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STAR-CCM+ User Guide

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Steady Flow: Backward Facing Step


This tutorial demonstrates the flow of an incompressible gas over a backward facing step (with height, H = 1 m). Data from a fully developed flow will be used at the inlet. The turbulent flow has a Reynolds number of 28,000 (based on the step height, H, and the free stream velocity). The K-Epsilon turbulence model with High y+ wall treatment is used as it allows us to use a relatively coarse mesh without prism layers. The bottom wall is also heated with a heat flux of 500 W/m2. The geometry of the backward facing step is shown below.

The geometry will be created using 3D-CAD, which is the parametric solid modeler available within STAR-CCM+. Following this, the necessary regions will be created and a trimmer mesh will be generated. The simulation will be run using a 2D mesh; STAR-CCM+ converts 3D geometries to 2D meshes by taking a slice of the geometry on the Z = 0 plane.

Prerequisites
To complete this tutorial, you will need to be familiar with the following techniques:
Techniques Associated Tutorial

The STAR-CCM+ workflow Introduction Creating geometry in 3D-CAD Using visualization tools, scenes and plots 3D-CAD: Cyclone Separator Introduction

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Creating the Geometry


Start up STAR-CCM+ in a manner that is appropriate to your working environment and create a New Simulation. Save the new simulation to disk with the file name
bakwardFacingStep.sim

The geometry will be created using 3D-CAD. Right-click on the Geometry > 3D-CAD Models node and select New. This creates a new model and activates 3D-CAD. Start by renaming the 3D-CAD model. Select the 3D-CAD Model 1 node at the top of the object tree. Rename the model to Fluid Domain. Creating the Geometry The geometry of the backward facing step will be created. Create a new sketch on the XY plane by right-clicking on the Features > XY node and selecting Create Sketch. Click on the
Grid Spacing to 0.25 m

(Set sketch grid spacing) button and change the

Click on the (View normal to sketch plane) button to bring the sketch plane into view. Use the (Create line) tool to draw a line of length 1 m starting at the

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origin (position [0, 0]) and extending in the positive y direction.

Right-click on the vertex that lies on the origin and select Apply Fixation Constraint. This will prevent the sketch from moving. Right-click on the line and select Apply Vertical Constraint. Right-click on the line and select Apply Length Dimension. In the Dimension dialog, enter 1 m as the dimension and click OK. Continue by creating the other lines as shown below.

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It is not necessary to obtain the exact dimensions as you draw the sketch--these can be added later. It is recommended, however, that you add vertical and horizontal constraints to each appropriate line before applying the dimension constraints. This will ensure that the overall shape of the sketch will not change. Click OK to exit the sketch. We will now extrude the sketch profile to obtain a solid body Right-click on Sketch 1 and select Create Extrude. The Extrude dialog will appear. Set the Distance property to 0.5 m. Click OK to perform the extrusion. A new body node, Body 1, is added below the Bodies node in the object tree. Select the Bodies > Body 1 node and rename it to Backward Facing Step.

Specifying Boundary Faces on the Backward Facing Step Geometry The next step in preparing the model geometry is to identify the boundary faces of the model by setting face names. The benefit of renaming the face in the 3D-CAD model is that it will retain its unique identity when the 3D-CAD model is converted to a geometry part in the next stage of the tutorial.

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Position the geometry as shown below.

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Right-click on the face shown below and select Rename.

Enter Inlet in the Rename dialog and click OK.

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Rename the other faces on the geometry to match those shown below.

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The renamed faces are listed in the Bodies > Backward Facing Step > Named Faces node, as shown below.

Clicking on a node in the object tree will highlight the relevant face in the 3D-CAD view scene. The backward facing step geometry is now complete. The next step is to create the geometry parts and regions. Click Close 3D-CAD. Save the simulation .

Setting Up the Backward Facing Step Case


A new geometry part will be created using the 3D-CAD model. Right-click on the Geometry > 3D-CAD Models > Fluid Domain > Bodies > Backward Facing Step and select New Geometry Part. The Parts Creation Options dialog appears. The default settings are acceptable for this case, so we can click on OK to close the dialog.

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Expand the Parts > Backward Facing Step > Surfaces node and note that the boundary faces specified in 3D-CAD are defined as separate surfaces.

Assigning a Part to a New Region The geometry part will be assigned to a new region. Every surface that was renamed in 3D-CAD will automatically be added to separate boundaries. Right-click on the Parts > Backward Facing Step node and select Assign Parts to Region. The Assign parts to region dialog appears. Set the Region Mode property to One region per part.

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Set the Boundary Mode property to One boundary per part surface.

Click Create Regions followed by Close. A new region has been created. Each labeled surface is now a separate boundary in the region. Create a geometry scene. Setting the Boundary Types We will now set the boundary types for the inlet and outlet boundaries. Select the Regions > Backward Facing Step > Inlet node. In the Properties window, set the Type property to Velocity Inlet. Select the Outlet node. In the Properties window, set the Type property to Pressure Outlet. Setting Up the Mesh Models A volume mesh will be generated using the trimmer mesher. The mesh will not be refined near to the walls in order to ensure the y+ value calculated by the turbulence model is around 50. Right-click on the Continua node and select New > Mesh Continuum. Right-click on the Mesh 1 > Models node and choose

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Select Meshing Models...

In the Meshing Model Selection dialog select: Surface Remesher from the Surface Mesh box Trimmer from the Volume Mesh box Click Close. We will now modify the mesh model parameters. Select the Mesh 1 > Models > Trimmer node. In the Properties window, tick the checkbox next to the Do mesh alignment property. The mesh reference values will now be edited. Select the Mesh 1 > Reference Values > Base Size node. In the Properties window, set the Value property to 0.2 m Continuing with the reference values section, select the Mesh Alignment Location node and set its Location property to
[0.0, 1.0, 0.0] m

Select the Surface Size > Relative Minimum Size node and set its Percentage of Base property to 100 Save the simulation Creating the Volume Shapes and Defining the Volumetric Controls We will now create a volume shape that will be used to refine the mesh near the bottom wall. Right-click on the Tools > Volume Shapes node and select New Shape > Block. The Create Block Volume Shape in-place dialog will appear. In the Maximum and Minimum Coordinates box, set Corner 1 to
[-3.8 m, 0.0 m, 0.0 m]

In the same box, set Corner 2 to [30 m, 1.5 m, 0.5 m] A preview of the block shape will be visible in the open scene. Click on Create followed by Close. The new shape, Block 1, will be added to the Tools > Volume Shapes node. The volumetric control will now be created. Right-click on Continuum > Mesh 1 > Volumetric Controls and select New.

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A new sub-node, Volumetric Control 1, is added below the Volumetric Controls node. Select the newly created Volumetric Control 1 node. In the Properties window, click on the (Property Customizer) button next to the Shapes property. The Volumetric Control 1 dialog will appear. Expand the Volume Shapes node and select Block 1.

Click on OK. Expand the Volumetric Control 1 > Mesh Conditions node and select the Trimmer sub-node.

In the Properties window, tick the Customize isotropic size property. A new sub-node, Mesh Values, will be added to the Volumetric Controls node.

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Expand the Mesh Values > Custom Size node and select the Relative Size sub-node. In the Properties window, set the Percentage of Base property to 50 Generating the Volume Mesh and Converting From 3D to 2D The volume mesh is now ready to be generated. Click on the (Generate Volume Mesh) button. Create a mesh scene and examine the mesh. The mesh is now ready to be converted to 2D. Select Mesh > Convert to 2D. The Convert Regions to 2D dialog will appear. Accept the default settings and click on OK. Click on the view. (Reset View) button to bring the geometry back into

The 2D mesh is shown below.

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We will now delete the region and physics continuum associated with the 3D mesh. Right-click on the Regions > Backward Facing Step node and select Delete. Click Accept in the dialog that appears. Rename the Backward Facing Step 2D region to Backward Facing Step. Right-click on the Continua > Physics 1 node and select Delete. Click Yes in the dialog that appears. Rename the Physics 1 2D continuum node to Fluid. Save the simulation Selecting Physics Models A physics continuum was automatically created during the mesh generation process. We will now select the physics models for the first part of the tutorial. As we have a very fine prism layer it is recommended to use the Realizable K-Epsilon Two-Layer turbulence model. Right-click on the Continua > Fluid > Models node and choose
Select models...

The Physics Model Selection dialog will guide you through the model selection process. The Two-Dimensional and Gradients models are pre-selected. In the Physics Model Selection dialog, select the following models: Steady from the Time box. Gas from the Material box. Coupled Flow from the Flow box. Constant Density from the Equation of State box. Turbulent from the Viscous Regime box. We will now disable the auto-selection of models. The appropriate models will be selected manually: Clear the Auto-select recommended models checkbox. Select the following models: K-Epsilon Turbulence from the Reynolds Averaged Turbulence box. Realizable K-Epsilon from the K-Epsilon Turbulence Models box. High y+ Wall Treatment from the K-Epsilon High y+ Wall Treatment box. Coupled Energy from the Optional Models box. Click Close.

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The expanded Models node is shown below.

Modifying Material Properties and Setting Initial Conditions The material properties of air will be modified. Within the Fluid continuum, select the Models > Gas > Air > Material Properties > Density > Constant node. In the Properties window,

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set the Value property to 2 kg/m^3

Select the Dynamic Viscosity > Constant node. In the Properties window, set the Value property to 7.142E-5 Pa-s Select the Specific Heat > Constant node. In the Properties window, set the Value property to 1000.0 J/kg-K Select the Thermal Conductivity > Constant node. In the Properties window, set the Value property to 0.1 W/m-K We will now define the initial conditions. Select the Fluid > Initial Conditions > Turbulence Specification node. In the

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Properties window, set the Method property to K + Epsilon.

Select the Initial Conditions > Turbulent Dissipation Rate > Constant node. In the Properties window, set the Value property to 3.0E-6 J/kg-s Select the Initial Conditions > Turbulent Kinetic energy > Constant node. In the Properties window, set the Value property to 1.5E-4 J/kg Select the Fluid > Initial Conditions > Velocity > Constant node. In the Properties window, set the Value property to [1.0, 0.0, 0.0] m/s Setting Up Boundary Conditions The inlet boundary will be defined. The inlet data will be read from a table.

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Right-click on Tools > Tables and select New Table > File...

In the Open dialog, navigate to the doc/tutorials/simpleFlow subdirectory of your STAR-CCM+ installation directory and select file backStepInletData.csv. The file will be added to the Tables node. Select the Regions > Backward Facing Step > Boundaries > Inlet > Physics Conditions > Turbulence Specification node. In the Properties window, set the Method property to K + Epsilon.

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In the same Physics Conditions node select the Velocity Specification sub-node. In the Properties window, set the Method property to Components. Select the Physics Values > Specific Dissipation Rate node. In the Properties window, set the Method property to Table (x,y,z).

Select the Turbulent Dissipation Rate > Table (x,y,z) node. In the Properties window, set the Table property to backStepInletData. In the same window, set the Table: Data property to

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Turbulent Dissipation Rate.

Select the Physics Values > Turbulent Kinetic Energy node. In the Properties window, set the Method property to Table (x,y,z). Select the Turbulent Kinetic Energy > Table (x,y,z) node. In the Properties window, set the Table property to backStepInletData. In the same window, set the Table: Data property to Turbulent Kinetic Energy.

Select the Physics Values > Velocity node. In the Properties window, set the Method property to Composite. Select the Velocity > Composite > X Component node. In the Properties

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window, set the Method property to Table (x,y,z).

Select the X Component > Table (x,y,z) node. In the Properties window, set the Table property to backStepInletData. In the same window, set the Table: Data property to Velocity[i].

We will now set the heat flux on the bottom wall. Select the Boundaries > Step Bottom > Physics Conditions > Thermal Specification node. In the Properties window, set the Method

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property to Heat Flux.

Select the Physics Values > Heat Flux >Constant node. In the Properties window, set the Value property to 500 W/m^2 Save the simulation Preparing Scenes for Visualization A scalar scene will be created to show the velocity magnitude on the 2D mesh. This will be used to visualize the solution while the simulation is running. Create a new scalar scene. Click on the scene/plot button above the object tree and select the .

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Displayers > Scalar 1 > Scalar Field node.

In the Properties window set the Function property to Velocity > Magnitude. Click on the Simulation button to return to the STAR-CCM+ simulation object tree. Preparing the Plot We would like to monitor the wall shear stress in the x direction. This will show the point on the bottom wall at which the flow reattaches. In a later section we will compare the results obtained by STAR-CCM+ with experimental data from Vogel et. al. [216] Note that we will monitor the wall shear stress (in the x direction) instead of the skin friction coefficient. This is because we want to see the shear stress acting in the x direction only. The skin friction coefficient only provides a magnitude. Create an XY plot. Rename the new plot to Wall Shear Stress (x). Select the Plots > Wall Shear Stress (x) node. In the Properties window, click to the right of the Parts property and tick the checkbox next to Regions > Backward Facing Step > Step Bottom.

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Click OK. Select the Plots > Wall Shear Stress (x) > Y Types > Y Type 1 > Scalar node. In the Properties window, set the Scalar property to Wall Shear Stress > Laboratory > i. Open the plot by right-clicking on its node in the object tree and selecting Open. We will now copy and paste the Wall Shear Stress (x) plot and modify its parameters so that it displays the Nusselt Number. The Nusselt number is the ratio of the heat transferred between two parallel plates (at different temperatures) by a moving fluid to the heat transfer that would occur by conduction alone. Right-click on the Plots > Wall Shear Stress (x) plot and select Copy. Right-click on the Plots node and select Paste. A new plot, Copy of Wall Shear Stress (x), is added to the Plots node. Rename the new plot to Nusselt Number. Select the Plots > Nusselt Number > Y Types > Y Type 1 .> Scalar node. In the Properties window, set the Scalar property to Nusselt Number. Open the plot by right-clicking on its node and selecting Open. In the Modifying Material Properties and Setting Initial Conditions section we modified the default thermal conductivity value. As a result, the Nusselt number field function, which is affected by this change, needs to be updated. Select the Tools > Field Function > Nusselt Number node. In the Properties window, set the Reference Thermal Conductivity property to 0.1 W/m-K

Setting Up Stopping Criteria The number of iterations for the solver will be limited to 500. This should be sufficient for the solution to converge. Select the Stopping Criteria > Maximum Steps node. In the Properties window, set the Maximum Steps property to 500

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Save the simulation Modifying Solver Settings We will set the Courant number to 100 and activate the grid sequencing and expert driver models. These tools assist the coupled solver in coming to a converged solution. Select the Solvers > Coupled Implicit node.

In the Properties window, set the Courant Number property to 100. Select the Coupled Implicit > Expert Initialization node. In the Properties window, set the Method property to Grid Sequencing. Select the Coupled Implicit > Solution Driver node. In the Properties window, set the Expert Driver property to Expert Driver. Running the Simulation The simulation is now ready to be run. Click on the (Run) button.

While the simulation is running you can click on the tabs at the top of the Graphics window to view each of the scalar scenes. The Residuals display will be created automatically and shows the progress of the solvers. During the run, it is also possible to stop the process by clicking the (Stop) button on the toolbar. If you do halt the simulation, it can be continued again later by clicking the (Run) button. If left alone, the simulation will continue until 500 iterations are complete. While the simulation is running, select the Scalar Scene 1 tab at the top of the Graphics window to visualize the solution. When the simulation has finished running, click on the (Save)

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button. Visualizing the Results The scalar scene is shown below.

Validating the Results We will now import the experimental data into STAR-CCM+ and add it to the Wall Shear Stress (x) and Nusselt Number plots. In this case, the wall shear stress and skin friction coefficient are the same. Right-click on the Tools > Tables node and select New Table > File... In the Open dialog, navigate to the /doc/tutorials/simpleFlow subdirectory of your STAR-CCM+ installation directory and select backStepSkinFrictionRefData.csv and backStepNusseltNumberRefData.csv files by holding down the <Ctrl> key. Click Open.

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The files are added to the Tables node, as shown below.

We will now add the tabular data to the plots, starting with the Wall Shear Stress (x) plot. Expand the Plots > Wall Shear Stress (x) node. Right-click on the Tabular node and select New Tabular Data Set. Rename the data set to Experimental. Select the Tabular > Experimental node. In the Properties window, do the following: Set the Table property to backStepSkinFrictionRefData using the drop-down menu. Set the X Column to Position.

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Set the Y Column to SkinFrictionCoefficient.

Select the Experimental > Symbol Style node. In the Properties window, do the following: Set the Color property to black. Set the Shape property to Dot.

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The Wall Shear Stress (x) plot is shown below.

We will now add the tabular data to the Nusselt Number plot. Expand the Plots > Nusselt Number node. Right-click on the Tabular node and select New Tabular Data Set. Rename the tabular data set to Experimental. Select the Tabular > Experimental node. In the Properties window, do the following: Set the Table property to backStepNusseltNumberRefData using the drop-down menu. Set the X Column to Position.

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Set the Y Column to NusseltNumber.

Select the Experimental > Symbol Style node. In the Properties window, do the following: Set the Color property to black. Set the Shape property to Dot.

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The Nusselt Number plot is shown below.

Summary
This tutorial covered the following: Creating a geometry model in 3D-CAD Applying fully developed flow data to the inlet boundary. Plotting the wall shear stress and Nusselt number, and comparing these with experimental results.

Backward Facing Step Bibliography


[216] Vogel, J. C. and Eaton, J. K., 1985. Combined Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic Measurements Downstream of a Backward-Facing Step. AIAA J. 23(2) pp. 163-171.

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