esting o! !ault 9or any fault found in the circuit following procedure should be adopted. !. 3heck LDR if its 9aulty replace it. *. 3heck all resisters and capacitors using multimeters. /. 3heck "3 on "3 tester. 0. Loose connections due to dry soldering should be corrected. T# ti!g 4or3i!g of MODE( Cou Testing the security system first Laser torch is '<5( and a Laser net work in formed using mirrors as discussed before. After this an obstracle is brought in network to test performance and certainly it is observed that horn blows this signal guides us with reliability of model and indicates about the danger and abouts us regarding security. This also guide us with that how security can be obtain conveniently and chiefly.

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Home Security

#peaker
:ower supply Laser torch

LDR

Receiver uint

Laser net

MODE( S0ETCH OF SYSTEM

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Home Security

AD2ANTA%ES AND DISAD2ANTA%ES

Ad antages :!. "t is cheap and economicl *. This security system is very reliable. /. The operation is very easy 0. "t has simple in design. 4. Large area can be secure by this system very easily. 6. This system is also applicable for many purpose such as guarage, bank, society, industries. ?. "t has )uick response E. Haintenance cost is very low. G. "t can use at any condition or atmosphere. !>. Dasy to control. !!. "t is more reliable and effective than manual security. !*. "t Nre)uireO less space for erection -installation. !/. "t has good future scope.

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Home Security

Disad antages :!. "n this security system there is disadvantage of a visible laser rayOs which can alert the theif . *. Laser rayOs are harmful for Retina i.e. Dyelsight /. Disturbance in mirror can also blow the horn

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Home Security

FUTURE E5PANSION
The receiver unit comprises two identical step down transformers -K! and K*., two 62 relays -RL! and RL.*.. an LDR. A transistor, and a few other passive components. +hen switches #! and #* are activated, transformer K!, followed by a full$wave rectifier and smoothing capacitor 3!, drives relay RL! through the laser switch. The laser beam should be aimed continuously on LDR. As long as the laser beam falls on LDR, transistor T! remains forward biased and relay RL! is thus in energi ed condition. +hen a person crosses the line of laser beam, relay RL! turns off and transformer KV gets energi ed to provide a parallel path across 583 contact and the pole of relay RL!. "n this condition, the laser beam will have no effect on LDR and the alarm will continue to operate as long as switch #* is on. +hen the torch is switched on, the pointed laser beam is reflected from a definite point8place on the periphery of the house. Haking use of a set of properly oriented mirrors one can form an invisible net of laser rays as shown in the block diagram. The final ray should fall on LDR of the circuit.

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Home Security

CIRCUIT DESI%N FOR INFRA RED RAYS SECURITY SYSTEM

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Home Security

REFERENCE
!. Linear integrated circuit. $ Ramakant @aikwad *. Dlectronics and component $ Hadhuri A. Poshi /. Linear integrated circuit $ :rof. 5.:. Hawale 0. Dlectronics for you $ Puly *>>! 4. <:$Amp $ Ravindra 3haudhari

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